DOCSLIB.ORG

Vector Control in International Health

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vector Control in International Health VECTOR CONTROL IN INTERNATIONAL HEALTH WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA 1972 © World Health Organization 1972 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the pro­ visions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless governmental agencies or learned and professional societies may reproduce data or excerpts or illustrations from them without requesting an authorization from the World Health Organization. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications and Translation, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Director-General of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINTED IN SWITZERLAND CONTENTS Page List of contributors on specialized topics 0 VI Preface CHAPTER 1. VECTOR CONTROL IN PORTS AND AIRPORTS o 3 General 0 0 3 Organization 3 Surveys 4 Maps 0 0 0 4 Climatological data 6 Environmental improvement 6 Chemical control 7 Biological control 0 0 0 0 0 11 Public relations 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Surveillance and evaluation 0 11 CHAPTER 2o BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF IMPORTANT INSECT VECTORS OF DISEASE o 14 General 0 14 Mosquitos 14 Fleas 34 Sucking lice 38 Other insects 41 CHAPTER 3o BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF DOMESTIC RODENTS 46 General 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 Biology of domestic rats and mice 0 0 0 46 Control of domestic rodent populations 55 CHAPTER 4o VECTOR CONTROL IN SHIPS 70 General 0 0 0 0 70 Surveys 70 Control activities 70 CHAPTER 5o VECTOR CONTROL IN AIRCRAFT 73 General 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 Special considerations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 Acceptable methods of insect control 74 Rodent control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 Annex I. Identification of vectors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 Annex 20 Tables of data for insect and rodent control 125 Annex 3o The safe use of pesticides o 0 o o 0 0 0 130 Annex 40 Extracts from the International Health Regulations relating to vector and rodent control 135 -V- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ON SPECIALIZED TOPICS MR G. C. COLLETT and MR J. E. GRAHAM Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Midvale, Utah, USA--organization and survey maps (Chapter 1) DR H. F. SCHOOF Center for Disease Control, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga., USA-chemical control of insects (Chapter 2) DR K. D. QUARTERMAN and MR D. R. JoHNSON Center for Disease Control, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga., USA-Anopheles and malaria transmission (Chapter 2) DR A. M. BARNES and DR B. W. HUDSON Center for Disease Control, US Jublic Health Service, Atlanta, Ga., USA-fleas (Chapter 2) DR H. B. MORLAN Center for Disease Control, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga., USA-Aedes aegypti (Chapter 2) MR D. DRUMMOND Pest Infestation Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and Food, United Kingdom-the biology and control of domestic rodents (Chapter 3) DR J. LEMBREZ Former Director of Sanitary Control at Sea and Air Frontiers, Marseille, France­ vector control in ships (Chapter 4) DR J. E. PORTER US Quarantine Station, Miami International Airport, Miami, Fla., USA-vector control in aircraft (Chapter 5) DR H. D. PRATT Center for Disease Control, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga., USA-keys for the identification of vectors (Annex 1) ~ VT PREFACE The speed and frequency with which people travel and goods are transported between countries and continents has increased enormously during the last decade, and the trend is continuing. Accompanying this growth in international transportation, the risk of potentially harmful insects and rodents being carried from one area to another has also increased many times. The seriousness of the present situation and the possibility of even greater problems occurring in the future require that measures to prevent the dissemination of disease vectors should be intensified. The control of vectors in international seaports and airports requires international action and co­ operation. In this respect, the International Health Regulations adopted by the Twenty-second World Health Assembly in 1969 specify measures to ensure maximum security against the international spread of disease and vectors of disease. These measures, however, must be applied with a minimum of inter­ ference with traffic and the minimum discomfort to travellers. That most important phase of vector control, but one that is unfortunately often neglected, is control in and around seaports and airports. This should include all cargo-handling installations as well as the cargo itself. For all practical purposes, infestations of ships and aircraft are most likely to originate from ground installations and cargoes that are not vector-free. Vector control at the source would do much to prevent the transportation of vectors of disease and to meet the requirements of the International Health Regulations. To be most effective, control methods must be applied at the most vulnerable stage in the life cycle of the vector, and therefore accurate identifications and a good knowledge of the biology of the vector are needed. Surveillance and evaluation inspections must also be carried out to determine the action to be taken and to assess achievements and failures of control. The present manual on vector control in international health has been prepared in response to a recommendation of the Committee on Interna­ tional Quarantine meeting in March 1969. It is not possible to refer to all disease vectors in a manual of this kind, nor to describe all the techniques and their many variations used in control operations; emphasis has therefore been placed on insects and rodents associated with diseases that are of major concern in international health. The descriptions of fundamental principles and details should, however, enable staff with a sound basic training to organize control programmes capable of dealing adequately with other important vectors more local in their occurrence. This manual should provide vector control officers and team leaders with all the necessary information for the development and operation of vector control programmes in ground installations and aboard ships and aircraft. Since the manual covers a variety of highly specialized topics, experts in each field were in­ vited to provide material for the different chapters. The names of the contributors appear on p. VI. Dr J. V. Smith, Center for Disease Control, US Public Health Service, and Dr R. Pal, Vector Biology and Control, WHO, Geneva, co-ordinated the various contributions and acted as technical editors. Most of the figures in the manual have been reproduced from training guides of the Center for Disease Control (National Communicable Disease Center), US Public Health Service, but some of the photographs have been specially taken for the manual. The World Health Organization is indebted to all those who have given permission for their illustrations to be used and who have collaborated in various ways in the preparation of the text. -1- CHAPTER 1 VECTOR CONTROL IN PORTS AND AIRPORTS GENERAL Effective vector control measures are most important The immediate objective of a vector control pro­ in and around airports and seaports. Ideally, the ground gramme is the reduction of vector populations in a installations associated with international transporta­ given area; the long-term objective, whose importance tion should be in such excellent condition that they cannot be overemphasized, is their permanent elimina­ provide no suitable habitats for vectors. The attainment tion from the area. Each actual or potential vector of this goal, although difficult, is possible if determined habitat should first be thoroughly examined to deter­ and well-organized efforts are made. mine whether it is possible to render it permanently Both natural environments and man-made structures unsuitable for vectors. If it is not possible to make such provide habitats for various vectors. Sometimes, struc­ changes immediately, temporary control measures must tural design or details of construction permit rodents be used. Such measures are usually effective for only a to enter a building or give mosquitos access to cisterns, relatively short time and must be repeated periodically. but the multiplication of vectors in ground installations Both permanent and temporary control measures must more often occurs when port or airport authorities are be planned and undertaken as part of an overall vector unaware of what constitutes a suitable habitat, when control programme, and a detailed knowledge of the there is a lack of proper maintenance, when sanitation area involved and of the vectors found within it is arrangements are poor, and when there is indifference required. to proved control principles. ORGANIZATION The way in which a vector control programme is thorough if the unit is unencumbered by responsibility organized will depend on the nature and extent of the for control operations. Similarly, the operations unit vector problem and on the financial support that is will operate more efficiently and will be able to devote available. However, every control organization should its activities fully to vector control when the work has have a well-trained, intelligent, and imaginative leader been planned on the basis of previous surveys.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cockroach Marion Copeland
    Cockroach Marion Copeland Animal series Cockroach Animal Series editor: Jonathan Burt Already published Crow Boria Sax Tortoise Peter Young Ant Charlotte Sleigh Forthcoming Wolf Falcon Garry Marvin Helen Macdonald Bear Parrot Robert E. Bieder Paul Carter Horse Whale Sarah Wintle Joseph Roman Spider Rat Leslie Dick Jonathan Burt Dog Hare Susan McHugh Simon Carnell Snake Bee Drake Stutesman Claire Preston Oyster Rebecca Stott Cockroach Marion Copeland reaktion books Published by reaktion books ltd 79 Farringdon Road London ec1m 3ju, uk www.reaktionbooks.co.uk First published 2003 Copyright © Marion Copeland All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers. Printed and bound in Hong Kong British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Copeland, Marion Cockroach. – (Animal) 1. Cockroaches 2. Animals and civilization I. Title 595.7’28 isbn 1 86189 192 x Contents Introduction 7 1 A Living Fossil 15 2 What’s in a Name? 44 3 Fellow Traveller 60 4 In the Mind of Man: Myth, Folklore and the Arts 79 5 Tales from the Underside 107 6 Robo-roach 130 7 The Golden Cockroach 148 Timeline 170 Appendix: ‘La Cucaracha’ 172 References 174 Bibliography 186 Associations 189 Websites 190 Acknowledgements 191 Photo Acknowledgements 193 Index 196 Two types of cockroach, from the first major work of American natural history, published in 1747. Introduction The cockroach could not have scuttled along, almost unchanged, for over three hundred million years – some two hundred and ninety-nine million before man evolved – unless it was doing something right.
    [Show full text]
  • 2​Nd​- Into 3​Rd​- Grade Summer Reading List
    nd rd 2 -​ into 3 -​ Grade Summer Reading List ​ ​ *============================* Liz Perry, Librarian for Stacey Hubbard, 2020 Listed below are books to read to your children and books for your children—if they are ​ ready—to read on their own. A fine guide to reading comfort is a thoughtful evaluation of your child’s response to what sits in his or her lap: Is he or she mastering most of the words on the page? If there is frustration, consider an easier read. For your own read-aloud interest—and to connect with stories you might have encountered long ​ ago—books below are separated into categories contemporary and classic. While books published more than 50 years ago may have old-fashioned views, they represent takes on cultural views and rituals of family life that become more varied (politically correct) in later works of fiction. It is worth noting that an “adventure” a hundred years ago could dwell in the simplest of activities: finding stray buttons while dusting or following a butterfly across a meadow. What is worthy of the term “adventure” in juvenile literature today? Parent read-alouds are still rewarding social exchanges even with proficient readers, and conversation around stories can give revealing glimpses into how your child experiences and interprets the world. I Can-Read/Ready-to-Read Series While there are many worthy reads in this genre featuring books children will want (and perhaps need) to read multiple times, choices below tend toward more traditional illustration and a gentler narrative voice. As you make your selections, try to avoid cartoon-like formats that sometimes over-simplify the beauty of nature or caricature the human form.
    [Show full text]
  • General Pest Management: a Guide for Commercial Applicators, Category 7A, and Return It to the Pesticide Education Program Office, Michigan State University Extension
    General Pest Management A Guide for Commercial Applicators Extension Bulletin E -2048 • October 1998, Major revision-destroy old stock • Michigan State University Extension General Pest Management A Guide for Commercial Applicators Category 7A Editor: Carolyn Randall Extension Associate Pesticide Education Program Michigan State University Technical Consultants: Melvin Poplar, Program Manager John Haslem Insect and Rodent Management Pest Management Supervisor Michigan Department of Agriculture Michigan State University Adapted from Urban Integrated Pest Management, A Guide for Commercial Applicators, written by Dr. Eugene Wood, Dept. of Entomology, University of Maryland; and Lawrence Pinto, Pinto & Associates; edited by Jann Cox, DUAL & Associates, Inc. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Certification and Training Branch by DUAL & Associates, Arlington, Va., February 1991. General Pest Management i Preface Acknowledgements We acknowledge the main source of information for Natural History Survey for the picture of a mole (Figure this manual, the EPA manual Urban Integrated Pest 19.8). Management, from which most of the information on structure-infesting and invading pests, and vertebrates We acknowledge numerous reviewers of the manu- was taken. script including Mark Sheperdigian of Rose Exterminator Co., Bob England of Terminix, Jerry Hatch of Eradico We also acknowledge the technical assistance of Mel Services Inc., David Laughlin of Aardvark Pest Control, Poplar, Program Manager for the Michigan Department Ted Bruesch of LiphaTech, Val Smitter of Smitter Pest of Agriculture’s (MDA) Insect and Rodent Management Control, Dan Lyden of Eradico Services Inc., Tim Regal of and John Haslem, Pest Management Supervisor at Orkin Exterminators, Kevin Clark of Clarks Critter Michigan State University.
    [Show full text]
  • College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources: 10Th Annual Report August 1, 2002-July 31, 2003
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Annual Reports: College of Agricultural Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sciences and Natural Resources (CASNR) College of (CASNR) July 2003 College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources: 10th Annual Report August 1, 2002-July 31, 2003 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/casnrannrpts Part of the Agriculture Commons "College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources: 10th Annual Report August 1, 2002-July 31, 2003" (2003). Annual Reports: College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (CASNR). 2. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/casnrannrpts/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, College of (CASNR) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Annual Reports: College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (CASNR) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 10th Annual Report August 1, 2002 - July 31, 2003 Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska–Lincoln TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................... 5 Administration and Staff ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Entering PK – 1
    Entering PK – 1 Love, Jessica. Julián at the Wedding Hot Off the Presses: New and Noteworthy While at a wedding with his abuela, Julian and his friend Marisol find some magic and mischief of their own. Archer, Micha. W onder Walkers Lyons, Kelly Starling. T y's Travels: Zip, Zoom! Two curious kids embark on a "wonder walk," and let their Ty cannot wait to ride his new scooter, but when he has a hard imaginations soar as they look at the world in a whole new time learning and wants to quit, a new friend encourages him light. to give it another try. Charles, Tami. My Day With the Panye Martinez-Neal, Juana. Zonia's Rain Forest In the hills above Port-au-Prince, a young girl named Fallon Enjoying days spent with animal friends near her home in the wants more than anything to carry the panye to market, just Amazon, young Zonia wonders what to do on a day when the like all the women in her family. rainforest calls out to her for help, in a lushly illustrated story that is complemented by back matter about the Asháninka Cornwall, Gaia. Jabari Tries community. Jabari is inventing a machine that will fly all the way across the yard! But making it go from CRASH to WHOOSH will take grit, Medina, Meg. Evelyn Del Rey Is Moving Away patience, and maybe even a little help from his sister. Evelyn and Daniela are the best of friends and get to spend one more afternoon together before Evelyn's family moves.
    [Show full text]
  • A Proteomic Approach for Studying Insect Phylogeny: CAPA Peptides of Ancient Insect Taxa (Dictyoptera, Blattoptera) As a Test Case
    BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access A proteomic approach for studying insect phylogeny: CAPA peptides of ancient insect taxa (Dictyoptera, Blattoptera) as a test case Steffen Roth1,3, Bastian Fromm1, Gerd Gäde2 and Reinhard Predel*1 Address: 1Institute of Zoology, University of Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany, 2Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa and 3Institute of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5020, Norway Email: Steffen Roth - [email protected]; Bastian Fromm - [email protected]; Gerd Gäde - [email protected]; Reinhard Predel* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 3 March 2009 Received: 6 October 2008 Accepted: 3 March 2009 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:50 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-50 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/50 © 2009 Roth et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Neuropeptide ligands have to fit exactly into their respective receptors and thus the evolution of the coding regions of their genes is constrained and may be strongly conserved. As such, they may be suitable for the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships within higher taxa. CAPA peptides of major lineages of cockroaches (Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae, Polyphagidae, Cryptocercidae) and of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis were chosen to test the above hypothesis. The phylogenetic relationships within various groups of the taxon Dictyoptera (praying mantids, termites and cockroaches) are still highly disputed.
    [Show full text]
  • LOCAITEAM MEETS Barkleys Visit Davie County Monda/S Celebration
    “All The County News For Everybody” VOLUME XXXIII “All The County News For Everybody” MOCKSVILLE, N. C., FRIDAY, MAY 5, 1950 No. 6 TOBACCO MEETINGS YOUNG DEMOCRATS TO ORGANIZE PLANNED FOR DAVIE LOCAITEAM MEETS Barkleys Visit Davie County AT PARTY CONVENTION SATURDAY Plant bed weed control is very important to tobacco growers. COOHMEi HERE p n ^ n g Monda/s Celebration County Convention Pulling weeds from plant beds Mocksville High has to be done during the busiest SAIURDAY N M M Set For Courthouse The Mocksville baseball team Meets Mills Hqme season and it is tiresome work. Celebrities. Feted Last Saturday Democrats held Chemical materials have been will meet the Cooleemee Cools in At Boxwood Lodge their prccinct meetings through­ Here Friday Night available for several years for a Yadkin Valley league game out the county. The precinct meet­ The vice president and Mrs. The Mocksville. High school controlling weeds on plant beds. here Saturday night at 8 o’clock. ings were the first steps leading Barkley landed at the Smith baseball team will play Mills The county agent’s office has sev­ Last Saturday afternoon in Sal­ to setting up the state conven­ Reynolds airport in Winston-Sa­ Home under the lights at Rich eral of these tobacco bed weed isbury, the Rowan Mills ushered tion on May 11. At the precinct lem, Monday around 12:45 p.m. Park, Friday night at 8 o’clock. control demonstrations in differ­ in the 1950 Yadkin Valley league meetings party members selected They were brought to North Car­ Last Thursday night in the lo­ ent parts of the county this year.
    [Show full text]
  • Cockroach Control
    ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES IPM Tactics For ANR-1016 Cockroach Control here are at least 25 species of than 5⁄8 inch. The German cock- harden and darken in color rapid- Tcockroaches in Alabama, but roach is the most common indoor ly. Therefore, there are no “albi- only five are serious pests. Cock- cockroach and causes the most no” cockroaches. Normally, cock- roaches are also known as palmet- persistent problem. roaches molt in protected areas, to bugs, water bugs, and croton The “outdoor” or peridomestic but in serious infestations, they bugs. Most cockroaches are found species are American, smoky- may be seen in the open. outdoors. Outdoors, cockroaches brown, brown, Australian, and Small cockroaches often pro- are an important source of food for woods roaches. Most adults are duce six to eight generations a many forms of wildlife. They are about 11⁄4 to 2 inches long and year with 30 to 48 eggs per case. also important in nutrient recycling. are often called palmetto bugs, al- Larger cockroaches usually pro- An Integrated Pest Manage- though some of the woods roach- duce one to three generations per ment (IPM) approach is the best es can be as small as German year with 10 to 28 eggs per case. way to control cockroaches. IPM cockroaches. Outdoor cockroach- All cockroaches are most active at methods incorporate all available es can become an indoor prob- night. control methods into a pest man- lem when they accidentally come agement program. Control methods in through an open door or are Major Cockroach Pests include sanitation, exclusion, and carried in.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ECOLOGY and MANAGEMENT of the ORIENTAL COCKROACH Blatta Orientalis
    THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ORIENTAL COCKROACH Blatta orientalis l. (ORTHOPTERA: BLATTIDAE) IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT by Ellen Mary Thoms Dissertation submitted, to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PH I LOSO PHY in Entomology APPROVED: W.H Robinson, Chairman J.B. Ballard R.M. Andrews J. L. Eaton D. E. Mullins May, 1986 Blacksburg, Virginia THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ORIENTAL COCKROACH Blatta orientalis L. (ORTHOPTERA: BLATTIDAE) IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT by Ellen Mary Thoms Committee Chairman: William H Robinson Entomology (ABSTRACT) The oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis L., was found to be an important seasonal household pest. Of 151 residents interviewed in two Roanoke apartment complexes in Virginia, 90% had seen oriental cockroaches, 60% considered one oriental cockroach indoors to be a problem, and 77% had taken steps to control these cockroaches. Monitoring oriental cockroach populations indicated when and where treatment would be necessary to reduce cockroach infestations. The adult cockroach population peaked in late June and July, and declined through August and September while the number of nymphs increased. Eighty percent of all cockroaches trapped at Roanoke apartment buildings were caught at porches, the primary cockroach harborage sites. In a mark-recapture study at four apartment buildings, 50% of the resighted oriental cockroaches remained at one porch, 36% moved alc:>ng one side of a building, 13% moved between the front and back of a building, and 2% moved between two buildings. Only 1-5% of the oriental cockroaches marked outdoors were ever captured indoors.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Life History Evolution of Blaberoidea (Blattodea)
    78 (1): 29 – 67 2020 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2020. Phylogeny and life history evolution of Blaberoidea (Blattodea) Marie Djernæs *, 1, 2, Zuzana K otyková Varadínov á 3, 4, Michael K otyk 3, Ute Eulitz 5, Kla us-Dieter Klass 5 1 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom — 2 Natural History Museum Aarhus, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Marie Djernæs * [[email protected]] — 3 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sci- ence, Charles University, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic; Zuzana Kotyková Varadínová [[email protected]]; Michael Kotyk [[email protected]] — 4 Department of Zoology, National Museum, Prague, 11579, Czech Republic — 5 Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany; Klaus-Dieter Klass [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted on February 19, 2020. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on May 26, 2020. Editor in charge: Gavin Svenson Abstract. Blaberoidea, comprised of Ectobiidae and Blaberidae, is the most speciose cockroach clade and exhibits immense variation in life history strategies. We analysed the phylogeny of Blaberoidea using four mitochondrial and three nuclear genes from 99 blaberoid taxa. Blaberoidea (excl. Anaplectidae) and Blaberidae were recovered as monophyletic, but Ectobiidae was not; Attaphilinae is deeply subordinate in Blattellinae and herein abandoned. Our results, together with those from other recent phylogenetic studies, show that the structuring of Blaberoidea in Blaberidae, Pseudophyllodromiidae stat. rev., Ectobiidae stat. rev., Blattellidae stat. rev., and Nyctiboridae stat. rev. (with “ectobiid” subfamilies raised to family rank) represents a sound basis for further development of Blaberoidea systematics.
    [Show full text]
  • MADAGASCAR HISSING COCKROACH Class Order Family Genus Species Insecta Blattaria Blaberidae Gromphadorhina Portentosa
    MADAGASCAR HISSING COCKROACH Class Order Family Genus Species Insecta Blattaria Blaberidae Gromphadorhina portentosa Range: Madagascar Habitat: Decaying leaf litter, rotting wood on forest floors. Niche: Nocturnal, omnivorous, terrestrial Diet: Wild: Scavengers, decaying plant and animal material Zoo: Finely ground chick or hog meal, vegetables, fruit Special Adaptations: Large, wingless species. Males and females are the same size at maturity, averaging three to four inches. Males are easily distinguished from females by the presence of two horns on their prothorax. Females lack these horns. Further methods of distinguishing the males from females include looking at the thorax, the antennae, and at the tip of the abdomen. In the male, the prothorax stands out in two protuberances, making the prothorax appear to be the head of a vertebrate animal. Antennae in females lack hair, and the abdomen in males has a narrower ventral plate than that of the female. This species communicates by a loud hissing sound made by air forced through spiracles on the sides of their bodies. Females are ovoviparous; they bear live young. The female retains the ootheca (egg case) inside her body, and after birth, the young will feed on the empty egg packet, which is passed after they are born. At warm temperatures, the young will reach adult size in 2-3 months. Other: They lack the odor usually associated with cockroaches or their feces. They do not bite and will usually hide when disturbed. TROPICAL WOOD COCKROACH Class Order Family Genus Species Insecta Blattaria Blattidae Blaberus spp Range: Central and South America Habitat: Tropical & subtropical forests, humidity above 60% Niche: Nocturnal, omnivorous, scavengers, terrestrial Diet: Wild: decaying plant and animal material Blaberus giganteus Zoo: Special Adaptations: Cockroaches leave chemical trails in their feces as well as emitting airborne pheromones for swarming and mating.
    [Show full text]
  • Education's Rural Education Activities: Fiscal Year Puncy for the 80S," a Speech Presented by Assistant Secretary for Addre
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 2g1 285 RC 015 089 AUTHOR Worthington, Robert M. TITLE Report to the Secretary on the Department of Education's Rural Education Activities: Fiscal Year 1984. Volume II. INSTITUTION Department of Education, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 84 NOTE 1. ; For related documents, see RC 015 088-90. PUB TYPE Re.. is - Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MFel, 1C06 Plus . DESCRIPTORS *Agency Role; Commi tees; ferences; Elementary Secondary Education; EqualEducation;*Federal Programs; Leadership; Participation; Planning; *Policy Formation; *Rural Education; *Speeches IDENTIFIERS *Department of Education; *Partnerships ABSTRACT This document provides examples of the work of the Department of Education's Rural Education Committee during FY84, beginning with its FY84 management plan. Next, "A Rural Education Puncy for the 80s," a speech presented by Assistant Secretary for Vocational ,nd Adult Education and chair of the Rural Education Committee, Jr. Robert M. Worthington, to the 75th Annual Conference of 4.he Rural Education Association is given, as is his keynote address, "Building Partnerships in Rural Education," to the Seventh Annual Conference of People United for Rural Education. The conference agenda is provided for the Department of Education sponsored national conference, "Building Partnerships for 'Quality Education in Rural America," held in June in Washington, D.C.; the list of participants and conference planning committee follows. "Partnerships in Action," distributed at that conference, lists 21 examples of rural partnership programs. Secretary of Education T.H. Bell's 11-page speech to the conference is included, as well as Assistant Secretary Worthington's opening and closing addresses. The document closes with the Rural Education Committee's FY85 management plan, which reviews the Committee's accomplishments in FY84 and sets objectives for FY85 (including holding another national forum, developing a research and demonstration project agenda, and preparing briefing papers on major issues).
    [Show full text]