DOCSLIB.ORG

THE 15859 Ttm Ufvfiv-ERSITY of Q^JTENSLAND Accep!-Digtl^Aa'...;Rdof QUINQUENNIUM in PROVINCIIS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE 15859 Ttm Ufvfiv-ERSITY of Q^JTENSLAND Accep!-Digtl^Aa'...;Rdof QUINQUENNIUM in PROVINCIIS THE 15859 Ttm UfvFIV-ERSITY OF Q^JTENSLAND Accep!-diGtl^aa'...;rdof QUINQUENNIUM IN PROVINCIIS CARACALLA AND IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATION AD 212-217 The Roman Emperor Caracalla SHAMUS SILLAR (BA Hons.) Department of Classics and Ancient History A Thesis submitted to The University of Queensland for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 30 May 2001 ..VA\#^ >i^^^'^^ NV-* IV^U^^^' STATEMENT I declare that the work presented in this thesis, is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original, except as acknowledged in the text, and that the material therein has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university. II ABSTRACT Marcus Aunelius Antoninus, better known as Giracalla, became sole emperor in December AD 211. After a brief period at Rome - perhaps less than a year (211-212) Caracalla embarked on an extensive tour of the empire. In the course of his travels, the emperor visited more than twenty provinces, and led military campaigns on several frontiers. The aim of this thesis is twofold: to analyse the events of this tour, and to assess the emperor's provincial, military and foreign policies. The reputation of Caracalla ranks him among the worst of all Roman emperors. Caracalla's role in the assassination of his brother and fellow emperor, Geta (December 211), and the subsequent purge of Geta's supporters at Rome provide the foundation for this reputation. Yet these same characteristics are commonly applied to Caracalla in the context of his later provincial tour, most notably, by Edward Gibbon: "every province was by turn the scene of his rapine and cruelty". This perception of Caracalla's reign has survived even in very recent scholarship. An attempt has been made in the present inqviiry to redraw the standard picture, at least as far as the provincial, tour is concerned. This study also addresses the notion that Caracalla held litde or no interest in the business of empire, but instead diverted his enerpes to the pursuit of personal pleasure. In fact, evidence sv^ests that the emperor maintained a comprehensive administrative agenda in the provinces. Moreover, Caracalla actively sought to solve existing problems both within the provinces and beyond them, and his policies were frequently imbued with a spirit of innovation. The ancient literary evidence for Caracalla's provincial tour, together with modem scholarly treatments of the period, forms the basis of the present inquiry. At the same time, the studjr incorporates a detailed inspection of all of the available evidence, including the abundant ep^raphic, numismatic and archaeological material. This holistic approach is productive. It serves to offset the inconsistencies foimd within the literary sources and to shed light on aspects of Caracalla's provincial tovir that have received inadequate covers^e in modem scholarship. ni ADDITIONAL PUBUCATION The followii^ article relatii^ to this thesis has been accepted for pubUcation: "Caracalla and the Senate: The Aftermath of Geta's Assassination", Athenaeum (forthcoming) IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Pj^e StatBimnt u Abstract iii AdditkndPublkatkn iv List (fIllustrations vii Acknaukd^nents viii KeyDates ix INTRODUCTION Oiapterl'. WEST 9 (^Prcfo£o 10 (ii)Itafy 12 (ii^Gaul 17 (iv) Spain 23 (v) Britain 28 (vi) Africa 37 Qjopterl'. RHINE 49 (i) The German Campaign 50 (iQ The Aftermath of the Campaign 67 (iii) Caracalla as oommilltft) 80 Chapters: DANUBE 89 (^Prcfoiio 90 (iQ Noricum 91 ^Pannonia 93 ^v) Dada 106 (v) The Balkans 119 Chapter 4: ASIA MINOR 127 (i) Accident on the Hellespont 128 (i^ The Cities of Asia Minor 129 (iiQ The Imperial Cuh 146 Civ) Nicomedia (Winter 214/215) 150 (v) Julia Domna 159 (vQ Caracalla the Intellectual 165 Ox^aer5: EASTI 169 (i^ Syria 170 (u) Egypt 184 (ui) Caracalla and Eastern Cults 197 Chapters-. EAST 11 211 Q Eastern Frontier (211-212) 212 (i^ Eastern Frontier (214-215) 218 (iii) Eastern Frontier (216) 228 (iv) Edessa (Winter 216/217) 240 CONCLUSION 249 ListcfAi^neviations 255 Bibliography 257 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fi^oe 1 Caracalla. (Tide P^e) Museo Archeologico Nazionale (Naples, Itafy) Photo by S. Sillar Opposite Page: Figftrel Temple (Bergama, Turkey) 1 Photo by F. Sillar Figures Ubrary (Bergama, Turkey) 1 Photo by F. Sillar Fiacre 4 Map of Gaul and Spain 22 Fiff(re5 Map of Britain 34 Fifftre6 Map of North Africa 44 Fifftre/ Map of the Rhine-Danube limes 78 Fi^ftreS Map of the Lower Danube 98 Figure 9 Map of Asia Minor 132 Fig/ttelO Map of Syria and Egypt 170 Figure 11 Map of the East 230 vu ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of my own (fdnqf«nmin as a postgraduate at the University of Queensland, I have been assisted by a great number of people. I owe a debt to all of them. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Brian Jones, for his tireless help and advice, as well as his good humour. It has been a privilege to work with Brian. Immense thanks are also due to Bob Milns and Dorothy Watts: their support and friendship along the way have meant a great deal to me. I am also extreme^ grateful for the immeasurable assistance that Lesley Burnett and Ann Power have provided throughout nty^ years of study. In all, the Department of Classics and Ancient History here at UQ has provided a stimulating and convivial environment in which to work, and I have enjoyed the camaraderie of all of my postgraduate colleagues, past and present. In particular, it would be remiss of me not to thank Michael Coates and Jim Stewart for their companionship. I am especially indebted to the Friends of Antiquity and the opportunity provided by the Betty Fletcher Memorial Travelling Scholarship to visit firsthand some of the sites in Italy, Greece and Turkey that are discussed in this thesis. Indeed, the wonderful experiences of that trip fired my enthusiasm for the present inquiry. Friends and famify have provided constant encouragement throughovit my studies, but espedafy in these last few months when the focus has rarefy^ strayed from the projea in hand. Gill Haykxk deserves a special mention for giving so much of her patience and affection. Above all, I would like to express infinite thanks to my mother and father for their unwavering love and support. vui KEY DATES EARLY LIFE AND FIRST YEAR OF SOLE REIGN AD 188 (4 AprS) Birth of Caracalla (L.? Septimius Bassianus) at Lugdunum Parents: L. Septimius Severus and Julia Domna 189 Birth of Geta (P. Septimius Geta) 193 Septimius Severus becomes emperor 198 Caracalla becomes joint emperor with his father Adopts new name: M. Aurelius Antoninus 209 Geta joint emperor -with Septimius and Caracalla 211 (4 February) Septimius dies in York Caracalla and Geta return to Rome and rule as joint emperors (December) Geta assassinated. Caracalla's sole reign begins 212 Caracalla at Rome Imprisonment of Abgar Severus, kir^ of Osrhoene PROVINCIAL TOUR: 212 (c. autumn) Pn^cth from Rome. Caracalla travels to Gaul Winter location: unknown (Lugdunum.^) 213 Reforms in Gaul, Spain, Britain (August) Rhine. Preparations for German campaign (Oaober) Victory and adoption of tide Germankus Maximus '^^Inter location: unknown (Danube?) 214 Imprisonment of king of Armenia (uncertain date) Danubian provinces: Noricum, Parmonia, Dada, Thrace (c. autumn) Acddent on the Hellespont. Caracalla arrives in Asia Minor \nnter location: Nicomedia in Bithynia 215 Caracalla travels through Asia Minor to Antioch in Syria. (late 215) Expedition to Egypt ^^Inter location: Alexandria in Egypt 216 (spring) Return to Antioch. Invasion of Parthia Winter location: Edessa in Osrhoene 217 Preparations for a second Parthian campaign (8 ApriQ Assassinated between Edessa and Canhae IX FIGURE 2 Temple (Bergama, Turkey) ': 'i FIGURE 3 Library (Bergama, Turkey) INTRODUCTION On a crisp winter's morning in January 1997,1 stood on the acropolis above the modem Turkish town of Bergama. Around me lay cr^gy chunks of tile, sculpture and architrave - the bones of a Roman dty, Pergamum, which had once risen imperiously from this site. Climbir^ a short stairway to one of the monuments,^ I wondered if the view to the spra^ding valley below had evoked a similar feeling of awe for visitors in antiquity as it did for me now.2 The guidebook to the Pergamum site identified this monument as a Temple of Dionysus, rebuik by the Roman emperor Caracalla in AD 214. It added that Caracalla had visited Pergamum in order to seek treatment at the dty's famous health resort - the Asclepieum - following a near fatal shipwreck on the waters of the Hellespont. After a successful period of recuperation, the emperor openfy bestowed privileges on the people of Pergamum, induding the refurbishment of their temples. These references to Caracalla's munificence at Pergamum were puzzling, for I recalled Edward Gibbon's dramatic assessment of that emperor "every province was by turns the scene of his rapine and cruelty".' Here was a contradiction of some m^nitude. It became one of the focal points for my thesis. Parameters and Aims On 4 February 211, after a reign of almost two decades, the emperor Septimius Severus passed away at Eboracum (York). He left two heirs - his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Despite Caracalla's seniority (at twenty-two, he was a year older) the brothers were installed as joint rulers of the Roman empire.* In his last days, Septimius had made a plea to the young men: "be harmonious" (op-OVoeiTe: Dio 76.15.2). Yet the reign of Caracalla and Geta was a model of discord. It was also brief. Late in December 211, less than a year after Septimius' death, Geta was assassinated at the hands of his older brother.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Letters of Marcus Tullius Cicero to Several of His Friends
    UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 464 615 4 Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN w m '»? ^ .'. -vX , \ > • I LETTERTHE OF Marcus Tulliiis Cicero T O Several of his Friends: With REMARKS By W I L L I A M M E L M O T H, Efqi Quo fit ut omnis Votlva pateat veluti defcripta tabella Vita fenis. HoR. THE THIRD EDITION. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. III. i:x.:\/usfj{eg. 6V^//. LONDON: Printed for J. Dodsley, in Pall-mall. 177J, SRLF URl fft LETTERS.,...— , E^-nij OF Marcus Tullius Cicero T O Several of his F R i E N d So BOOK XI. LETTER L To Tiro. letter encourages me to hope that A.u.70?. find better : I am fure at YOURyou yourfelf leaftj I moil fincerely wifh that you may. I intreat you therefore to confecrate all your cares to that end ; and by no means indulge fo miftaken a fufpicion as that I am difpleafed you are not with me. With me you are, in the bell fenfe of that exprelTion, if you are tak- ing care of your health : which I had much rather you Ihouid attend^ than on myfelf. For Vol. UI. B tho' 2 The letters Book XL .v.u.7o8.tho'' I always both fee and hear you with plea- lure that will j pleafure be greatly increafed, when I fhali have the fatisfaftiory at the fame tii-n* to be afiured that you are perfectly well. My work is at prefcnt fufpended \ as I can- not make ufe of my own hand: however I em- ploy myfclf a good deal in reading.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia
    Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia (8th – 6th centuries BCE) An honors thesis for the Department of Classics Olivia E. Hayden Tufts University, 2013 Abstract: Although ancient Greeks were traversing the western Mediterranean as early as the Mycenaean Period, the end of the “Dark Age” saw a surge of Greek colonial activity throughout the Mediterranean. Contemporary cities of the Greek homeland were in the process of growing from small, irregularly planned settlements into organized urban spaces. By contrast, the colonies founded overseas in the 8th and 6th centuries BCE lacked any pre-existing structures or spatial organization, allowing the inhabitants to closely approximate their conceptual ideals. For this reason the Greek colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia, known for their extensive use of gridded urban planning, exemplified the overarching trajectory of urban planning in this period. Over the course of the 8th to 6th centuries BCE the Greek cities in Sicily and Magna Graecia developed many common features, including the zoning of domestic, religious, and political space and the implementation of a gridded street plan in the domestic sector. Each city, however, had its own peculiarities and experimental design elements. I will argue that the interplay between standardization and idiosyncrasy in each city developed as a result of vying for recognition within this tight-knit network of affluent Sicilian and South Italian cities. This competition both stimulated the widespread adoption of popular ideas and encouraged the continuous initiation of new trends. ii Table of Contents: Abstract. …………………….………………………………………………………………….... ii Table of Contents …………………………………….………………………………….…….... iii 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..……….. 1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Transantiquity
    TransAntiquity TransAntiquity explores transgender practices, in particular cross-dressing, and their literary and figurative representations in antiquity. It offers a ground-breaking study of cross-dressing, both the social practice and its conceptualization, and its interaction with normative prescriptions on gender and sexuality in the ancient Mediterranean world. Special attention is paid to the reactions of the societies of the time, the impact transgender practices had on individuals’ symbolic and social capital, as well as the reactions of institutionalized power and the juridical systems. The variety of subjects and approaches demonstrates just how complex and widespread “transgender dynamics” were in antiquity. Domitilla Campanile (PhD 1992) is Associate Professor of Roman History at the University of Pisa, Italy. Filippo Carlà-Uhink is Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter, UK. After studying in Turin and Udine, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and as Assistant Professor for Cultural History of Antiquity at the University of Mainz, Germany. Margherita Facella is Associate Professor of Greek History at the University of Pisa, Italy. She was Visiting Associate Professor at Northwestern University, USA, and a Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the University of Münster, Germany. Routledge monographs in classical studies Menander in Contexts Athens Transformed, 404–262 BC Edited by Alan H. Sommerstein From popular sovereignty to the dominion
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
    Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
    [Show full text]
  • The Background and Meaning of the Image of the Beast in Rev. 13:14, 15
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2016 The Background and Meaning of the Image of the Beast in Rev. 13:14, 15 Rebekah Yi Liu [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Biblical Studies Commons Recommended Citation Liu, Rebekah Yi, "The Background and Meaning of the Image of the Beast in Rev. 13:14, 15" (2016). Dissertations. 1602. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/1602 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT THE BACKGROUNDS AND MEANING OF THE IMAGE OF THE BEAST IN REV 13:14, 15 by Rebekah Yi Liu Adviser: Dr. Jon Paulien ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STDUENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE BACKGROUNDS AND MEANING OF THE IMAGE OF THE BEAST IN REV 13:14, 15 Name of researcher: Rebekah Yi Liu Name and degree of faculty adviser: Jon Paulien, Ph.D. Date Completed: May 2016 Problem This dissertation investigates the first century Greco-Roman cultural backgrounds and the literary context of the motif of the image of the beast in Rev 13:14, 15, in order to answer the problem of the author’s intended meaning of the image of the beast to his first century Greco-Roman readers. Method There are six steps necessary to accomplish the task of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca
    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMANIZATION and SOME CILICIAN CULTS by HUGH ELTON (BIAA)
    ROMANIZATION AND SOME CILICIAN CULTS By HUGH ELTON (BIAA) This paper focuses on two sites from central Cilicia in Anatolia, the Cory­ cian Cave and Kanhdivane, to make some comments about religion and Romanization. From the Corycian Cave, a pair of early third-century AD altars are dedicated to Zeus Korykios, described as Victorious (Epinikios), Triumphant (Tropaiuchos), and the Harvester (Epikarpios), and to Hermes Korykios, also Victorious, Triumphant, and the Harvester. The altars were erected for 'the fruitfulness and brotherly love of the Augusti', suggesting they come from the period before Geta's murder, i.e. between AD 209 and 212. 1 These altars are unremarkable and similar examples are common else­ where, so these altars can be interpreted as showing the homogenising effect of the Roman Empire. But behind these dedications, however, may lie a re­ ligious tradition stretching back to the second millennium BC. At the second site, Kanhdivane, a tomb in the west necropolis was accompanied by a fu­ nerary inscription erected by Marcus Ulpius Knos for himself and his family, probably in the second century AD. Marcus then added, 'but if anyone damages or opens [the tomb] let him pay to the treasury of Zeus 1000 [de­ narii] and to the Moon (Selene) and to the Sun (Helios) above 1000 [denarii] and let him be subject to the curses also of the Underground Gods (Kata­ chthoniai Theoi). ' 2 When he wanted to threaten retribution, Knos turned to a local group of gods. As at the Corycian Cave, Knos' actions may preserve traces of pre-Roman practices, though within a Roman framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Divine Vintage Turkey & Greece
    BULGARIA Sinanköy Manya Mt. NORTH EDİRNE KIRKLARELİ Selimiye Fatih Iron Foundry Mosque UNESCO B L A C K S E A MACEDONIA Yeni Saray Kırklareli Höyük İSTANBUL Herakleia Skotoussa (Byzantium) Krenides Linos (Constantinople) Sirra Philippi Beikos Palatianon Berge Karaevlialtı Menekşe Çatağı Prusias Tauriana Filippoi THRACE Bathonea Küçükyalı Ad hypium Morylos Neapolis Dikaia Heraion teikhos Achaeology Edessa park KOCAELİ Tragilos Antisara Perinthos Basilica UNESCO Abdera Maroneia TEKİRDAĞ (İZMİT) DÜZCE Europos Kavala Doriskos Nicomedia Pella Amphipolis Stryme Işıklar Mt. ALBANIA JOINAllante Lete Bormiskos Thessalonica Argilos THE SEA OF MARMARA SAKARYA MACEDONIANaoussa Apollonia Thassos Ainos (ADAPAZARI) UNESCO Thermes Aegae YALOVA Ceramic Furnaces Selectum Chalastra Strepsa Berea Iznik Lake Nicea Methone Cyzicus Vergina Petralona Samothrace Parion Roman theater Acanthos Zeytinli Ada Apamela Aisa Ouranopolis Hisardere Elimia PydnaMEDITERRANEAN Barçın Höyük BTHYNIA Dasaki Galepsos Yenibademli Höyük BURSA UNESCO Antigonia Thyssus Apollonia (Prusa) ÇANAKKALE Manyas Zeytinlik Höyük Arisbe Lake Ulubat Phylace Dion Akrothooi Lake Sane Parthenopolis GÖKCEADA Aktopraklık O.Gazi Külliyesi BİLECİK Asprokampos Kremaste Daskyleion UNESCO Höyük Pythion Neopolis Astyra Sundiken Mts. Herakleum Paşalar Sarhöyük Mount Athos Achmilleion Troy Pessinus Potamia Mt.Olympos Torone Hephaistia Dorylaeum BOZCAADA Sigeion Kenchreai Omphatium Gonnus Skione Limnos MYSIA Uludag ESKİŞEHİR Eritium DIVINE VINTAGE Derecik Basilica Sidari Oxynia Myrina Kaz Mt. Passaron Soufli Troas Kebrene Skepsis UNESCO Meliboea Cassiope Gure bath BALIKESİR Dikilitaş Kanlıtaş Höyük Aiginion Neandra Karacahisar Castle Meteora Antandros Adramyttium Corfu UNESCO Larissa Lamponeia Dodoni Theopetra Gülpinar Pioniai Kulluoba Hamaxitos Seyitömer Höyük Keçi çayırı Syvota KÜTAHYA Grava Polimedion Assos Gerdekkaya Assos Mt.Pelion A E GTURKEY E A N S E A &Pyrrha GREECEMadra Mt. (Cotiaeum) Kumbet Lefkimi Theudoria Pherae Mithymna Midas City Ellina EPIRUS Passandra Perperene Lolkos/Gorytsa Antissa Bahses Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
    THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Numismata Graeca; Greek Coin-Types, Classified For
    NUMISMATA GRAECA GREEK COIN-TYPES CLASSIFIED FOR IMMEDIATE IDENTIFICATION PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, MACON (fRANCb). NUMISMATA GRAEGA GREEK GOIN-TYPES GLASSIFIED FOR IMMEDIATE IDENTIFICATION BY L^" CI flu pl-.M- ALTAR No. ALTAR Metal Xo. Pi.ACi: OBVEnSE Reverse V\t Denom . 1)a Pl.A Ri;it:iii;n(:i; SlZE II Nicaen. AVTKAINETPAIANOC. Large altar ready laid with /E.8 Tra- II un teriaii (]oll Jiilhijni:t. Ileadof Trajan r., laur. wood and havin^' door in 20 jan. p. 247, Xo 8. front; beneath AIOC. Ves- Prusiiis AYTKAilAPIIEBAI EniMAPKOYnAAN. P. I. R. .M. Pontus, etc, pasian, ad IIy])ium. TnOYEinAIIAN KIOYOY APOYAN- 22.5 12 p. 201, No 1. A. D. Billiynia. Headof Altar. nnPOYIIEII- eYHATOY. 200 Vespasian to r., laur. \:i .Aiiiasia. (]ara- 10, \o 31, AYKAIMAYP AAPCeYANTAMACIACM... , , p. Ponliirt. ANTnNINOC-Biislof in ex., eTCH. Altar of 1.2 caila. Caracalla r., laureale two stages. 30 A. n. in Paludamentum and 208 ciiirass. 14 l ariiini. Hust of Pallas r., in hel n A Garlanded altar, yE.5 H. C. R. M. Mysia, p. 1(11, Mijsiu. niet ; borderofdots. 12.5 P I 200 No 74. to Au- gus- tus. 15 Smyrna. TIB€PIOC C€BAC- ZMYPNAICON lonia. TOC- Ilead of Tibe- lePGONYMOC. Altar -ar- .E.65 Tibe- B. M. lonia, p. 268, rius r.,laur. landed. 10 No 263. 16 .\ntioch. BOYAH- Female bust ANTlOXenN- Altar. ^E.7 Babelon,/»^. Wadd., C.nria. r., veiled. 18 p. 116, \o 21.')9. 17 ANTIOXeWN cesAC CYNAPXiA AFAAOY .E.6 Au- ,, ,, No 2165. TOY- Nil^e staiiding. TOY AfAAOY. Altar, 15 gus- tus.
    [Show full text]