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Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges. -
Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation
Images of the Past: Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David M. Bond, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Sabra J. Webber, Advisor Johanna Sellman Philip Armstrong Copyrighted by David Bond 2017 Abstract The construction of stories about identity, origins, history and community is central in the process of national identity formation: to mould a national identity – a sense of unity with others belonging to the same nation – it is necessary to have an understanding of oneself as located in a temporally extended narrative which can be remembered and recalled. Amid the “memory boom” of recent decades, “memory” is used to cover a variety of social practices, sometimes at the expense of the nuance and texture of history and politics. The result can be an elision of the ways in which memories are constructed through acts of manipulation and the play of power. This dissertation examines practices and practitioners of nostalgia in a particular context, that of Tunisia and the Mediterranean region during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Using a variety of historical and ethnographical sources I show how multifaceted nostalgia was a feature of the colonial situation in Tunisia notably in the period after the First World War. In the postcolonial period I explore continuities with the colonial period and the uses of nostalgia as a means of contestation when other possibilities are limited. -
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders. -
Exotic, Erotic, Heroic?
134 6 Exotic, Erotic, Heroic? Women of Carthage in Western Imagination Marta García Morcillo ‘Salammbô in her splendour was blended with Tanit, and seemed the very genius of Carthage, and its embodied soul’ Flaubert, Salammbô, ch. 15 (transl. E. Powys Mathers) Preface Dido, Sophonisba and the anonymous wife of Hasdrubal – the general who defended the city in 146 BCE – have for centuries inspired the imagination of artists and travellers searching for traces of the grandeur of Punic Carthage. When, in 1807, Chateaubriand visited Tunis and the famous Acropolis of Byrsa, he was inevitably disappointed by the desolate scenery he encountered. Carthage’s indecipherable ruins were certainly no match for the striking memories left by Hannibal and his military campaigns, but also for those left by the heroic women who embodied the spirit of the city and its tragic fate.1 A similar experience in 1862 inspired Flaubert’s most uncanny creature, the fictional Salammbô, who was about to become the epitome of fin-de-siècle feminised eroticism as moulded by Orientalism. Salammbô was the titular character of a historical novel set during the Mercenary War (240 to 238 BCE), through which Flaubert aimed to ‘resurrect Carthage’. Like the legendary and historical 135 women that preceded and succeeded her, Salammbô was affected by the character and destiny of the Punic city, but also by something dark that inhabits the depths of every human soul. In the following pages, I will discuss the afterlives of the historical, legendary and fictional women of Carthage in the modern arts. The chapter is divided into four sections that propose four types of characterisations, following a diachronic approach: the tragic, the exotic, the vanished and the resurrected woman. -
Scobol Solo 2017 Championship I
Scobol Solo 2017 PORTA Championship I (Phase I: Questions 1-20) NIGRA 1. Bernard Bolzano pointed out the lack of proof of a fact about curves that are continuous, do not intersect themselves, and have a property known by this term; that fact became the Jordan [zhor-dahn] curve theorem. To be a subspace, a subset of a vector space must have a property known by this term under addition and scalar multiplication. In topology, any intersection of sets with a property known by this term must have the same property, but a weaker condition applies to unions. A group is a set with an associative operation that has an identity, inverses, and a property known by this term. The integers have this a property known by this term under multiplication but not division, since any product of integers is an integer but some quotients of integers aren’t integers. Give this term that also describes intervals that contain their endpoints and are denoted by square brackets. Answer: closed (accept word forms like closure or closedness) 2. In 1879, the Supreme Court combined three cases addressing this legal concept in relationship to alcoholic drinks. In 1995 and 2006, Congress passed laws preventing the “dilution” of these legal claims, a response to Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue. In 1946, the Lanham Act created Principal and Supplementary Registers for these legal claims, and a later law strengthened the Lanham Act by prohibiting the counterfeiting of these things. Those registers of these claims are maintained by a federal office that also oversees patents. -
Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: a Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2019 Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia Soubeika Bahri The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3098 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SEMIOTIC AND DISCURSIVE DISPLAYS OF TAMAZIGHT IDENTITY ON FACEBOOK: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF REVITALIZATION EFFORTS IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY TUNISIA by SOUBEIKA (WAFA) BAHRI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2019 ©2019 SOUBEIKA (WAFA) BAHRI All Rights Reserved ii Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia. by Soubeika (Wafa) Bahri This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________ _________________________________________ Date Cecelia Cutler Chair of Examining Committee _________________ _________________________________________ Date Gita Martohardjono Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Michael Newman Miki Makihara Lotfi Sayahi THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia. -
The Two Mauretaniae: Their Romanization and The
THE TWO MAURETANIAE: THEIR ROMANIZATION AND THE IMPERIAL CULT by CLAUDIA GIRONI submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject ANCIENT HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR : PROF. U.R.D. VOGEL JOINT SUPERVISOR : DR M. KLEIJWEGT Date submitted November 1996 SUMMARY The 'Romanization' of the African provinces of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis was in fact a two-way process of exchange between Roman and African elements which resulted in a uniquely Romano-African civilization. The imperial cult highlights issues common to all Romanization processes, such as ruler-subject interaction and the role of local initiative in bringing about change, as well as unique issues such as the impact of politics on emperor-worship. The success of the imperial cult was hampered by the fact that only a select few - notably the wealthy local elite - derived direct benefit from the process, and by the fact that, because the pre-Roman Mauretaniae had no established ruler-cults, the imperial cult failed to assimilate with local tradition. As a result, the cult was unable either to make a decisive impact on the Romanization of the Mauretanians, or to achieve any real religious unity among them. KEY TERMS Romanization; Imperial cult; North African history; Roman empire; Mauretania Tingitana; Mauretania Caesariensis; Mauri; Religious syncretism; Roman gods; Roman priests; African religion, ancient. DECLARATION I declare that "The two Mauretaniae : their Romanization and the imperial cult" is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. -
The Italians in the Second Punic War: Local Conditions and the Failure of the Hannibalic Strategy in Italy
THE ITALIANS IN THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: LOCAL CONDITIONS AND THE FAILURE OF THE HANNIBALIC STRATEGY IN ITALY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael P. Fronda, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved By Dr. Nathan Rosenstein, Adviser Dr. Timothy Gregory ____________________________ Adviser Dr. Barry Strauss Department of History ABSTRACT Rome’s victory in the Second Punic War paved the way for its conquest of the Mediterranean. Yet that victory is bound up with Hannibal's failure in Italy, even though he brought Rome to its knees in the early stages of the war. Previous explanations for the failure of Hannibal's strategy have tended to stress either the hopelessness of this strategy, because of the loyalty of Rome's Italian allies and their willingness to be integrated into the Roman system, or the success of Rome's counter-strategy of attrition, aimed at limiting allied revolts while wearing down Hannibal's forces. Previous scholarship, however, neglects an important dimension of the question of the failure of Hannibal’s strategy; that is, Hannibal’s failure as a diplomat to win over large numbers of Rome’s Italian allies and thus overcome Rome’s long-term strategic advantages. This dissertation looks at the Second Punic War from the perspective of the Italian states in order to explain why Hannibal did not gain more Italian allies. The dissertation is divided into four regional case studies and brings to bear literary, archaeological, numismatic, epigraphic, and topographic evidence. -
In Search of the Granary of Rome: Environmental Decline in Roman North Africa
In Search of the Granary of Rome: Environmental Decline in Roman North Africa A Senior Thesis Presented to the Departments of Classics and History Colorado College In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts in Classics and History By Will Heberlein May 2014 Heberlein 2 Table of Contents: Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………4 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………... 5 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Defining North Africa………………………………………………………………………………….9 Rome in North Africa…………………………………………………….……………………….…11 Sources for the Ancient North African Environment……………………………..….18 Classical Environmental Culture……………………………………………………………….22 Deforestation……………………………………………………………………………………………30 Agriculture and Agricultural Decline…………………………………………………………34 Mining and Pollution………………………………………………………………………………..41 Animals…………………………………………………………………………………………………….44 Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Decline…………………………………………..48 Literary Evidence…………………………………………………………………………….……….51 Archaeological Evidence…………………………………………………………………………..60 Post-Roman North African History…………………………………………………………...64 The Post-Colonial Critique of Environmental Decline……………………………….66 Ideological Mechanisms of Empire…………………………………………………………..68 Heberlein 3 The Value of Literary Sources……………………………………………………………………71 New Insights of the Post-Colonial Critique………………………..………………………73 Reflections....……………………………………………………………………………………………77 Bibliography ………………………..…………….....……………………………………………..…82 Heberlein 4 Acknowledgements: I -
Tunisia: History
Tunisia: History Traces of hominids as far back in time as 1 million years. 50,000 years ago Homo Sapiens were dominating in North Africa. 10,000 years ago it is believed that a people now referred to as proto-Hamites arrived, coming from western Asia. This people is believed to have spoken a language close to the language of Ancient Egypt. Around Tunisia, people were living in caves, and survived from hunting and gathering. Around 2000 BCE: Introduction of metals from Sicily, and with this Tunisia entered the Bronze Age. 1100 BCE: The first arrival of Phoenicians in Tunisia. They founded trading posts, which would aid them in trading in the Mediterranean market, stretching from the Levant to Spain. 814 BCE: Carthage is founded by Phoenician traders. The cultures around Carthage were relatively primitive, and offered little threat to the colonists. The Phoenicians established more trading posts, like Bizerte, Utica and Sousse. 7th century BCE: Arrival of Greek traders, who represented a serious threat to the Phoenicians and their position in the Mediterranean basin. This had as a result that the independent Phoenician cities in Tunisia joined forces, and Carthage became the leader among them. 480 BCE: The Phoencian-Greek battle of Himera in Sicily, which had the Greeks as victors, resulted in Carthage becoming more independent from the Phoenician homeland. 396 BCE: New defeat in Sicily for Carthage, against the Greeks. Carthage was even more weakened by domestic rebellion. 310 BCE: Greek invasion, resulting in 3 years of heavy destruction of a large area that included Carthage. 263 BCE: Start of the Punic Wars, where the still insignificant Rome fought against Carthage. -
A Correlation Analysis of Low-Level Conflict in North African Berber Groups, 1990-2011
A CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF LOW-LEVEL CONFLICT IN NORTH AFRICAN BERBER GROUPS, 1990-2011 A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Suzanne Hollands, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 10, 2014 Copyright 2014 by Suzanne Hollands-Sibley All Rights Reserved. ii A CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF LOW-LEVEL CONFLICT IN NORTH AFRICAN BERBER GROUPS, 1990-2011 Suzanne Hollands-Sibley, B.A. MALS Mentors: John O. Voll, Ph.D., Andy Vogt, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Berber regions of North Africa have long resisted incursion from the outside world. Regional conquests from the Punics, Greeks and Romans were repeatedly met with persistent and at times violent resistance, particularly under Greek and Roman rule. With the Arab conquest in the seventh century AD, the depth of penetration into Berber culture was fundamentally altered, particularly in the area of religion and language. Though still committed to Islam as a religion, recent Berber movements have shown a marked resistance to Arab cultural identity, seeking instead to re-establish a purely Berber cultural ethos through the revival of their indigenous Amazigh language and customs. Because their former identity precedes the advent of Islam, the Berber have recently sought to reconcile their ancient cultural heritage, particularly their language, with a religion they adopted in the seventh century but whose very language they conceive of as that of a former oppressor. Rather than rejecting Islam, they choose instead to reinvent it, replacing the sacred Arabic language of the QUrán with their lingua franca – Tamazight – in their practice of Islam, thereby uniting both culture and religion and reinforcing a cultural identity. -
Palladio and Polybius Histories
Palladio and Polybius Histories by Guido Beltramini Why was Palladio interested in warfare? He was born in the midst of wars in Padua, which had been lost and won back by the Venetians with a heavy blood toll for the Paduans in the tragic summer of 1509, during the War of the League of Cambrai. The worst conflict in the century, it was to devastate the territory of the Republic as far as the edge of the Venetian lagoon.1 Andrea must have experienced the war from below, among the frightened starving ordinary people described by the Paduan peasant-soldier playwright Ruzante who had come from the war, after having been at the Battle of Agnadello, which had marked the beginning of the Venetian rout.2 In the following years at the dinner table of Trissino and his Humanist soldier friends, Palladio was to see war from other points of view. One of the few documents telling of his private life, however, portrays him in 1551 vainly attempting, together with Giambattista Maganza, to dissuade their friend Marco Thiene from seeking glory on the battlefield, where he was in fact to meet his death: What I do know very well is that one evening, a few days before the said lord Marco went to war, I was with Palladio in the house of the splendid Thienes and in our conversation with lord Marco we came to the subject of his decision to go to the war and Palladio and I tried to persuade him as best we could that he should not go, reminding him that it was most dangerous as regards the fortresses; on account of this lord Marco became angry with us because he said he wished to go and he seemed to be offended by our attempts to dissuade him.