La Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique Chez Les Souris Sod1g86r Thibaut Burg

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La Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique Chez Les Souris Sod1g86r Thibaut Burg Détermination du rôle des neurones corticospinaux dans le déclenchement et la progression de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique chez les souris Sod1G86R Thibaut Burg To cite this version: Thibaut Burg. Détermination du rôle des neurones corticospinaux dans le déclenchement et la pro- gression de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique chez les souris Sod1G86R. Neurosciences [q-bio.NC]. Université de Strasbourg, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019STRAJ046. tel-02539135 HAL Id: tel-02539135 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02539135 Submitted on 9 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTÉ UMR-S INSERM 1118 THÈSE présentée par : Thibaut BURG soutenue le : 06 septembre 2019 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Neurosciences Détermination du rôle des neurones corticospinaux dans le déclenchement et la progression de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique chez les souris Sod1G86R THÈSE dirigée par : Mme ROUAUX Caroline CR, Université de Strasbourg RAPPORTEURS : Mme MARCHAND-PAUVERT Véronique DR, Université Paris VI Mr BRANCHEREAUX Pascal PR, Université de Bordeaux AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : Mr VEINANTE Pierre PR, Université de Strasbourg Mr ECHANIZ-LAGUNA Andoni PU-PH, Hôpitaux de Paris La vérité scientifique sera toujours plus belle que les créations de notre imagination et que les illusions de notre ignorance Claude Bernard (1813-1878) Thibaut Burg 1 Remerciements La thèse est une aventure scientifique haletante et passionnante mais aussi et surtout une aventure humaine. Erwin CHAGRAFF disait que « dans les sciences, le chemin est plus important que le but. Les sciences n’ont pas de fin ». Je tiens à remercier sincèrement l’ensemble des personnes qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à cette thèse. En premier, je souhaite remercier très chaleureusement ma directrice de thèse, Caroline ROUAUX. Merci de m’avoir accordé ta confiance durant ces 4 années et de m’avoir confié ce magnifique projet. J’en ressors grandi grâce à toi, tes encouragements, tes nombreux conseils, ta méthodologie, ta rigueur et aussi ta bonne humeur. Tu as su créer les meilleures conditions pour réaliser à bien cette thèse. Je remercie Jean-Philippe LOEFFLER, directeur du laboratoire quand je suis arrivé en master, de m’avoir laissé l’opportunité de rejoindre l’unité de recherche. Je remercie également Luc DUPUIS, directeur actuel du laboratoire, pour m’avoir toujours soutenu dans mes actions et pour tes réflexions toujours instructives. Je souhaiterais remercier les membres du jury, Véronique MARCHAND-PAUVERT, Pascal BRANCHEREAU, Pierre VEINANTE et Andoni ECHANIZ-LAGUNA pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’évaluer mon travail de thèse. Sans chacune des personnes du laboratoire U1118, cette thèse n’aurait pas abouti. Alors merci tout le monde, notre cohésion fut une force importante pour tenir lors de cette thèse. Un grand merci à Brigitte pour m’avoir aidé à me défaire de la complexité des tâches administratives. Merci à Annie, Sylvie, Marie-Jo, Claudia et Jérôme, vous m’avez simplifié mon quotidien. Raph, joyeuses Pâques et merci pour ta joie quotidienne. Merci à Alex, Marc, José, Fred, pour toutes vos remarques pertinentes qui ont apporté leur pierre à l’édifice. Christine, présente depuis les débuts pour me transmettre les bonnes pratiques mais aussi les mauvaises blagues à faire. My dear Jelena, on se souviendra longtemps de nos journées devant l’EMG, le fessier endolori. Merci pour tout ce que tu as fait. Mathieu, il y aurait tellement à dire, dü besch den bescht, mein Schotz. Geoffrey, ton aide fut précieuse en fin de course. Dédicace à Marco et Max, les LP. Stéphane, compagnon endiablé de bureau et de cage (le Spiel !). Gina, tu pourrais écrire un livre sur tous mes déboires durant la thèse, merci d’avoir été là. Je rajoute que je suis 100% alsacien. Robin, qu’est-ce qu’on a rigolé (ITA). Pour Thibaut Burg 2 faire écho à ta thèse, quand tu veux je te donne une leçon au caps ou à chifoumi. Aurore, tu endosses maintenant le poids des responsabilités. Cyril et Alex, à deux pour plus de folie, surtout le soir tard au labo. Imma, n’oublie jamais que la lecture de la bible n’a que peu d’effets sur un scientifique, même s’il porte une kippa en aluminium faite maison. Vielen Danke für alles meine Liebe Koalito. Je tiens à mercier mes collaborateurs, François LEFEBVRE, Matilde CORDERO- ERAUSQUIN et Charlotte BICHARA, qui m’ont chacun apporté leur expertise. Une mention pour Charlotte et sa pugnacité, un mot à la hauteur de l’énergie que tu as mise pour m’aider. Doctoneuro, une aventure associative enrichissante. Un grand merci au bureau fondateur, Max, Léa, Baptiste, Clarisse, Emeline, David, Perrine et Lucas, et aux bureaux suivants et toutes les personnes qui m’ont aidé au service de la pédagogie. Je dédie la réussite de la coloration de ma barbe et du traitement d’image à Charlène ! Enfin, j’adresse mon plus grand remerciement pour mon pilier le plus solide, la famille. Tout d’abord mes frères et sœurs d’une autre mère, vous étiez mon sucre dans mes moments d’hypoglycémie, mes molécules de sérotonine. Ludo, depuis la L1 tu es mon partenaire de science, mon ami. Ma réussite est aussi la tienne. Lucas, mon soldat sûr, mon bâton et mon berger dans les montagnes macédoniennes. Marjo, une personne en or, ta sagesse et ta bonté m’ont été précieuses. Elaine, ma semblable, le réconfort de ta laine de lama m’a toujours fait un bien fou. Mon frère de toujours, Yann tu es celui qui a tout vu depuis la maternelle, toujours là pour me faire la passe dans la raquette. Tu as toujours compté, avec mon frère exilé Zack, toujours avare d’anecdotes scientifiques. Louise, ma sœur de sang, tes encouragements m’ont beaucoup aidé, merci à toi, mais aussi à Vic. Grâce à vous avant d’être docteur, je suis un Lord. Maman, mon soutient infaillible, ma force la plus puissante. Mes voyages dans les Vosges furent de véritables bouffées d’oxygène indispensables. Papa, ton soutien et ton aide dans la dernière ligne droite a été précieuse, en plus de ta culture de la gagne. Mamie et Papi, toujours là pour me donner des forces et s’assurer que je mange à ma faim ! Merci à tout le reste de ma famille pour votre soutien continuel, Danielle, Jean-Marie, Julie, Ophélie, Yann, Dalanda, Jean-Baptiste, Pierre, Isabelle et Jacques. Du fond du cœur, je vous remercie pour tout. Une dernière pour ma petite Mamie, partie avant la fin de ce magnifique projet, toi qui en as vu les prémices, j’espère que de là-haut tu es fière de moi. Thibaut Burg 3 Table des matières Abréviations ................................................................................................................................. 8 Avant-propos ............................................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPITRE I : Le système moteur ................................................................................................. 12 1. Organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle ............................................................................... 12 2. L’unité motrice ................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Contraction musculaire ................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Les différents types d’unité motrice ............................................................................................... 15 2.3 Contrôle des unités motrices .......................................................................................................... 16 3. Contrôle cortical de l’unité motrice .................................................................................. 18 3.1 Les aires corticales motrices............................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Organisation fonctionnelle du cortex moteur ................................................................................. 19 3.3 Organisation cytoarchitecturale du cortex moteur ......................................................................... 21 3.4 Voie pyramidale .............................................................................................................................. 23 4. Contrôle sous-cortical de l’unité motrice .......................................................................... 26 4.1 Les noyaux vestibulaires .................................................................................................................. 26 4.2 La formation réticulée ..................................................................................................................... 26 4.3 Les collicules supérieurs .................................................................................................................
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