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History of the Crusades. Episode 231. the Baltic Crusades. the Livonian Crusade Part XXVIII
History of the Crusades. Episode 231. The Baltic Crusades. The Livonian Crusade Part XXVIII. The End of the Sword Brothers. Hello again. Last week we saw trouble brewing for the Sword Brothers. Forced to travel to Rome to defend themselves against allegations made by Baldwin of Alna, the Sword Brothers successfully defended the charges, but then faced a backlash from Pope Gregory IX, who decreed not only that Estonia be returned to the Danish Crown, but that the Sword Brothers owed King Valdemar II of Denmark a significant sum of money in compensation for removing Estonia from Danish hands. Pope Gregory also sent William of Modena, the Sword Brothers’ defender, to Scandinavia, effectively removing him from Estonia for the moment. So the Sword Brothers are in a bit of a pickle. Estonia was a vital source of income for the Order and now, not only had that source been taken away by Rome, the stipulation that the already financially stretched Order pay compensation to Denmark was a death blow. Although, it wasn’t actually. No, the death blow for the Sword Brothers is about to arrive not from Rome, but from the Lithuanians. Now, remember we saw last week that Master Volquin decided to invade Lithuania in an attempt to gain more land and income for his Order? Well, that turned out to be a really bad idea. Their first raid against the Lithuanians had been successful, but their next one wouldn’t be. In the year 1236 a contingent of crusaders arrived in Riga and their leaders, the Counts of Dunenburg and Haseldorf, were intent on bringing Christianity to the pagan Lithuanians. -
Torun-Tourist-Business-Guide.Pdf
FREE Since 1994 www.amerapol.pl ISSN 1427-7468 (10-2021-303) fot. Piotr Frąckiewicz Piotr fot. XXVII International Puppet Theatres’ Festival “Meetings” Instytucja finansowana ze środków Gminy Miasta Toruń The Baj Pomorski Theatre, 9-15 October 2021 TORUŃ — THINGS TO SEE Stare Miasto (The Old Town). A UNESCO World Fortresses, some are located close to old town, Heritage List site dating back to medieval times. others like the forth fortress are just outside the city. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum, ul. Koperni- Motoarena Toruń. The biggest and most modern ka 15–17 (Old Town). Astronomer Nicolaus Coper- purpose build speedway stadium in the world, in use Toruń Plaza is the newest nicus was born in Toruń in 1473. The museum is situ- since 2009. It is one of the sites for FIM Speedway Shopping and Entertainment Center in Toruń, ated in Copernicus’s house which is a pretty building. Grand Prix since 2010. located only 3 km from Toruń Old Town Unfortunately the museum’s “collection” mostly com- Planetarium Toruń, ul. Franciszkańska 15–21. prises of copies. The Planetarium in Torun was first opened in 1994 Ratusz Staromiejski (Old Town Hall), Rynek Sta- and it is located in a historical tank of the old munic- You will f ind there 120 shops including: romiejski 1 (on Old Town square). One of the most ipal gasworks in the Old Town. Top Fashion brands such as TK Maxx, Zara, H M, beautiful Gothic town halls in Europe. Despite its The Planetarium offers astronomical shows in the & many treasures it is however not too rewarding for screening room under the dome and two interac- Reserved, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Pull Bear, Stradivarius, Pandora, C A, New Yorker,& Ochnik, foreign visitors as it is almost entirely explained in tive exhibitions: MARS#17 Base and Geodium. -
Annual Report on Soes.Pdf
Public Report on the State-Owned Enterprises and Shares in 2014 Cross-Sectoral Coordination Centre Riga 2015 2 Public Report regarding the State-Owned Capital Companies and Capital Shares Table of contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................3 Financial summary about the fi nancial indicators of use of state capital .............................................................................4 Methodology and abbreviations used in the report ............................................................................................................6 Overview of the sectors Energy.....................................................................................................................................................................7 Forestry and agriculture ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Transport and logistics .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Communications ...................................................................................................................................................27 Real estate ............................................................................................................................................................33 -
Read Transcript
History of the Crusades. Episode 237. The Baltic Crusades. The Livonian Crusade Part XXX. The Southern Push Part 2. Hello again. Last week we started off by noting that the Teutonic Order wished to establish a land link between their territory in Livonia and their territory in Prussia, which pretty much entailed conquering the lands currently located between Prussia and Livonia, which were: Semigallia, Kurland and Samogitia. However we got sidetracked by other goings on in the surrounding regions. We saw King Valdemar II’s son, King Eric, struggle to make Denmark great again. We saw Pope Innocent IV appoint Albert Suerbeer to the position of Archbishop of Prussia. We saw William of Modena be rewarded for his years of service as the Church’s Mister Fix-it, as he rose to the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina, and we saw Dietrich von Gruningen replace Hermann Balk as the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. Right, so now we are all set to examine the push south by the Teutonic Order in Livonia through the lands of the pagans. The new Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia, Dietrich von Gruningen, had done a pretty good job of both motivating the members of the Teutonic Order in Livonia, and of establishing ties between the Order and members of the local Church hierarchy. As a result the Bishops of Riga, Osel and Dorpat voiced their support for the push south by the Order, and provided both men and financial assistance. Due to this support by the local Church hierarchy, a fairly impressive force of Christians, including Letts and Livonians, mustered alongside Knights from the Teutonic Order in Riga. -
Überblick Über Die Forschungsgeschichte Der Burgen Lettlands
Ieva Ose 15 Mastio (it.) kann im Deutschen nur eher ti/Hybsch/Vincenti (wie Anm. 16), S. I, 1950, p. 53 segg; P. Guerrini, Bedizolle, ungenau mit Bergfried übersetzt werden. 191–192; Padenghe sul Garda-Seregno, Brescia 1951. Bei diesem Beispiel von Moniga handelt La Lombardia paese per paese 6, Firenze 28 Brena Farisè (wie Anm. 1), S. 251–274; es sich aber funktionell klar um einen 1986. Favole (wie Anm. 16), S. 89; Conti/ massiven Torturm. 20 Vgl. Brena Farisè (wie Anm. 1), S. 251– Hybsch/Vincenti (wie Anm. 16), S. 198. 16 Zu den historischen Angaben in diesem 274; Favole (wie Anm. 16), S. 94; Conti/ 29 Brena Farisè (wie Anm. 1), S. 251–274; Beitrag siehe generell: Brena Farisè (wie Hybsch/Vincenti (wie Anm. 16), S. 214. Favole (wie Anm. 16), S. 91; Conti/ Anm. 1); Paolo Favole, Citta’ murate di 21 Vgl. Andrea Crescini/Antonio M. Arrigo- Hybsch/Vincenti (wie Anm. 16), S. 204. Lombardia, Como 1992, S. 82; Flavio ni/Daniele Comini, Soiano del Lago, perla 30 Brena Farisè (wie Anm. 1), S. 251–274; Conti/Vincenzo Hybsch/Antonello Vin- della Valtenesi, guida storica e turistica, Favole (wie Anm. 16), S. 94; Conti/ centi, I castelli della Lombardia, Province 2008. Hybsch/Vincenti (wie Anm. 16), S. 183. di Bergamo e Brescia, Novarra 1993, S. 22 Brena Farisè (wie Anm. 1), S. 251–274. 31 Brena Farisè (wie Anm. 1), S. 251–274; 184. 23 Conti/Hybsch/Vincenti (wie Anm. 16), S. Favole (wie Anm. 16), S. 93; Conti/ 17 Mitteilung der lokalen Touristikbehörde, 156. Hybsch/Vincenti (wie Anm. -
Magic Songs of the West Finns, Volume 1 by John Abercromby
THE PRE- AND PROTO-HISTORIC FINNS BOTH EASTERN AND WESTERN WITH THE MAGIC SONGS OF THE WEST FINNS BY THE HONOURABLE JOHN ABERCROMBY IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I. 1898 Magic Songs of the West Finns, Volume 1 by John Abercromby. This edition was created and published by Global Grey ©GlobalGrey 2018 globalgreyebooks.com CONTENTS Preface The Value Of Additional Letters Of The Alphabet Full Titles Of Books Consulted And Referred To Illustrations Chapter 1. Geographical Position And Craniology Of The Finns Chapter 2. The Neolithic Age In Finland Chapter 3. Historical Notices Of Classical Authors Chapter 4. The Prehistoric Civilisation Of The Finns Chapter 5. The Third Or Iranian Period Chapter 6. Beliefs Of The West Finns As Exhibited In The Magic Songs 1 PREFACE In this country the term Finn is generally restricted to the natives of Finland, with perhaps those of Esthonia thrown in. But besides these Western Finns there are other small nationalities in Central and Northern Russia, such as the Erza and Mokša Mordvins, the Čeremis, Votiaks, Permians, and Zịrians, to whom the term is very properly applied, though with the qualifying adjective—Eastern. Except by Folklorists, little attention is paid in Great Britain to these peoples, and much that is written of them abroad finds no response here, the 'silver streak' acting, it would seem, as a non-conductor to such unsensational and feeble vibrations. Although the languages of the Eastern and Western Finns differ as much perhaps among themselves as the various members of the Aryan group, the craniological and physical differences between any two Finnish groups is very much less than between the Latin and the Teutonic groups, for instance. -
Heritage at Risk
H @ R 2008 –2010 ICOMOS W ICOMOS HERITAGE O RLD RLD AT RISK R EP O RT 2008RT –2010 –2010 HER ICOMOS WORLD REPORT 2008–2010 I TAGE AT AT TAGE ON MONUMENTS AND SITES IN DANGER Ris K INTERNATIONAL COUNciL ON MONUMENTS AND SiTES CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DES MONUMENTS ET DES SiTES CONSEJO INTERNAciONAL DE MONUMENTOS Y SiTIOS мЕждународный совЕт по вопросам памятников и достопримЕчатЕльных мЕст HERITAGE AT RISK Patrimoine en Péril / Patrimonio en Peligro ICOMOS WORLD REPORT 2008–2010 ON MONUMENTS AND SITES IN DANGER ICOMOS rapport mondial 2008–2010 sur des monuments et des sites en péril ICOMOS informe mundial 2008–2010 sobre monumentos y sitios en peligro edited by Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet and John Ziesemer Published by hendrik Bäßler verlag · berlin Heritage at Risk edited by ICOMOS PRESIDENT: Gustavo Araoz SECRETARY GENERAL: Bénédicte Selfslagh TREASURER GENERAL: Philippe La Hausse de Lalouvière VICE PRESIDENTS: Kristal Buckley, Alfredo Conti, Guo Zhan Andrew Hall, Wilfried Lipp OFFICE: International Secretariat of ICOMOS 49 –51 rue de la Fédération, 75015 Paris – France Funded by the Federal Government Commissioner for Cultural Affairs and the Media upon a Decision of the German Bundestag EDITORIAL WORK: Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet, John Ziesemer The texts provided for this publication reflect the independent view of each committee and /or the different authors. Photo credits can be found in the captions, otherwise the pictures were provided by the various committees, authors or individual members of ICOMOS. Front and Back Covers: Cambodia, Temple of Preah Vihear (photo: Michael Petzet) Inside Front Cover: Pakistan, Upper Indus Valley, Buddha under the Tree of Enlightenment, Rock Art at Risk (photo: Harald Hauptmann) Inside Back Cover: Georgia, Tower house in Revaz Khojelani ( photo: Christoph Machat) © 2010 ICOMOS – published by hendrik Bäßler verlag · berlin ISBN 978-3-930388-65-3 CONTENTS Foreword by Francesco Bandarin, Assistant Director-General for Culture, UNESCO, Paris .................................. -
FREEDOM MONUMENT the Unveiling of the Freedom Monument
FREEDOM MONUMENT The unveiling of the Freedom Monument. November 18, 1935. The Freedom Monument is one the most outstanding historical, architectural and artistical monuments in Latvia. It was erected using donations from the people as a symbol of Latvia’s independence, which shows the respect and affection the Latvian people have towards their fatherland and freedom. The idea to build a monument dedicated to Latvia’s freedom was first announced in 1920, during the final days of the battles for independence. The project design competition was held in several rounds and lasted eight years. The monument’s Kārlis Zāle’s 100th birthday celebration. October 28, 1988 foundation stone was put into place on November 18, 1931. The Freedom Monument was unveiled and dedicated on November 18, 1935. It was constructed using sculptor Kārlis the monument leading upwards to the statue of Freedom, Zāle’s (1888-1942) design called Mirdzi kā Zvaigzne (Shine Like which holds three stars above her head, symbolizing the a Star). Ernests Štālbergs was the lead architect on the project, three historical regions of Latvia – Kurzeme, Vidzeme and with the iconic Freedom statue made by the Swedish metal Latgale. The universal ideas depicted on the Freedom craftsman Ragnar Myrsmeden (1889-1989). Monument are expressed in a spiritual and artistic form. The sculptural characters are genuinely, morally and aesthetically The idea of Freedom is depicted on the moment in a clear enlightening. architectural and sculptural language, enriched by symbolism and the depiction of historical events within the sculptural The Freedom Monument is 42.7 meters tall. groups: an obelisk as a bright and rousing carrier of the The monument is made up of 56 sculptures divided into idea of freedom, inspired by the characters and symbols on 13 sculptural groups on several levels. -
LATGALE-ENG-FINAL.Pdf
Bella Dvina and Baltic Country of Lakes Estonia Russia Baltic See Viļaka municipality Balvi Rugāji municipality Byelorussia municipality Baltinava municipality Poland Kārsava district Viļāni Cibla municipality municipality Ukraine Ludza municipality Līvāni municipality Riebiņi municipality Rēzekne municipality Zilupe Vārkava municipality municipality Preiļi municipality Aglona Dagda municipality municipality Ilūkste municipality Krāslava municipality Daugavpils municipality Verkhnyadzvinsk District Rossony Rossony District Verkhnyadzvinsk Zarasai Braslaw Zarasai district Miory Anykščiai district Polotsk District Utena district Braslaw District Miory District Polotsk Anykščai Utena Vitebsk District Vitebsk Region Vitebsk The Baltic Country of Lakes is the richest with lakes in the Baltics – more than two thousand lakes are located here. The advantages of the region are its relief, nature, clean air and wonderful people. Next to the Baltic Country of Lakes lies a country with a poetic name “Bella Dvina”. This country is located in the area where the river Dvina – Daugava flows, which is well known since ancient times for the trade route “from Varangians to Greeks”. Looking at the map, one can conclude, that inhabitants of three countries – Russia, Belarus and Latvia – can consider the Western Dvina for their own. Its flow begins in Russia, and goes through Belarus. As it flows into Latvia, it is no longer Dvina, but rather Daugava, which then flows into the Baltic Sea. Active tourism throughout the year, fascinating cultural events, and picturesque sceneries – all of this comprises a unique mosaic, which provides true visual and aesthetical enjoyment. We offer you to get acquainted with the Baltic Country of Lakes – Latgale in Latvia, Aukštaitija in Lithuania, as well as the “Bella Dvina” region, which includes Latgale in Latvia and part of Vitebsk region in Belarus. -
Couronians | Semigallians | Selonians
BALTS’ ROAD, THE COURONIAN ROUTE SEGMENT Route: Rucava – Liepāja – Grobiņa – Jūrkalne – Alsunga – Kuldīga – Ventspils – Talsi – Valdemārpils – Sabile – Saldus – Embūte – Mosėdis – Plateliai – Kretinga – Klaipėda – Palanga – Rucava Duration: 3–4 days. Length about 790 km In ancient times, Couronians lived on the coast of the Baltic Sea. At that time, the sea and rivers were an important waterway that inuenced their way of life and interaction with neighbouring nations. You will nd out about this by taking the circular Couronian Route Segment. Peaceful deals were made during trading. Merchants from faraway lands Macaitis, Tērvete Tourism Information Centre, Zemgale Planning Region. Planning Zemgale Centre, Information Tourism Tērvete Macaitis, were tempted to visit the shores of the Baltic Sea looking for the northern gold – Photos: Līva Dāvidsone, Artis Gustovskis, Arvydas Gurkšnis, Denisas Nikitenka, Mindaugas Mindaugas Nikitenka, Denisas Gurkšnis, Arvydas Gustovskis, Artis Dāvidsone, Līva Photos: Publisher: Kurzeme Planning Region, Zemgale Planning Region 2019 Region Planning Zemgale Region, Planning Kurzeme Publisher: amber. To nd out more about amber, visit the Palanga Amber Museum (40) Centre, National Regional Development Agency in Lithuania. in Agency Development Regional National Centre, and the Liepāja Crafts House (6). Ancient Couronian boats, the barges, are Authors: Kurzeme Planning Region, Zemgale Planning Region, Šiauliai Tourism Information Information Tourism Šiauliai Region, Planning Zemgale Region, Planning Kurzeme Authors: -
Genocide in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943–1944
The Person and the Challenges Volume 3 (2013) Number 2, p. 29–49 Paweł Naleźniak The Institute of National Remembrance, Cracow, Poland Genocide in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943–1944 Abstract Ukrainian nationalists tried to de-polonize the South-Eastern Borderlands by means of mass genocide and they achieved this goal to a great extent. That, however, puts them on a par with the criminal regimes of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler. The author of this article describes the genocide of Polish inhabitants in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia committed by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins’kykh Natsionalistiv, OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya, UPA) between 1943 and 1944. These events in European history are not well-known. Keywords Genocide, Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. From the European perspective of the history of World War II, the genocide committed by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins’kykh Natsionalistiv, OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya, UPA) on the Polish inhabitants of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia between 1943 and 1944 remains a little-known event. Among the foreign historians, only Timothy Snyder mentions it in fragments in his fundamental work Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (Skrwawione ziemie1). The enslavement at Poland after World War II restricted an in depth research only to the crimes committed by the Germans. Today, an average Polish citizen knows a lot about the extermination of the Poles and the Jews; it is also a part of the curriculum in Polish schools to organize trips to Auschwitz and other extermination camps. -
1/04 Mittelalter
Zeitschrift des Schweizerischen Burgenvereins 2.9. Jahrgang 1997/22004/1 Zeitschrift des Schweizerischen Burgenvereins Revue de l’Association Suisse des Châteaux forts Rivista dell’Associazione Svizzera dei Castelli Revista da l’Associaziun Svizra da Chastels 9. Jahrgang 2004/1 INHALT Hansjörg Brem, Felicitas Meile, Christoph Schenkel, Matthias Schnyder: Die Sanierung der Ruine Neuburg bei Mammern in den Jahren 2001–2003 ............................................................. 1 KURZMITTEILUNGEN..................................................................... 28 VERANSTALTUNGEN ..................................................................... 31 PUBLIKATIONEN............................................................................. 33 VEREINSMITTEILUNGEN............................................................... 36 Redaktionskommission: Urs Clavadetscher, lic. phil., Kantonsarchäologie Graubünden, Schloss Haldenstein, 7023 Haldenstein Dr. Elisabeth Crettaz, Le Forum, 3961 Zinal Dr. Hans Rutishauser, Denkmalpflege Graubünden, Loestr. 14, 7001 Chur Redaktion und Geschäftsstelle: Schweizerischer Burgenverein Thomas Bitterli, Blochmonterstr. 22, 4054 Basel Telefon 061 361 24 44; Fax 061 363 94 05 E-Mail [email protected] Postkonto 40-23087-6 http://www.burgenverein.ch Publiziert mit Unterstützung der Schweizerischen Akademie der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften SAGW Erscheint vierteljährlich Druck: Schwabe AG, Basel, Verlag und Druckerei Umschlagbild: Neuburg von Westen. Aufnahme Amt für Archäologie des Kt. Thurgau,