Toolkit for District Level Ĝȱȱȱȱ June 2021
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management i ii Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Toolkit for District Level Offi cials on Faecal Sludge Management
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management iii iv Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Contents
Chapter 1: What is Faecal Sludge Management? ...... 1
Chapter 2: Planning and Implementation of FSM ...... 10
Chapter 3: Information, Education and Communication for FSM ...... 18
Chapter 4: Capacity Building for FSM ...... 20
Annexure 1: Draft District Regulations for FSM and Licensing ...... 22
Annexure 2: Procedure, Terms and Condition for License ...... 30
Annexure 3: Checklist and Indicators for Monitoring ...... 35
Abbreviations and Acronyms ...... 36
Glossary ...... 37
References ...... 38
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management v vi Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Chapter 1 What is Faecal Sludge Management?
Q What is Faecal Sludge (FS)?
Faecal sludge is the raw or partially digested mixture of excreta and A water, usually accumulated in the containment such as single pit, septic tank, etc.
Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) is the emptying, transportation and treatment of faecal sludge from septic tanks, pit latrines or other on-site sanitation systems (OSS). In general, FSM deals with safe containment of waste from toilets, mechanized collection of faecal sludge from containment, its transportation to the treatment facility, followed by treatment and its reuse. This sequence of activities is also known as the FSM value chain, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: FSM value chain
TREATMENT PLANT
FSM value chain
Containment Emptying and transport Treattment Reuse/disposal
Safe containment Mechanized emptying Treatment of all Reuse of by products of faecal waste of feacal sludge by collected waste or safe disposal from toilet in single suction machine and its pit, septic tank, etc. transportation to nearby treatment site.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 1 FSM is applicable for on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks and pit latrines which require periodic emptying of sludge. These on-site sanitation systems or containments get fi lled with faecal sludge/human excreta over time and require to be emptied by mechanized desludging equipment (using a suction machine, vacuum pump, cesspool vehicle or other similar arrangement). Figure 2 shows a septic tank and single pit that are fi lled with sludge and require emptying. It should be noted that septic tanks lose their optimum treatment capacity or proper functioning even before they are completely fi lled, implying that periodic emptying is key to proper functioning. Single pit Septic tank and soak pit
Figure 2: Single pit and septic tanks in full condition Emptying of septic tanks and single pits is usually carried out by private desludging operators (also known as emptier, cesspool vehicle operator or sludge emptier) or desludging service operated by the local administration. Manual scavenging in any form must not be done while emptying TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT PLANT septic tanks and pits; and use of personal proactive equipment (PPE) must always be ensured and complied with.
Faecal sludge collected from the pit and septic tank should be safely transported to a treatment facility where the sludge is treated to the required standards prescribed for reuse or safe disposal in the environment.
2 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management A twin-pit system is the best form of toilet as it ensures degradation and drying of waste within the containment, making it safe for reuse as manure. Twin-pits do not require FSM services as households and institutions themselves can manage the safe emptying and reuse of waste. Figure 3 shows the mechanism for twin pits toilets.
Containment and Emptying Transport Reuse
FS management of twin-pit toilets
When do pits require mechanical emptying; and when can Q pits be emptied by users themselves?
A Containment structures such as septic tanks and single pits store the sludge in slurry form, which has a high pathogen load. The FS accumulated in these containments requires to be emptied mechanically through use of a suction pump or other similar arrangement. However, sludge from twin pit toilets after complete drying (usually after a resting period of two years), can be emptied by the households themselves and can be directly reused in agricultural fi elds.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 3 What are the key issues and challenges to be aware of while Q planning for FSM?
A The following issues and challenges may be considered across the value chain while planning for FSM
Containment Emptying and transport Treattment Reuse/disposal
FSM value chain
Overfl ow/blockage Lack of adequate Lack of treatment Lack of of toilets emptying services facility results in awareness on Septic tanks for cleaning of septic indiscriminate reuse potential without soak tanks disposal of feacal and benefi ts to pits discharging Affordabillity of sluge into drains, the agricuture supernatant/ emptying charges open land and effuent into drains for poor households water bodies Requirement of Poor understanding Direct use of periodic emptying of safely protocols untreated faecal of septic tanks for for emptying septic sluge in agriculture proper functioning tanks/single pits A few points are detailed in the table below:
Poor awareness on FSM: Lack of awareness on safe management of faecal waste and FSM services may results into delay in emptying of pits resulting in overfl owing and blockage of toilets, lack of personnel safety and very limited use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), reuse of untreated septage in agriculture resulting in environmental pollution.
Further, due to lack of awareness on FSM, there is lack of clarity in role and responsibilities amongst different stakeholder within FSM value chain. Discharge of partially treated wastewater into drains: Septic tanks should be constructed with soak pits for safe disposal of partially treated wastewater (usually refer as effl uent/ supernatant). It has been observed that all septic tanks do not have soak pits discharging water directly to drains.
4 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Construction of proper containment: The septic tanks and single pits constructed do not comply with the standard design and specifi cation, which hampers its desired performance. This also effect the emptying period stretching to more than 8 years instead of 2–3 years.
Further access hole for cleaning the septic tanks or single pits become diffi cult to locate. Emptying and transportation: Access of emptying and transportation is not uniform. The services are mainly provided by private sector on demand against payment of services charges.
The services include various health hazards against which standard operating procedure need to be followed with use of proper PPE.
Lack of treatment facility: Treatment facilities for faecal sludge treatment are not present in rural areas.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 5 How to safely empty a septic tank
Gumboots Safety goggles Helmet Mask Gloves
Inspect the site, break the mortar seal and connect the hose from the truck to the tank.
Park the truck within 25 m from septic tanks. In case of more than 25 m of linear distance and 4 m in elevation gain, intermediate pumping is required. Break the mortar seal of the septic tank lid. Inspect the tank for cracks or damage before and after the emptying of tank. Lay out and connect the hoses from the truck to the tank or pit to be emptied.
Increase the vaccum to the proper level to take out faecal sludge out of the tank.
Break up faecal sludge and emptying the septic tanks between 90% and 95% of its contents. Operators shall leave behind sludge not less than 25 mm in depth in the bottom of the septic tank. Clean up any spillage using proper sorbent materials. Cover top and the area around is sprayed with 1% of chlorine solution.
Prepare a written report indicating: How much waste was removed; the condition of the tank or pit; any recommendations for repairs.
Replace & seal the cover with plaster.
Use of PPE while emptying septic tank is mandatory. However, based on requirement, appropriate safety equipments should be adopted while emptying septic tanks.
6 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Swachh Bharat Mission Phase-II: Guidelines for Implementation of FSM
In-situ treatment by retrofi tting Linking villages up to 15–20 Clustering of villages: of toilets: Converting all km from existing treatment Remaining villages to be single-pit/other toilets to twin-pit facilities such as STP/FSTP clustered for establishing the toilets available urban areas: Licensed faecal sludge management existing private operators plants. The radius of 15–20 km performing emptying of is preferred for clustering septic tanks, single pit, etc. for providing emptying and transportation services
How to cluster villages based on available and proposed treatment facilities?
Is the water table below Is the closest STP/ NO 10 m, land NO Planted drying FSTP less than 50 m from surface bed/sludge 15-20 km(including water body and drying bed urban)? dwelling and less than 6 m3 faecal sludge per day?
Solids Ye s Ye s Co-composting
Co-treatment at Auctioning Deep row STP or disposal of stabilized entrechment at FSTP manure
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 7 Q What is STP?
STP stands for Sewerage Treatment Plant, usually constructed in urban A area, for treatment of wastewater. The wastewater (combined greywater + blackwater) from households fl ows through sewer pipe to STP for treatment.
Q What is FSTP?
FSTP stands for Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant for treatment of faecal A sludge generated in spetic tank, single pit, etc. The faecal sludge collected by suction machine will be transported to faecal sludge treatment plant for treatment followed by safe disposal or reuse.
Q What is co-treatment of faecal sludge?
Co-treatment implies treatment of faecal sludge wih sewerage wastewater A at STP.
Q What is Deep Row Entrenchment (DRE)?
Deep row entrenchment is a controlled disposal of collected faecal sludge A by trenches (pits excavated in soil). The DRE should be done either for large village or cluster of villages where demand is very low. This may be implemented as an interim solution where STP/FSTP are not available or it is under construction.
8 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Q What is planted drying bed/sludge drying bed?
Planted Drying Bed (PDB) and Unplanted Sludge Drying Bed (UPDB) are A technology for FSTP primary for solid-waste separation. They are key technologies for faecal sludge treatment plant, however, the solids and leachate produced from these technologies require further treatment- leachate (PDB, UPDB) and solid treatment (UPDB) treatment.
Funding options for FSM implementation
Retrofi tting Mechanised Co-treatment Deep row FSTP O&M of empting and entrenching FSTP transportation SBM Phase-II Covergence 15th FC with nearby MGNREGS STP and FSTP Private sector
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 9 Chapter 2 Planning and Implementation of FSM
Districts are responsible for the planning, implementation and monitoring of FSM. Every toilet that requires emptying should have access to mechanized emptying and transportation followed by treatment of all collected faecal sludge. A step-by-step approach has been developed to guide the districts and facilitate the execution process of FSM in a holistic manner. Figure 3.1 presents a snapshot of the step-by-step approach along with key IEC messages and training activities to be undertaken.
Figure 3: Steps for planning and implementation for FSM in a District
Map the villages with existing treatment systems and clustering the Pre-plan remaining FSM business Start of activities for villages for model and plan operations and FSM (Roles and treatment (In- (Integrated monitoring responsibilities, situ treatment, district FSM (Day-to-day district level co-treatment, plan) monitoring, regulation) new FSTP) reporting)
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Know your pit Organize the New FSTP/ and need for emptying and DRE (DPR retrofi tting transportation preparation, of toilets services Tendering, (Licensing/ (Understand Registration Construction toilets, estimate of private of facility) demand) emptier, Fixation of emptying charges)
SOP for Key Sensitization O&M of Retrofi tting Dissemination Sensitization on Encouragement emptying massage on FSM containment single-pit to of plan emptier to dispose to reuse twin-pit pits FS, penalties on indiscriminate disposal
Key Introduction, roles Type of toilets and O&M; periodic Preparation of FSM plan; IEC for FSM; monitoring for training and responsibilty; emptying; setting up user fee; business model for FSM; implementation and post district FSM standard operting procedure for implementation of FSM. regulations emptying of septic
DPR: Detail Project Report; FS: Faecal Sludge; E&T : Emptying and Transportation; FSTP: Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant; IEC: Information, Education and Communication; O&M: Operation and Maintenance; SOP: Standard Operating Procedure
10 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management As the districts follow the step-by-step approach, one of the key deliverables will be an integrated district FSM plan which will be developed at the end of step 5. This is followed by the implementation of key infrastructure and monitoring of operations. The plan is prepared in a timebound manner to guide the overall roll out of FSM in the district.
The detailed seven-step process is available with accompanying activities and supporting materials in the form of templates and sample documents. These documents have been developed in an easy-to-use manner for use by fi eld practitioners in data collection and analysis. Districts that have prepared an FSM plan should include the key aspects in reference to the above implementation approach. The FSM plan should be timebound,with completion of the fi rst fi ve steps in three months and the subsequent activities within 12 months.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 11 Step Activity Outcome/key milestones Step 1: • Orientation by the district to all block offi cials to • Orientation to DWSC Pre-plan sensitize on FSM, the requirement of data, and and all VWSCs for FSM activities for information needed for FSM planning implementation FSM • Orientation by blocks to its all GPs and PRI • Regulations to be support functionaries on type of toilets, emptying requirement, FSM implementation mechanized desludging with appropriate use of PPE for licensing, roles and and process of data collection responsibilities, user fee charges, etc. • Initiate assessment of existing infrastructure in district focusing on type of containment, private operator • Resolutions to be adopted emptying septic tanks, existing STPs/FSTPs; in co- at village level against ordination with cities and towns indiscriminate disposal • District to initiate preparation of integrated FSM plan (Template is provided in Annexure 1) (Template is provided in Annexure 4 of “Manual for Faecal Sludge Management) Step 2: • Enumerate containment systems by type – twin pit, • List of villages requiring FSM Know your septic tank, single pit and others services pit and • Identify HHs with single pits and assess feasibility for • The estimated quantity of need for retrofi tting to convert them into twin pit toilets faecal sludge generated retrofi tting from each village of toilets • Estimate HHs and institutions with toilets (single pits and septic tanks) that require FSM and calculate faecal • Retrofi tting of all single pit sludge generated toilets to twin pit toilets (Template is provided in Annexure 4 of “Manual for Faecal Sludge Management) Institutions cover community sanitary complex, public toilet complex, schools, anganwadi centers, panchayat building, health care facilities, hotels, hostels, and religious institutions such as ashramshalas.
How to quantify the faecal sludge to be emptied, transported Q and treated?
Faecal sludge quantifi cation can be done in two ways i.e., Sludge accumulation and A estimated number of septic tanks* to be serviced every day.
Sludge accumulation rate: FS capacity (KLD or m3/day) = Number of people dependent on septic tanks X 0.00021
Estimated septic tanks to be serviced everyday: FS capacity (KLD or m3/day) = (Number of septic tanks X Average capacity(m3)) (Emptying period (year) X Number of operational days in a Year) * Septic tanks imply here as any containment require emptying on partially or raw untreated faecal sludge such as single pits, closed pit, containment chamber, etc. ** Sludge accumulation method is more suitable to rural areas with on-demand desludging.
12 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Integrated FSM plan District FSM plan will assess the need for retrofi tting of toilets and in-situ treatment, coverage of emptying and transportation services, provision of treatment infrastructure to all villages, potential reuse or resource recovery from faecal sludge management.
Urban-rural integration In-situ treatment by retrofi tting toilets Cluster villages to utilize existing emptying Promote twin-pit toilets/ convert single-pit (mechanized suction) and treatment toilets to twin-pit toilets infrastructure (STP/FSTP) available in nearby urban areas Three-fold approach
Establishing new FSTPs Cluster villages and construct new FSTPs dedicated to the cluster
Know Your Pit and FSM Implementation
Context Remedy If remedy not feasible • Leakage in Y-Junction Retrofi t Long storage to ensure that connects pits to drying the toilet. it p • Distance between pits less than 1m win T
• In high water table area Upgrade to in-situ Implement FSM treatment • All Single pit toilets Upgrade to in-situ Implement FSM require mechanized treatment emptying Single pit
• Water-tight tank, no Upgrade to in-situ Implement FSM outlet – is a holding tank treatment
• Septic tank – water-tight Soak pits to be with outlet in drain constructed with septic tanks Septic tank
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 13 Step Activity Outcome/key milestones Step 3: Map • Locate existing STPs and FSTPs in urban and rural areas • Every village is mapped to the villages an existing STP/FSTP or • Identify and link villages which can be served by each with existing new FSTP or trenching existing STP/FSTP preferably up to 10–15 km, or 15–20 treatment km in extreme cases • Land and technology are systems and identifi ed clustering the • Furnished MoU with the municipality/ department remaining responsible for operation and maintenance of STP/FSTP villages for • Cluster the remaining villages so that each cluster can treatment. be served by a new FSTP. Select technology and identify land to build a new FSTP in each cluster • Identify isolated villages that cannot be included in any cluster. Identify land in each such village to implement trenching (Template is provided in Annexure 4 of Manual for Faecal Sludge Management) Step 4: • Identify private operators in the district emptying • Aadditional desludging Organize the septic tanks and single pist; and provide appropriate vehicles required in the emptying and recognition via registration/licensing*. (Template is district are estimated transportation provided in Annexure 2) • Licensing/ registration services • Estimate total desludging vehicles needed in the of private desludging clusters operators is completed * At the time of issuing of license to the desludging operators, if there is no existing STP/FSTP or if a signifi cant time gap is expected to build the new FSTP, district authorities should identify and designate sites where desludging operators can safely dispose of faecal sludge. This can be done easily at the site identifi ed for the FSTP by excavating temporary trenches for safe disposal. Such trenches should follow the necessary specifi cations as prescribed in the Manual: Faecal Sludge Management.
Q What is demand and schedule-based desludging?
Demand-based desludging: Demand-based desludging implies the emptying A carried out on request of user (owner of septic tanks, single pit, etc.), usually, when it is fully fi lled. The service is provided on demand made by user to either directly contacting private operators or through call centre. User fee is paid directly to desludging operator by user, once service is carried out.
Schedule-based desludging: Schedule-based desludging implies regular servicing of septic tank and other similar containment on a predetermined period (usually 3–5 years). The cycle is fi xed for every septic tank with predefi ned date of prospective cleaning. This type of system usually run by local administration (either directly or with help of private operators) and requires levying a cess on households to collect the user fee.
14 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Provision of treatment infrastructure
MaMap viv llllagge toto exexisistingng sepeptitic Seeleectc apppprooprpriaatee tat nknk/ppror poposes d tetechchnon lologygy innfrasastrtrucctut ree in For the plant up to 12 KLD ururbaban-n rur raral aarreaeas serving 50,000-55,000 All villages up to 15–20 people should adopt km from urban centres planted drying beds with should be linked with leachate treatment urban facilities
PrPrepe arare clc usustet r off IdIdenentit fyfy thehe lanand foor FSSTPT rer mam ini ini g viillllaggeses Identifying suitable land based Cluster the villages within on the capacity and technology 15–20 Km. For FSTP minimum rural population Treatment Area required considered for techno- system (2)(sqm/KLD) fi nancial feasibility is Planted 70–100 15000–18000 souls drying bed dependent on spetic tank and other such Unplanted 80–120 containments (1) drying bed
Chhecklk isst fof r sis tee sele ecectit onon
It is minimum 200 m away from any habitation
It is not prone to annual fl ooding
Easily accessible from main road
1. In case of lower population deep row entrenchment is preferred.
2. Total area required is obtained by multiplying area with planned capacity of FSTP or trench in kld. For example, a 10 kldplanted drying bed based FSTP will require 700–1000 sqm of land area. The land area mentioned above is indicative only and may change depending on site conditions.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 15 Step Activity Outcome/key milestones Step 5: Develop • Determine O&M cost for FSTP or DRE • Operations plan and business integrated model for FSM in district • Set the tariff for various FSM activities – FSM plan and desludging service fee, price of compost to be • Finalization of district FSM plan business model sold at FSTP to farmers • Update the integrated FSM plan Step 6: • Prepare DPR for each new FSTP (refer • Retrofi tting of septic tank toilets Implement new Manual: Faecal Sludge Management) with soak pit FSTP or DRE • Prepare tenders, award work and start • Construction of FSTP/Trenches construction of new FSTP complete • Implement Trenching under MGNREGA activities (refer Manual: Faecal Sludge Management) Step 7: Start of • Set up the reporting and monitoring system • FSM monitoring undertaken operations and for the emptying, treatment and reuse by district, block, and village monitoring administrations and respective • Monitor and report key FSM indicators water and sanitation committees annually
Q How to prepare a detail project report for FSTP?
A Detail Project Report (DPR) can be prepared by help of “Manual for Faecal sludge management for FSTP”.
What activities related to FSTP or DRE should be taken Q from MGNREGS?
A Deep row entrenchment should be taken entirely from the MGNREGS, however, for FSTP the stormwater drains, protection work,
Figure 4: Milestone of FSM implementation
District FSM Retrofi tting MoA/MoU Licensing/ Update and Construction plan and of single-pit for co- registration approval of of new regulations to twin-pit treatment; of private integrated FSTP toilets temporary emptier district disposal FSM location plan
16 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Business Plan for FSM Services
Key revenue stream: Call centre District/ block DiDiststrir ctc opeerar tit ngn cac lll cenentrre 1. Resource recovery by selling manure produced from FSTP t
s 2. Disposal fee from private operator es e t t p s qu q ip i against disposal of faecal sludge at l es e e e re r u ce al a FSTP qu q c e e Re R ic re r n / v on o rv r d 3. Emptying/user charges collected e e ol o se s c ic / h from the households and other v eh e rv s e
us entities se s o cense i Ho H License fee L
Disposal of FS/dispoal fee Household, Desludging fee Private public emptying FSTP toilets, etc. operations Emptying service DiDispspososala rece eieiptpt
* VaV lilid ononlyly if cacallll cenntrt e is ests abablilishshede
Parametes Business models decision matrix Business FSTP O&M E&T: Existing/status- FSTP O&M an E&T: E&T: Schedule model type quo Combined/ hybird desludging (with or model without FSTP O&M) Applicability Private operator Private operator is Private operator is Schedule empting is available for available for E&T not available for E&T E&T Expenditure O&M of FSTP by E&T-fuel, labour, O&M for FSTP and E&T-fuel, labour, O&M of public agency O&M of equipment E&T equipment Revenue • Selling of • Emptying charges, • Selling of Manure/ • Monthly/ quarterly/ manure/ user fee collected compost produced yearly charges with compost while emptying pit water charges, SWM • Emptying charges, produced charges collected by user fee collected GP and transfer to while emptying pit agency responsible for E&T (and FSTP)
Other FFC grant and FFC grant may be FFC grant may be used source for other funds used for part FSTP for part FSTP O&M gap O&M However, business However, business model should be model should be encouraged encouraged FSTP: Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant; E&T: Emptying and Transportation; O&M: Operation and Maintenance; FFC: Fifteenth Finance Commission
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 17 Chapter 3 Information, Education and Communication for FSM
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) is one of the most critical aspects to deliver and sustain ODF Plus outcomes. Figure 4.1 provides the different IEC channels and messaging required for FSM. To implement the IEC messages, key IEC activities are to be undertaken corresponding to the seven steps of implementation. These are listed in Table 4.1. A calendar of IEC activities will be part of the integrated district FSM plan.
Figure 5: IEC Components for FSM
IEC
SUPPROTIVE ACTIVITIES
Empanelment of Organising Development Collaborating culture groups social events – of IEC with other inauguration of material agencies new FSMPs, like schools, carrying out anganwadis, special drives, religious etc. institutions for outreach
IEC CHANNELS
Interpersonal Outdoor and Mass Social media communication Media
Planning home visits, door-to-door Advertisements on TV/Radio/ Sharing key developments, campaigns, village meetings, Print, use of hoardings and wall photos, and success stories demonstrations for pit emptying paintings, mobile exhibition vans, through Facebook, WhatsApp, and/or retrofi tting, planning visits fi lms shows, etc. Twiter. to FSMP.
KEY MESSAGING
Safe disposal of Benefi ts of twin Sate pit Retrofi tting faecal sludge pits over single emptying and of pits and pit desludging of tanks to avoid septic tanks containation
18 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Table 1: IEC activities
Steps Key IEC Activities Step 1: Pre-plan activities for FSM • Sensitization of District offi cials and committee Step 2: Know your pit and need for retrofi tting members of DWSM/DWSC; BWSC, VWSC on roles of toilets and responsibilities, integrated district FSM plan and necessary FSM regulations for implementation • Awareness generation on type of containment, importance of periodic emptying and importance of twin-pit toilets over other systems Step 3: Map the villages with existing • Dissemination of importance of safe emptying and treatment system and clustering the remaining desludging of septic tank/single pit to households and villages for treatment private operators Step 4: Organize the emptying and • Awareness generation on hazardous impact of transportation services indiscriminate disposal of untreated faecal sludge to drains, water bodies, open land, etc. Step 5: Develop integrated FSM plan and • Sensitization of households staying close to the business model identifi ed treatment site to avoid Not in my Backyard (NIMBY) impact • Dissemination of information on the user fee charge, applicable penalties and availability of cleaning services in each household Step 6: Implement new FSTP or DRE • Motivation of households and other entities for Step 7: Start operations and monitoring payment of applicable fees
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 19 Chapter 4 Capacity Building for FSM
The capacity-building component strives to bridge capacity gaps to enhance and optimally utilize capacity of all available human resources at the district/block and PRI level to the fullest, so as to accomplish the Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) (SBM [G]) Phase-II goals. Building capacity of key stakeholders is necessary to plan, implement and monitor ODF Plus activities.
In FSM, the district will ensure that Training Of Trainers (ToT) of selected members is completed to help them conduct capacity strengthening programmes for PRIs, fi eld functionaries, private desludging operators and other relevant stakeholder in FSM value chain. The district will prepare a calendar of training events and communicate this to all relevant stakeholder on a quarterly basis. Table 5.1 provides the training modules required as per the step-by-step approach outlined. All district and PRI functionaries should undergo FSM orientation along with all the training modules listed in the table except for the technology training done specifi cally for the engineers.
Table 2 : FSM training modules
Steps Key training modules Training udience Step 1: Pre-plan activities • FSM orientation, challenges and issues in FSM • District and PRI for FSM in the state functionaries • Integrated FSM plan, policy and legal framework and District FSM regulations Step 2: Know your pit • Types of containment system and need for • District and PRI need for retrofi tting of periodic desludging functionaries toilets • Retrofi tting of toilets Step 3: Map the villages • Need for safe disposal of emptied sludge • District and PRI with existing treatment functionaries and • Options for treatment: In situ, Co-treatment, system and clustering village residents FSTP and DRE the remaining villages for treatment • Resource mobilization – fi nancing, identifying the land Step 4: Organize • How to license private operators and usage of • District and PRI emptying and PPE and monitoring of private operators functionaries and transportation services Desludging operators Step 5: Develop • Implementation of plan and business models for • District and PRI integrated FSM plan and FSM functionaries business model • DPR preparation for FSTP Step 6: Implement new • FSM technology and its operation and • Engineer and other FSTP or DRE maintenance offi cial responsible for construction and O&M. Step 7: Start operations • Reporting and monitoring structures • District and PRI and monitoring functionaries • Improvement plan for service delivery
20 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Village Level Activities for Faecal Sludge Management
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Rapid appraisal Retrofi tting of all toilets Create awareness on non- Regulating/issuing of all toilets, its with focus on mechanized (hand and notices for overfl owing of containment system, local tools) emptying of containment, discharge • Single pit toilets to twin need for retrofi tting twin pits and mechanized of untreated or partially pit toilets of toilets emptying for Septic tank treated blackwater • Septic tanks toilets to and single pit be connected with soak pit
Steps Activity Step 1: Rapid • Enumerate all the toilets in the village with type of containment system. i.e., septic appraisal of toilets tank, twin pit, single pit • Estimate single pit toilets to be converted into twin pit toilets • Estimate septic tanks toilets to be connected with soak pits • Estimate the number of toilets requiring FSM services for mechanized emptying Step 2: Retrofi tting • Encourage households to adopt proper maintenance of toilets and retrofi t as per of all toilets requirement • Focus physical retrofi tting of all toilets on Converting all single pit toilets into twin pit toilets unless technically unviable Connecting all septic tanks with soak pits or effl uent/ supernatant (wastewater coming out from septic tank) managed using technologies for greywater management as per SBMG Phase II Guidelines Step 3: Creating • Create awareness on the safe emptying of twin pit toilets by households awareness on themselves (to be done by GP in coordination with VWSC) mechanized • Create awareness on the ill effects and prohibition of manual scavenging and non- desludging mechanized emptying of pits (to be done by GP in coordination with VWSC) • Create awareness on the harmful effects related to reuse of untreated emptied sludge into agriculture of disposal to drains, open land, etc. • Ensure display of contact information for registered/licensed service providers or call centre at prominent places Step 4: Regulating/ • Issue notices to households, institutions and other entities on overfl owing of issuing notices toilets into drain, open land, water bodies, etc. for overfl ow of • Penalize unregistered/non-licensed services emptying pits and non-use of PPE containment, such as safety helmet, hand gloves, safety gumboots, mask, safety goggles, etc. discharge of untreated • Issue notices for any other non-compliance with respect to safe management of blackwater blackwater/ faecal sludge / functional toilet as per applicable regulations • Maintain records of grievances received, emptying services provided for septic tanks/ single pits cleaning, penalties charged
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 21 Annexure 1 Draft District Regulations for FSM and Licensing
In exercise of powers conferred by sub-section ______of Section ______of the ______Panchayat Act 19__, the Zila Parishad/ district council in its general meeting held on ______hereby adopt the following Regulations, for emptying, transportation and disposal of faecal waste of septic tanks, single pits and other onsite-sanitation systems and for matters connected therewith and incidental or ancillary thereto.
I. District Faecal Sludge Management Regulations
a. The Regulation a. These Regulations shall be called ‘______District Faecal Sludge Management Regulations 20__’
b. These Regulations shall come into force from the date of its issuance by the District and are subject to Section ______of the ______Panchayat Act 19_____.
b. Defi nitions
i. ‘Act’ means the ______Act 19__;
ii. ‘District’ means the District Administration represented by the Offi ce of the Collector.
iii. “Licence” means a written permission granted for a purpose to any person, having mentioned the purpose, period, name and address, route, etc. under the signature of the authorized signatory of the District.
iv. “Notifi ed location” means the location of delivery and disposal of faecal sludge as defi ned and earmarked by the District.
v. “Faecal sludge” means the partially digested solids accumulated in a septic tank or single pit.
vi. “Faecal Ssludge treatment plant” means the place where faecal sludge is treated.
vii. “Open drain” means a channel typically running next to paved roads that is used for the drainage of storm water away from houses.
Draft Regulations are only for reference; To be adopted as per requirement and suitability subject to scrutiny as per local rules and laws.
22 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management viii. “Septic tank” means the underground tank that partially treats wastewater by a combination of solids settling and anaerobic digestion. The effl uents may be discharged into soak pits or small- bore sewers and the solids have to be pumped out periodically. ix. “Sewage pumping station (SPS)” means the intermediate pump house in a sewage network from where sewage is pumped to a desired location. x. “Sewage Treatment plant (STP)” means the place where sewage is treated. xi. “Sludge” means the settled solid matter in semi-solid condition, it is usually a mixture of solids and water deposited on the bottom of septic tanks, pits, ponds, etc. The term faecal sludge is used to describe the residue from septic tanks and pits. xii. “Registered vehicle’ means a vehicle duly registered by the Transport authority of the state to perform the designated purpose. xiii. “Treatment” means any method or process designed to alter the physical, chemical or biological character or composition of any waste or wastewater to reduced or prevent pollutions.
All other words and expressions used in these regulations and not defi ned in these regulations and not defi ned herein but defi ned in the Act shall have the meaning respectively assigned to them under the Act of or in absence thereof, the meaning as commonly understood in the water supply, wastewater treatment-disposal industry and faecal sludge management.
I. Faecal Sludge Management Planning
a. District Water and Sanitation Committee/ Mission (DWSC/DWSM) shall be primarily responsible for preparation of the integrated district FSM plan, its implementation and monitoring.
b. Integrated district FSM plan shall provide information on existing and proposed FSM infrastructure and services within the district. The plan should be prepared to integrate the FSM infrastructure that are existing or proposed in urban, peri-urban and rural areas.
c. The DWSC/DWSM should prepare the annual budget for FSM investment including the recurrent expenditure required for operation and maintenance.
d. GPs and Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) shall include relevant FSM activities in the Gram Panchayat Development Plan. The GP should adopt these resolutions by taking resolution as per Annexure 1.1.
e. District, Block and GPs shall adhere to responsibilities as per Annexure 1.2 of these regulations. DWSC /DWSM can notify necessary changes as the requirement arises to increase the effi ciency of implementation of FSM in the district.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 23 II. Provision of Toilets, Retrofi tting and Periodic Emptying of Containment a. GPs in coordination with respective VWSCs shall be responsible for ensuring the open defecation free status through coverage of individual, community, and public toilets.
b. GPs in coordination with respective VWSCs shall ensure that every households, institutions, public toilets, and all other entities have a functional latrine with safe containment and disposal of faecal sludge.
c. GPs in coordination with respective VWSCs shall ensure all single pit toilets are retrofi tted into twin pit toilets, unless it is technically unviable.
d. All households, institutions, and other entities having septic tanks and non-retrofi tted single pit toilets, or similar systems shall be responsible for periodic and mechanized emptying of the containments.
e. New toilets constructed shall receive approval on design to ensure it is not contaminating surface or ground water and the construction follows the SBM guidelines; and the design shall adhere to the Bureau of Indian Standards.
f. In the event of toilet or containment system overfl owing or causing any type of pollution, the VWSC shall issue a notice directing the owner to undertake adequate measures.
III. Provision of Emptying and Transportation of Faecal Sludge from Containment to Treatment Plant a. Households, institutions and other entities shall ensure their toilet, or its containment does not discharge raw of partially treated wastewater into storm water drains, water bodies, open land, agricultural lands or anywhere in an open environment.
b. Households, institutions, and other entities shall not allow any manual cleaning of raw or partially treated faecal sludge from containment. The desludging of containment shall only be done in compliance with Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 at all times.
c. Households, institutions, and other entities having twin pit toilets shall be responsible for the emptying pit once the sludge is converted into manure and safe to empty by the respective users. This can be reused in agriculture or a kitchen garden as per local suitability.
d. The emptying and transportation of faecal sludge to a treatment facility shall be carried out only by a licensed agency or service offered by local administration. The cleaning should adhere to the “Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Cleaning of Sewers and Septic Tanks” released by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, November 2018. e. The licence should be provided by designated offi cer(s) to all eligible private desludging operators for emptying and transportation of faecal sludge.
f. Households, institutions, and other entities shall be liable to pay the emptying fee as prescribed in Annexure 1.3 of this regulation.
24 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management IV. Provision for Treatment, Reuse and Safe Disposal of Faecal Sludge
a. All emptied sludge should be transported to notifi ed and designated disposal/treatment locations. The licence provided to the private operator should have the designated disposal location allocated for disposal of faecal sludge.
b. The emptying operation carried by local Administration should also be linked to the designated disposal or treatment location.
c. The treatment facility should accept the faecal sludge from a licensed emptier only. The data should be recorded for disposal at every site.
d. The operator of the FSTP shall not accept the sludge or other wastes containing industrial waste.
e. The operator should be responsible for the mechanism of selling and disposing of treated biosolids and effl uent.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 25 Annexure 1.1: Resolution at GP Level
Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Resolution For Faecal Sludge Management
The Gram Sabha hereby resolves to undertake Faecal Sludge Management by regularly maintaining the pits and septic tanks in the Gram Panchayat. To this end, the following decisions have been agreed upon.
1. The ______Gram Panchayat, hereby declares that it will not allow faecal sludge to be disposed of indiscriminately in any locations within its jurisdiction and will allow only desludging operators who are registered/licensed by districts. In case of non-compliance, the Gram Panchayat will charge penalties as per District FSM regulations.
2. The ______Gram Panchayat, hereby declares that the all of its toilets are twin-pit toilets or other in-situ containment systems which do not require emptying. Therefore, no FSM infrastructure or services are required by the village.
Or
2. The ______Gram Panchayat will implement FSM in all its villages. In reference to District FSM regulations, the following regulations will be monitored by the GP with necessary compliances.
a. Adopt and abide by the District FSM regulations in their entirety.
b. All septic tanks and the single pits in our Panchayat will be emptied/desludged regularly at intervals of 3 to 5-years respectively.
c. The GP will not allow any form of manual cleaning of septic tanks and non-retrofi tted single pit.
d. The GP will maintain records of the septic tanks and single pits that are emptied.
e. The cost of desludging will be borne by households.
f. Households, commercial institutions and establishments having septic tanks will be penalized if the tank is found to be overfl owing.
This resolution was adopted during the Gram Sabha held on ______.
Signature of Sarpanch/ Signature of Panchayat
Pradhan/Mukhiya Secretary
Name Name
Offi cial Seal Offi cial Seal
26 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Annexure 1.2: Key Roles and Responsibilities
Level Designation, Responsibilities department District DWSM/DWSM • Preparation of district-level FSM plan • Preparation and enactment of the FSM regulations District Collector/ • Licensing/registration of all mechanized private desludging operators Deputy • Co-ordination with relevant agencies to ensure the co-treatment/ Commissioner/ disposal at STP/FSTP in nearby urban centres. A Memorandum of District Magistrate/ Understanding (MoU)/MoAs may be furnished for the same CEO Zila Panchayat • Identifi cation of site and allocation of land for FSTPs • Preparation of DPRs for the treatment facilities planned • Financial provision for O&M of FSTPs • Capacity building of all relevant stakeholders • Implement district-wide IEC activities on FSM • Disbursment of necessary funds and provide support to villages for utilizing tied sanitation fund in 15th FC • Construction of FSTPs and monitoring of overall FSM operations • Managing a grievance redressal mechanism and maintaining necessary records Block Block Development • Ensuring and supporting the retrofi tting of single pit to twin pit in all Offi cer villages of the block • Ensuring and supporting retrofi tting of septic tank toilets with soak pits • Supervising construction of FSTPs in co-ordination with the district authority • Operating and maintaining the FSTPs: record maintenance and grievance redressal • Overseeing the processes for desludging and transport ensuring compliance as per the Standard Operating Procedure for Cleaning of Sewers and Septic Tanks” released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, November 2018 • Undertaking any other responsibility assigned by the district administration and DWSC, DWSM • Managing the grievance redressal mechanism and maintaining necessary records GP GP functionaries, • Preparation of village action plan and inclusion of retrofi tting and other VWSC FSM activities in the GP Development Plan • Creating awareness on manual scavenging and mechanized services for emptying of pits • Creating awareness on proper use of toilets and their O&M requirement • Retrofi tting of single pit latrines and septic tanks if needed
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 27 Responsibility of other stakeholders
Stakeholder Responsibilities Households, • Construction of toilets, their regular maintenance and regular emptying of faecal businesses or any sludge from licensed/ register operators institutions • Timely payment of user fee for emptying and/or tariff, if any, towards FSM services • Reporting any illegal disposal in drains, waterbodies, open land, etc. to the respective GP/Block Desludging truck • Applying for registration/licensing and providing the emptying services to allocated owners areas • Ensuring use of personal protective equipment (PPE) at the time of emptying of containments • Ensuring only mechanical desludging in compliance to “Standard Operating Procedure for Cleaning of Sewers and Septic Tanks” released by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, November 2018 Operator of • Operation & Maintenance of the treatment units as per standard operating treatment units procedure provided in contract • Regular reporting to the district authorities on O&M Masons • Construction of the containment systems as per standard design and specifi cations • Retrofi tting of single pits to twin pits and septic tanks with soak pits; as per standard design and specifi cations
28 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Annexure 1.3: Licensing Fee, User Charges and Applicable Penalties
Sr N. Description Amount (INR) 1 Applicable licence fee for application of licence 2 Maximum user fee charges applicable upto 10 Km from the treatment plant Domestic Non-Domestic Charges to be liable beyond 10 KM 3. Applicable penalties Penalty for disposing of the collected sludge to areas other than designated in licence Penalty for non-functional toilets, overfl owing of the toilets
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 29 Annexure 2 Procedure, Terms and Condition for licence
Procedure for Application and Issuance of Licence
a. Invitation of applications by public notice: Applications may be invited by public notice (Appendix A) given in a reputed newspaper. However, the window for licence should be open where the applicant can submit the form on fi rst working day of every month on a rolling basis
b. Application for license: Applications can be submitted as per the Form (Appendix B) at the Details of offi ce where license applications can be submitted. In case a single owner / operator owns and operates multiple trucks, the applicant can submit a single application requesting licence for all the vehicles / equipment owned by the operator and proposed to be used for providing desludging services
c. Issuance of licence: The authority to issue licences in the Name of the District will be vested with Name or Designation of the offi cial. License will be issued as per the format prescribed (Appendix C) by the Name of Authority on the basis of information provided by the applicant and will be valid for a period of two year (s) from the date of issue, unless revoked earlier
30 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Appendix A. Invitation of Application for Grant of License for Emptying and Transportation of Faecal Sludge
Public Notice
Invitation of Application for Grant of License for Emptying and Transportation of Faecal Sludge
• The Name of Authority has issued the Details of District Regulations on FSM for emptying, transportation and disposal of faecal sludge from septic tanks and single pits.
• As per the regulation, faecal sludge shall be emptied mechanically, without human contact and transported to designated treatment/ disposal location only by an agency having a valid license for this purpose issued by Name of authority .
• Applications are invited from individuals/agencies /fi rms /companies for grant of license for emptying, transportation and disposal of faecal sludge. The above said regulations, application proforma, terms and conditions of license is available at the Name of authority/site where the order is available or may be obtained from the offi ce of Designated offi ce.
• The application must reach in the offi ce of Designated offi ce on or before Date and Time.
• It may be noted that undertaking the task of emptying and transportation of faecal sludge without a valid license and /or dumping the faecal sludge at any non-designated location will attract applicable penalties.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 31 Appendix B. Application Form for Licence for Emptying and Transportation of Faecal Sludge
Name of authority Name of Location PROFORMA FOR APPLICATION FOR THE LICENCE FOR COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF FAECAL SLUDGE
1. Name of the applicant: ______
2. Address: PASTE Regd. Offi ce: ______PHOTO (SELF ATTESTED) ______
______
3. Telephone No.: (O)______Mobile No.______
Email ID______
4. Number of vehicles / equipment to be included under the licence: ______
5. For each vehicle / equipment, provide the following details (use additional sheets if required):
Vehicle / Equipment 1:
a. Registration no. of vehicle: ______
b. Pollution certifi cate of the vehicle valid up to:______
c. Insurance of the vehicle valid up to:______
d. Fitness of the vehicle valid up to:______
e. Vehicle, whether fi tted with GPS:______
f. Details of the vehicles indicating leak proof, odour and spill proof having proper vacuum/ suction and discharging arrangement (Document for proof of any may be enclosed).
6. Processing fee for licence for all vehicles owned by the applicant: Rs. ______/- (to be calculated @ fees amount per application plus fees amount per vehicle).
D.D. No.______Date______Bank______
Bank transfer reference number ______
I/We certify that information given by me/us in column 1 to 7 are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. I agree that if any information given by me is found wrong the application for licence will be liable for cancellation at any time.
Signature(s) of applicant(s)
Date: ______Place:______
32 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Term and Conditions of License 1. License for domestic faecal sludge: The license is for emptying and transportation of domestic faecal sludge from domestic / institutional septic tanks and single pits only. The licensee may not transport and dispose any other type of sludge, including among others, industrial sludge, sludge from commercial operations, etc. The licensee will be responsible to ensure no contamination of the faecal sludge occurs with any other type of sludge (industrial sludge, sludge from commercial operations).
2. Standard Operating Procedure for desludging and transportation and safety of staff deployed: The licensee will be responsible for following all relevant provisions of the Standard Operating Procedure as issued by the Authority.
3. Display of licence: A copy of the licence shall be prominently displayed on the vehicle that the licence is issued for. The licence number shall also be painted on each vehicle along with the corresponding licence serial number for the vehicle / equipment.
4. Marking of licensed vehicle: The vehicle/ container/tanker shall be painted with yellow colour duly marked with the precaution in Red Colour “FAECAL SLUDGE OR HUMAN WASTE” (in English) and “………………..”(in local language).
5. Vehicle operation: The vehicle shall maintain a valid “Pollution Under Control” Certifi cate. Further, the licensee shall comply with all provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules there under.
6. Preventive measures in case of accident resulting in spillage of faecal sludge: The vehicle carrying faecal sludge shall be fi tted with prescribed equipment to take care of threat of pollution due to any accident during the movement of the vehicle from the collection point to the designated disposal site. In the event of accidental spillage of faecal sludge, the operator shall immediately take action to contain the spillage, minimize environmental impact and begin clean up procedures and immediately inform the designated authority via a phone call.
7. Full liability of licensee in case of accident: The licensee shall be fully and completely liable for any damage to any person, vehicles, property and environment in case of any accident or disaster.
8. Training: The licensee shall have trained workers equipped with uniforms, safety gadgets, tools and vacuum equipped vehicles to operate the desludging vehicles. The licensee shall be responsible for periodic training of the staff.
9. No manual scavenging: The licensee shall comply with all provisions of the Prohibition of Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
10. Disposal of Septage: The licensee shall dispose of faecal sludge only at the designated disposal sites notifi ed by the Authority.
11. Data recording and reporting: The licensee shall submit the faecal sludge collection and disposal form, duly fi lled up with factual details to the authority and at the designated faecal sludge disposal sites.
12. Regular health check-up of staff: The licensee shall be responsible for ensuring that every person deployed undergoes health check-up at least once in every year
13. Insurance: The staff deployed by the licensee shall be insured for accident during the process of cleaning, transportation and disposal of faecal sludge
14. Cancellation of licence: In case of violation of any of the provisions of these regulations the licence shall be liable to be cancelled.
Signature(s) of applicant(s) Date: ______Place:______
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 33 Appendix C. Issuance of Licence:
LICENSE FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF FAECAL SLUDGE
______District, Government of _____
License number: ______
Vehicle number: ______
Name of the operator: ______
Address:______
Phone number:
Is licensed for collection, transport and disposal of faecal sludge from septic tanks and single pit latrines of designated areas ______
Date of issue: Valid up to:
Licensor Licensee
The license is issued in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Faecal Sludge Management Regulations of ______district.
The designated Service Areas ______
The license may be suspended or revoked for condition of non-compliance and is not transferable.
If found, kindly return to ______
34 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Annexure 3 Checklist and Indicators for Monitoring
S No Indicator Status (Y/N) 1 Has rapid appraisal of toilets been carried out and households are identifi ed in each village. Mapping of all treatment plant (STP/FSTP) in district Private emptying operators are registered/ licensed with districts District has developed an 2 Rate or tariff fi xed for FSM service integrated plan operators (based on distance/capacity) Call centre based desludging has been implemented and related information is propagated in all GPs. 3 District has identifi ed land for new FSM plant/DRE
Annual monitoring Indicators for Implementation
Indicator Baseline Plan (Year) Achieved (Year) All single pit toilets converted into twin pit toilets Provisions for septic tanks with soak pits or other system for managing the supernatant/ effl uent discharging into open drains Percentage of villages with access to emptying services (Villages with access/ Total number of villages) Percentage of villages with FSM treatment (i)+(ii)+(iii)/ total number of villages
(i) Number of villages covered with all twin pit or in situ treatment
(ii) Number of villages linked to STP/FSTP
(iii) Number of villages lined to new STP/FSTP
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 35 Abbreviations and Acronyms
BDO Block development offi cer NRLM National Rural Livelihood Mission BPL Below Poverty Line OSS On-site Sanitation System BWSC Block Water and Sanitation Committee O&M Operation and Maintenance
CB Capacity-building ODF Open Defecation Free
CSR Corporate Social PHED Public Health Engineering Responsibility Department
DM District Magistrate PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions
DPR Detailed Project Report PUC Pollution Under Control
DRE Deep Row Entrenchment RTO Road Transport Organization
DSBM(G) District Swachh Bharat RD Rural Development Mission (Grameen) SBCC Social Behaviour Change DTMU District Training Management Communication Unit SBM (G) Swachh Bharat Mission DWSM/C District Water and Sanitation (Grameen) Mission/Committee SHG Self-Help Group FS Faecal Sludge SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste FSM Faecal Sludge Management Management
FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment SOP Standard Operating Plant Procedure
GP Gram Panchayat STP Sewage Treatment Plant
IEC Information Education SWM Solid Waste Management Communication UD Urban Development KLD Kilo Litre Per Day ULB Urban Local Body M&E Monitoring and Evaluation VAP Village Action Plan MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National VO Village Organizations Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee IMIS Integrated Management Information System
36 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Glossary
1. Desludging: Desludging refers to the operation of removing sludge from septic/digestion tanks, pit latrines or any other primary treatment units. Usually this is done by mechanical means (by vacuum suction pump).
2. Emptying: Emptying or Desludging refers to the operation of removing sludge from septic/ digestion tanks, pit latrines or any other primary treatment units. Usually this is done by mechanical means (by vacuum suction pump).
3. Faecal Sludge: “Faecal sludge” is the solid or settled contents of pit latrines and septic tanks. It may be raw or partially digested, in a slurry or semi-solid form, and includeds the collection, storage or treatment of combinations of excreta and black water, with or without grey water. It.
4. Faecal Sludge Management: Faecal Sludge Management is the process of safe collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal/ reuse of faecal sludge and septage from on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines, septic tanks, etc. It is the management of faecal waste that is not conveyed by a centralized sewerage system.
5. Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP): Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant is an independent faecal sludge and septage treatment facility for remediating the solid and liquid components to prescribed standards for safe disposal and reuse.
6. License: License is a written permission granted for a purpose to any person, having mentioned the purpose, period, name and address, route, etc. under the signature of the authorized signatory of the District.
7. Septage: Septage is the liquid and solid material that is pumped from a septic tank, cesspool, or such on-site treatment facility after it has accumulated over a period of time.
8. Septic tank: Septic tank is an underground tank that treats sewage by a combination of solids settling and anaerobic digestion. The effl uents may be discharged into soak pits or small-bore sewers, and the solids have to be pumped out periodically.
9. Sewage: Sewage is the wastewater containing human body waste matter (faeces and urine etc.), either dissolved or undissolved, discharged from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain such human body wastes.
10. Transportation: Transportation means the safe transfer of septage through licensed vehicle from the place of work to the designated disposal location.
11. Treatment: Treatment means any method or process designed to alter the physical, chemical or biological character or composition of any waste or wastewater to reduced or prevent pollutions.
Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 37 References
1. An assessment of faecal sludge management: policies and programmes at the national and select state level; WaterAid.
2. Business Models for FSM in India; International Water Management Institute and WASH Institute; 2020
3. Draft Guidance Note on Co-treatment of Septage at Sewage Treatment Plants in India; Sanjay Gupta, Shubhra Jain Shikha Shukla Chhabra; April 2018.
4. Draft policy on Faecal Sludge & Septage Management (FSSM); Government of Rajasthan
5. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation; IWA Publishing.
6. Guidelines for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Bihar; Ministry of Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar; June 2018
7. Guidelines on Faecal Sludge Septage Management; Local Self-Government Department; Government of Rajasthan; 2018
8. Model Regulations and Bye laws for collection, transportation, disposal of waste of on-site containment system such as septic tanks single pits; Urban Administration & Development Department (Government of Chhattisgarh).
9. National Policy on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM), Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, February 2017.
10. Presentation by CDD society; AMRUT Training : Regional Centre For Urban And Environmental Studies-RCUES
11. Presentation on FSSM C-WAS, CEPT University available at https://pas.org.in/Portal/document/ ResourcesFiles/pdfs/Workshop%20presentation%20on%20ODF+.pdf.
12. Regulations, for collection, transportation and disposal of waste of septic tanks (septage); November 2018; Urban Development Department (Delhi Jal Board), Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi
13. Solid and Liquid Resource Management: Faecal Sludge Management
14. Training Module on Septage Management Plan, MEETRA, Nashik, 15thSeptember, 2015
15. Uttar Pradesh State Policy on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Draft (March 2019)
16. Training Module for Sanitary Workers on Cleaning of Sewers and Septic Tanks by Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), MoHUA.
38 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management 39 40 Toolkit for District Level Officials on Faecal Sludge Management