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Home , Aequi, Heinrich Leutemann, Roman consul, Tagus (title), Tiber

Early Romans

THE MAKING OF A REPUBLIC

CAESAR (NOT THE SALAD)!

Setting the

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Early_Romans_FC.indd 1 1/20/17 11:33 AM Norwegian Sea

FAROE ISLANDS

SHETLAND ISLANDS

ORKNEY ISLANDS

HEBRIDES North

Sea

Baltic Sea

Elbe

2 Early SettlersRhine River Picture the Italian Peninsula 3,000 years The Roman civilization was one of the ago. The mild climate and fertile land have most influential in the world. You can still attracted many people to settle there. Along see its traces in modern languages, culture, Seinethe Tiber River, not far from its mouth architecture, and laws. But the place that (where it reaches the sea), is a group of seven would become began as a collection hills. As you Seinegaze at sheep and small villages, of small farming villages spread across those Danube it’s hard to imagine that one day, thisRhine River will be a seven hills. Danube city that rules over a vast empire. Loire r THE ITALIAN Italian Peninsula, about 600 BCE Peninsula is a Bay boot-shaped area EUROPE of land surrounded on three sides by P S Etruscan Lands of the Mediterranean L A Lands Sea. The Apennine Po River Mountains run Greek Colonies Biscay Garonne down its center. Rhone A A larger mountain P range, the Alps, E lies to the north, N A d rai tci S e a between the Italian T N ib

Peninsula and the e

Perugia r

I rest of Europe.

R Volsinii N Between the i v Apennines and the N e CORSICA r E Alps is the wide, Tarquinia fertile valley of the W E Cerveteri Rome S Rio Douro Po River. The Tiber River flows through S central , meet- ing the sea on T y r r h e n i a n the west coast SARDINIA S e a of the peninsula. Tagus River MAJORCA Caralis

Rio Guadiana

M e d i t e r r a n Syracuse e a n S e a

l THEREAREMANY spread mineral- Italy has plenty growing season, volcanoes on the rich ash across of arable land, or whichIonian makes the Sea Italian Peninsula. the land. This, land that is good farmland even Most are no longer along with flooding for growing crops. more productive. active. When these in river valleys, The mild climate of volcanoes erupted created fertile the Mediterranean in the past, they soils. As a result, provides a long

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u INAROUND 1000 r THE EARLY LATIN BCE, people who settlers were farm- would eventually ers and herders. be known as They grew crops, began migrat- including wheat, ing to the Italian olives, and grapes, Peninsula. They and raised sheep, settled on and goats, cattle, and around the seven pigs. A typical Latin hills along the Tiber village was made River, in the area up of one-room that later became huts and located Rome. When the on a hill. This pro- Latins arrived, the tected the village Etruscans were from flooding already living in in the valleys. It central Italy. Later, also allowed the the Greeks began residents to see to colonize south- approaching ene- ern Italy. mies and escape to higher ground when in danger.

r THE LATIN d THEFIRSTVILLAGE agricultural prac- cultural practices people who would in the seven hills tices and probably from the Etruscans. become known may have been introduced met- For example, the as Romans often built there for alworking to idea of , encountered their trading with the the Latins. They men who fight one Etruscan and Greek Etruscans who introduced city another for public neighbors. Both lived on the other planning to early entertainment, may groups influenced side of the Tiber. Rome. Latin people have come from Roman culture. The Etruscans also borrowed the Etruscans. The helped to improve some religious and was borrowed from the Etruscans, who had borrowed and adapted it from the Greeks. The Romans also adopted aspects of the Greek religion, giving the Greek Latin names. For example, the Greek goddess Athena became Minerva to the Romans.

Early_Romans_2-3.indd 17 1/20/17 11:14 AM 4 Founding of the City of Rome The earliest surviving Roman histories were written more than 500 years after the . Because so much time had passed, we don’t know if what the historians wrote was based on fact or legend. Legend says that the city was founded by twins named and Remus. They were said to be descended from the Trojan hero Aeneas. probably were not real u THE TIBER RIVER Phoenicians, and connected Rome to other cultures people. But the legend of Rome’s founding can the Mediterranean were trading and tell us something about how the Romans saw them- Sea. Rome’s exchanging ideas. location on the As Rome grew, selves and their city. In the legend, Aeneas made a edge of the pros- it eventually heroic journey not for treasure or fame, but so that perous eastern connected eastern his descendants could one day found Rome. For Mediterranean Mediterranean region was trading routes the Romans, this showed that their civilization ideal for trade. with markets to was chosen for greatness. It also reflected how the In this region, the the west. Romans valued public service. Greeks, Egyptians,

d INTHELEGEND, the throne. They and Romulus Romulus and decided to found killed Remus. Remus grew up a new city on the The new city was and returned site where they named Rome after to had been rescued Romulus, who to restore their as babies. But the became its first grandfather to brothers argued, king.

u ACCORDINGTO into exile. Later, thrown into the legend, Romulus when Romulus nearby Tiber River. and Remus were and Remus were But the babies’ the grandsons of born, the new king basket washed up the king of Alba worried that they on the riverbank, Longa. The king’s would one day take where a mother brother seized the throne from wolf found and power and sent him. He ordered rescued them. the rightful king the babies to be

Early_Romans_4-5.indd 16 1/20/17 11:16 AM 5 l THE EARLIEST settlement in what would become Rome was a col- lection of hilltop villages. In the mid- BCE, settlements began to spread from the hills into the near- by valleys to form one urban com- munity. Eventually, a government was formed. Early Rome had a type of government called a monarchy, which is ruled by a single person, usually a king or queen. Rome’s earliest kings were Latins, elected by an assembly of respected men.

l ROME’S governed by a king. elected the first neighbors, the Twelve Etruscan of three Etruscans Etruscans, had a city-states came to be kings of wealthy, advanced together to form Rome. These kings civilization. The a confederation, brought ideas Romans adopt- or a group of and knowledge ed many of governments from the Etruscan their ideas. The joined together culture that led to Etruscans lived for a common Roman advances in independent purpose. In 616 in engineering and city-states, each BCE, the Romans government.

r THE ETRUSCAN Etruscan kings, and trading. The kings created an the valley in the Etruscan kings also organized system center of the city built sewers, roads, of government. was drained and temples, and many They built an army, paved to create other things that conquered neigh- the Roman . cities need to func- boring Latin tribes, The forum was tion well. All this and brought new the town square, construction set lands under Roman where people met Rome up for future control. Under the for public business growth.

Early_Romans_4-5.indd 17 1/20/17 11:16 AM 6 Lead-up to the Republic Imagine living in ancient Italy, where the king was all-powerful. Life might be fine if the king was a wise and good person. But what if a selfish and greedy man became king? What if the king simply didn’t know how to rule well? If the king didn’t treat people fairly, what could you do? According to Roman historians, the third Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus, was not a good ruler, unlike the earlier kings. He did not listen to the Senate, the group of men who were supposed to give the king advice. Tarquinius and his sons treated the very badly. u IN 509 BCE, Rome’s leading banishment of the while Tarquinius citizens, Lucius king. He argued After 25 years of suffering under his Superbus was Junius Brutus and that Rome should rule, the people were ready to revolt. away fighting a Lucius Tarquinius form a new gov- war, the people Collatinus. Brutus ernment without of Rome voted to gave several a king. The citizens overthrow him. famous speeches of Rome voted The movement supporting the to approve these was led by two of removal and proposals.

l PERHAPS because Tarquinius Superbus had abused his pow- er, the Romans designed their new government so that one person could not achieve total power. Instead of a king, there would be two leaders u WHENTHE of democracy, but called . Romans ended the created a different The consuls would monarchy, they democratic system. share power equal- created a republic Instead of includ- ly. Instead of ruling in its place. In a ing all citizens in for life, the consuls republic, citizens law-making, the would have one- elect leaders to Roman system year terms. Brutus represent them. used a body of and Collatinus The Romans took representatives were elected as ideas from the to make laws. the first consuls Athenian model in 509 BCE.

Early_Romans_6-7.indd 16 1/20/17 11:17 AM 7 l UNDER THE EARLY Roman kings, the elected and advised the kings. But the kings did not have to take the Senate’s advice. Later kings did not pay much attention to the Senate. In the new republic, the Senate had a more important role. It advised and direct- ed the consuls and other government officials. In times of emergency, the Senate or consuls could appoint a who had absolute power for a term of six months.

r AFTERHISEXILE, Tarquinius plotted with the sons of Brutus to help him regain the throne. The plot was uncovered, and Brutus had to sentence his sons to death as traitors. The exiled king then allied with nearby Etruscan city-states to attack Rome and was defeated. Later, Tarquinius worked with Latin cities in two differ- ent efforts to take back the throne. Both efforts failed. Some countries, like the United According to leg- Kingdom, still have kings or queens end, the twin gods today. Can you think of other modern Castor and Pollux countries with monarchs? Do these helped win the monarchs have absolute power, like the final battle against kings of Rome did? Can you think of a Tarquinius and the modern country that is a republic? Latin tribes.

Early_Romans_6-7.indd 17 3/1/17 9:09 AM 8 The It is 458 BCE. The Romans are at war with a tribe called the Aequi, who have the trapped in the mountains. The situa- tion looks hopeless. So, the consuls send a messenger to find a man named Cincinnatus. Cincinnatus is working on his small farm when the messenger arrives to tell him that he has been appointed dictator. That gives him absolute power over Rome. Cincinnatus defeats the Aequi in a single day, then gives up all that power and goes back to his farm. The Romans saw Cincinnatus as a model citizen because of his selfless commitment to public service. His story inspired later leaders such as George Washington. After he led the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolution, some people wanted Washington to become king of the United States. But he followed the example of Cincinnatus and returned to his farm in Virginia.

l THECONSULS took the place of a king in carrying out laws, running the government, and judging court cas- es. In times of war, one usually led the army in battle. However, the consuls’ power was balanced by u THE ROMAN three parts of the founders of the the power of the Republic had a government were United States also Senate and assem- tripartite (or three- set up to act as designed a tripar- blies. Having two part) government. checks and balanc- tite government consuls also meant The three parts es on one another, with checks and that each consul were the con- ensuring that no balances. could check, or suls, Senate, and one part had too limit, the other’s assemblies. The much power. The power.

Early_Romans_8-9.indd 16 1/20/17 11:19 AM 9 r THEREWERE two types of citizens in the Roman Republic – patricians and . Patricians were the upper class. They were typ- ically wealthy landowners. All other citizens were plebeians, who were usually u EVERY MALE powerful in the made the laws poorer and had citizen of Rome republic. There for Rome and fewer rights. For belonged to one were several elected the example, only male of the assemblies. assemblies consuls. The patricians could The assemblies for different assemblies could become senators. had existed under purposes, but also declare war Female patricians the kings, but they together, the and try court were considered became more assemblies cases. citizens, but they could not vote or hold office. Plebeians could not become senators, but they could vote in the assemblies. Enslaved people and foreigners were not allowed to be citizens.

u IN THE EARLY years of the repub- lic, Rome was often at war. The plebeians had to fight in the army when needed, leaving their farms and businesses without anyone to run them. Many plebeians lost their The Romans were familiar homes and lands with Greek culture and when enemies ideas, and they based attacked. Soldiers the new government of who came home the republic in part on often found them- u IN 494 BCE, THE they depended on sentatives called . How selves in debt, and plebeians protested the plebeians and . The tri- was the Roman style of those who couldn’t by leaving the city agreed to cancel bunes could democracy different from pay were impris- in a group. Without their debts. The any law the plebe- the Athenian system? oned or enslaved. soldiers, craftsmen, plebeians also ians saw as unfair. What did the systems The situation and merchants, the gained the right In Latin, “veto” have in common? was unfair. patricians saw how to elect repre- means “I forbid.”

Early_Romans_8-9.indd 17 1/20/17 11:19 AM 10 The Twelve Tables Around 450 BCE, Rome’s first written laws were posted in the on tablets called the Twelve Tables. Some of the laws stated citizens’ rights, such as the right to own property. Other laws explained how trials should be conducted and described punishments for various crimes. The Twelve Tables were created after the plebeians demanded that the laws be recorded. They wanted the laws written down and made public so everyone would know if laws were enforced fairly. Rome’s tradition of recording laws provided a model for later constitutional governments.

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Early_Romans_10-11.indd 17 1/20/17 11:20 AM Greenland Sea Barents Sea Ob

Norwegian Sea White Sea

Gulf of Bothnia Kama 12

Rome Expands Gulf of Finland Volga Volga Once the republic was established, Then they conquered the Etruscans to the the Romans began to use their skillsNorth as Sea north of Rome and the Samnites to theVolga east. warriors, engineers, and administrators Finally, the Romans took over the Greek Baltic to expand their territory across Italy colonies in the Seasouth. By 272 BCE, the Don and beyond. Beginning in 341 BCE, the entire Italian Peninsula was under Roman Romans waged a series of wars to take over control. The republic was set to expand its

neighboring lands. They first defeated theR territory around the Mediterranean. h in e 30 allied cities called the . R Volga iv e r

Dnieper Roman Lands, 509 BCE to 133 BCE Don

Loire Riv ATLANTIC er OCEAN EUROPE

S L P A Da Po River nube Riv er P Y A E R P b E ro N E B l a c k R E N i E S ve N S e a r I Tagus N River E Byzantium Rome S

GREECE ASIA MINOR M New e Euphrates R. d i (Cartagena) t e r r a n e Carthage a n Zama S N e a

W E 0 500 Miles

Roman Lands (509 BCE) S Roman Lands (274 BCE) 0 250 mi. AFRICA Cyrene Roman Lands (133 BCE) 0 500KM

0 250 km. EGYPT Parallel scale at 45˚N 15˚E

u BY 133 BCE, lands outside the enslaved people Nile Red Rome controlled Italian Peninsula, from the provinces Sea nearly all of the the Roman lead- helped Rome to lands around the ers divided them continue growing Mediterranean. into provinces. in territory and The sea became A Roman gover- power. Rome was known as the nor was sent to now the most “Roman Lake.” To oversee each one. powerful state rule all their new Taxes, soldiers, and in the world.

r EXPANSION WAS of those lands population. The important to Rome made Rome safer. Romans could for several reasons. The conquered enslave their First, the neighbor- lands also had defeated enemies ing lands in Italy natural resources, to provide free were controlled by including farmland labor and collect enemies of Rome. needed to feed taxes from con- Taking control Rome’s growing quered people.

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u AFTERTHE Roman influence. and road builders. Romans conquered Many people in the This ensured that new lands, they conquered lands good roads and set up colonies adopted parts of bridges connect- there. The colonies the Roman culture ed Rome with the helped to romanize and way of life. conquered lands. the local people, or The Romans were bring them under skilled engineers

u CARTHAGE WAS A Mediterranean. Between 264 and city in North Africa. The Romans hoped 146 BCE, Rome and The Carthaginians, to take control of Carthage fought a seafaring people, the trading routes three wars, called controlled coastal in the western the . areas around the Mediterranean western rim of the from Carthage.

u ROMEHADA large and well- trained army, but Carthage had a much bigger and better navy. To win the , the Romans had In the Third Punic u AS IT WAS TAKING the Great’s to build many new War, the Romans control of the west- empire. Major ships very quick- destroyed Carthage ern Mediterranean victories included ly. The Romans and sold many from Carthage, the defeats of also figured out a of its people into Rome was also Macedonia and way of stopping slavery. By con- expanding its Corinth. In some and boarding quering Carthage power through- cases, foreign Carthaginian ships. during the Punic out the eastern people agreed to This allowed the Wars, Rome gained Mediterranean. come under Roman skilled Roman sol- huge areas of Rome’s powerful control peacefully. diers to attack the wheat-growing armies conquered Carthaginian sail- u INTHE SECOND surprise attack. land in Sicily and many of the ors, who were not Punic War, the But the Roman North Africa. The Hellenistic, or as good at fighting. expert Carthaginian general Scipio took Romans also Greek-like, king- The Romans won general the battle to Africa. brought home a doms in this region the war and gained nearly defeated There, the Romans treasure trove of that had once been control of Sicily. the Romans in a defeated Hannibal. silver from Spain. part of Alexander

Early_Romans_12-13.indd 17 1/20/17 11:21 AM 14 Trouble in the Republic Even as Roman power and influence spread The rich and powerful didn’t care about throughout the Mediterranean region, the the problems of the poor. Even the tri- republic was becoming less stable. The bunes, who were supposed to speak for the many enslaved people arriving in Rome plebeians, didn’t help. The Roman govern- from conquered lands caused problems for ment was designed to divide power among the economy. Roman workers, especially its parts, but over the years the Senate had farmers, couldn’t compete with the free gained power. Rich and powerful patricians labor of enslaved people. Many farmers controlled the government. The stage was had to sell their land. Without work, many set for conflict. became beggars.

u LACKINGKITCHENS, eat outside or take home. They’d go to poor Romans the food home, public fountains to bought hot food but few had tables fill jugs with . from street ven- and chairs. Indoor Life was different dors, or they’d plumbing was rare, for the rich, who cook their own so poor people had had water flowing food on stoves in no easy way to through pipes right the street. They’d get fresh water at into their homes.

u ENSLAVED PEOPLE were the poorest of the poor. Their lives were very hard, and they were crowded into the dirtiest, noisiest areas of the city. Their apartments l THEPOOR were in tall, badly weren’t the only built buildings that ones suffering. had no heat or In the conquered water. They barely lands, governors even had furniture. made the people Poor children pay high taxes usually didn’t without providing learn how to any services to the read or write. people. This led to rebellions in many conquered lands. Because of contin- ued military action in the conquered lands, Roman gen- erals became rich and influential.

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u brothers took laws Gracchus and his directly to the brother, Gaius plebeian assem- Gracchus, were bly instead of patricians who going through the wanted to help the Senate. A threat- poor. Both served ened, angry Senate as tribunes. The had both brothers Senate, which was killed. The growing made up of rich political conflict patricians, opposed and violence of reforms that took this period had a wealth from the destabilizing effect rich and powerful. on the republic. The Gracchus

r BEFORE , no Roman general had ever marched u POLITICALUNREST on Rome. After made the repub- that, it became lic a target for common for gen- rebellions, slave erals to use force revolts, and out- to gain control of side attacks. Two the government. Roman generals, After Marius’s death, Sulla again (above) and Sulla, marched on Rome led the armies in 83 BCE, starting a defending Rome – civil war. When he but both generals won, Sulla became wanted to rule the first dictator to Rome. Marius con- rule without a six- vinced a to month . give him command Though he retired of part of the army. after three years, Sulla responded by generals continued marching on Rome to rule Rome. The with his most loyal constitution was troops in 88 BCE. ignored. Rome was a republic in name only.

Early_Romans_14-15.indd 17 1/20/17 11:24 AM 16 The Imagine you’re a poor boy growing up in If you join the army and serve loyally, Rome. Your parents can’t help you get a your general may reward you with land start in life. Most of the work in the city in one of the conquered lands. Then is done by enslaved people. This means you’ll be able to retire and have something there are few opportunities for you. to leave to your children. Many of the But General Gaius Marius has recently soldiers in the armies of the late Roman changed the rules for joining the army. Republic are like you. They will follow Before, only citizens who owned property their general wherever he asks, even could serve. Now, anyone can join. into battle against other Romans.

FORCENTURIES, Rome had been governed based on laws and dem- ocratic institutions. But after 88 bce, political violence spread. Military power began to overshadow the rule of law in Roman gov- ernment. In this environment, generals with loyal armies, like Julius , had great power.

r IN 59 BCE, THREE and became its powerful . While in generals agreed to Gaul, he arranged CAESAR share power in an for two powerful arrangement called senators, Cato a , or and , to be group of three removed. When rulers. Pompey it was time to and Crassus return to Rome, were experienced Caesar learned that commanders and Pompey had turned politicians. Julius against him. In 49 Caesar was young BCE, Caesar led his “Take we the course which the signs and ambitious. He army across the of the gods and the false dealing of made a plan to River into rule all of Rome. Italy and started a our foes point out. The die is cast!”* He invaded and civil war. conquered Gaul, *. S u et on iu s . J. C. Rolfe, Ph.D., trans. W. Heinemann, 1914. CRASSUS

Early_Romans_16-17_v2.indd 16 1/20/17 11:27 AM 17

u JULIUS CAESAR’S . Later, Together, they death led to a civil Octavian agreed to defeated Brutus war. Caesar’s heir, share leadership and Cassius in the his grandnephew with Mark Antony civil war, but the Octavian, first and Lepidus, form- triumvirate even- cooperated with ing the Second tually fell apart. the Senate against Triumvirate.

u IN 44 BCE, over Rome and all of the assassina- after Caesar’s of its provinces. A tion plot were the army crushed his month later, Caesar senators Brutus enemies, he got was assassinated and Cassius. himself declared by a group of 60 dictator for life men. The leaders

d AFTERTHE up anger against Octavian won the the idea of a for- war and conquered ended, Mark Antony eign queen having Egypt. With that, formed an alliance power over Roman the Romans con- with , the lands and declared trolled the entire queen of Egypt. war against Antony Mediterranean Octavian stirred and Cleopatra. coast.

u OCTAVIAN means “majestic blies, and tribunes, returned from his one.” but they no longer conquest of Egypt Caesar, as he had real power. to a hero’s wel- is now known, come in Rome. In became the first would never again 27 BCE, the Senate emperor of Rome. be governed by the gave him the title He kept in place people. The Roman Augustus, which the Senate, assem- Empire had begun.

Early_Romans_16-17_v2.indd 17 1/20/17 11:27 AM 18 Activities

PUBLISH AN ANCIENT NEWSPAPER Put together a newspaper that tells about important people, places, and events of ancient Rome. Decide on a clever name for your paper. Then, choose people, places, and events that you will include in the paper, and decide how you will show them. You could show them in a weather report, an obituary, a biography, and in stories. Illustrate your newspaper with drawings and advertisements that relate to that time.

ROLE-PLAY THE FUNCTIONS OF ROME’S TRIPARTITE GOVERNMENT Divide into groups to represent a senate, two consuls, and an assembly. Group members playing the consuls should propose a new law. Then, allow time for the members playing the Senate to advise the consuls on the law. After hearing the Senate’s advice, the consuls should decide on whether changes should be made to the law. Finally, have those representing the assembly take a vote on the new law.

Early_Romans_18-19.indd 18 1/20/17 11:34 AM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Roman Empire Christianity and Early Greeks Ancient Rome may be long gone, Rome’s Legacies From philosophy to democracy, ancient but its legacy lives on in the Western As an empire, Rome’s expansive reach Greece has had a profound impact on world in just about every area of life. stretched far and wide across the civilization. But how did Greek culture From the birth of law to major contri- ancient world. Today, we still see its and society get its start? Learn about butions in engineering and language, impact and influence across the globe. the geography of the region and the Roman Empire’s influence Paramount to Rome’s empire was the its direct impact on trade, which endures today. religion of Christianity, a centerpiece in gave birth to such cities as the empire’s growth and legacy. and Athens.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 6.7 Students analyze the geograph- ic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the develop- ment of Rome. 6.7.1 Identify the location and describe the rise of the Roman Republic, including the importance of such mythical and his- torical figures as Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, Cincinnatus, Julius Caesar, and Cicero. 6.7.2 Describe the government of the Roman Republic and its significance (e.g., written constitution and tripartite government, checks and balances, civic LEARN duty). 6.7.3 Identify the location of and the political and geographic reasons for the MORE growth of Roman territories and expansion ONLINE! of the empire, including how the empire fostered economic growth through the use of currency and trade routes. 6.7.4 Discuss the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus • The Tiber River begins in the convinced the people of Rome to in Rome’s transition from republic to empire. Apennines and flows south for stay and rebuild. 252 miles to the . Historical and Social Sciences Over the years, the Tiber River has • In ancient Rome, as in many Analysis Skills: deposited a great amount of silt at cultures, symbols helped to remind its mouth. people of everyone’s place in Research, Evidence, and Point of View society. 5. Students detect the different historical • The Roman historian Livius points of view on historical events and (also called ) recorded a speech • Though ancient Rome and ancient determine the context in which the histor- he claimed the dictator Furius China were very different cultures, ical statements were made (the questions Camillus gave after the they shared some ideas about the asked, sources used, author’s perspectives). burned Rome in 390 BCE. Camillus importance of government service.

Early_Romans_18-19.indd 19 1/20/17 11:34 AM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: Margaret Mittelbach ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Colleen Ryan David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Jenna Minchuk, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Kristine Scharaldi CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Carolyn Jackson

GRADE 6 TITLES Roman Republic); Mary Evans Picture Library: p.7 top (Roman Senate Embassy); North Wind Picture Archives: p.9 bottom center (revolt of the plebeians); Peter Horree: p.15 World’s Early People Ancient top right (Gaius Marius); Photo12/Archives Snark: p.8 bottom right (the Roman consul); Plrang GFX: p.16 bottom center (Pompey); Quint & Lox: p.5 middle left (Tarquin the Mesopotamia Indian Empires Elder); Walker Art Library: p.17 top right (Mark Antony). Bridgeman Images: Jacques Ancient Egypt Ancient China Antoine Beaufort: p.6 top right (Lucius Brutus and Collatinus); French School: p.16 center middle (Caesar ); Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur: p.9 Archaeology Early Romans top right ( woman); Heinrich Leutemann: p.13 bottom left (Hannibal crossing Language Roman Empire the Alps); Italian School: p.17 top left (Julius Caesar conquered Gaul); J. E. Bulloz: p.3 top right (grape harvest); Jacob de Heusch: p.13 top left ( Rotto); Leeds Museums Ancient Hebrews Christianity and Rome’s Legacies and Art Galleries: p.4 bottom left (wolf mosiac); Museo Archeologico Nazionale: p.3 Early Greeks Olmec and Maya bottom right (battle of the gladiators); Tancredi Scarpelli: p.4 bottom right (Romulus and Remus); Severino Baraldi: p.13 top right (assault on Carthage), p.13 middle left Greece’s Golden Age Civil Rights (conquering by Genius). iStock Images: Marcus Lindstrom: p.16 bottom right (Caesar); Ancient Persia oversnap: p.7 bottom right (Queen Elizabeth); Romaoslo: p.17 bottom right (Augustus). North Wind Picture Archive: Gerry Embleton: p.5 bottom right (ancient Etruscans in battle); Maryann Groves: p.15 top left (Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus); North Wind Picture Archives: p.14 middle left (merchants from Carthage). Shutterstock: canan kaya: p.3 ON THE COVER: Romulus and Remus, the founding brothers of Rome, illustration for Storia bottom left (Athena); Lukas Gojda: p.2 bottom left (Italian fields); Pokomeda: p.18 top d’Italia. Bridgeman Images: Paolo Giudici. (newspaper cartoon); Renata Sedmakova: p.19 top right (statue of Titus Livius); Sentavio: p.18 bottom (Roman senators); TTstudio: p.19 top middle (Vatican); vvoe: p.19 top left PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: Active Museum: p.8 top right (Cincinnatus receiving the (Colosseum). ambassadors); Chronicle: p.5 top (early Rome), p.6 top right (), p.6 bottom right (Roman consuls), pp.10–11 (the Twelve Tables), p.17 top center (Marcus ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Aemilius Lepidus); Classic Image: p.13 bottom right (the Battle of Cynoscephalae), Brobel Design: Maps: p.2, p.12. p.17 bottom left (Cleopatra); Cristiano Fronteddu: p.16 bottom center (Crassus); Erin Babnik: p.15 bottom (Sulla); H. M. Herget: p.14 bottom (Roman provincial governor); Michael Kline Illustration: Setting the Twelve Tables, Caesar (Not the Salad)!, cover; Interfoto: p.9 bottom right (consul in 509 BCE); Ivy Close Images: p.3 top left (seven Tiber River Trading, p.4; Roman Voting, p.6; The Roman Republic, p.8; Plebeian Soldier hills), p.7 bottom left (Battle of Lake Regillus); Lebrecht: p.9 top left (tribune in the and Villa, p.9; Enslaved Enemies, p.12; Water Jugs, p.14.

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