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Hydrology and Surface Morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah

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Hydrology and Surface Morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah Hydrology and Surface Morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2057 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management Hydrology and Surface Morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah By GREGORY C. LINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2057 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1979 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Line's, Gregory C. Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley playa, Utah. (Geological Survey Water-supply paper ; 2057) Bibliography: p. 106-107. Supt. of Docs, no.: 119.13:2057 1. Water, Underground Utah-Bonneville Salt Flats. 2. Water, Underground-Utah-Pilot Valley Playa. 3. Geomorphology- Utah Bonneville Salt Flats. 4. Geomorphology Utah Pilot Valley Playa. I. Title. II. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper ; 2057. GB1025.U8h57 551.4'5 78-606177 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-03224-4 CONTENTS Abstract . 1 Introduction - - - 2 Scope and objectives - - 4 Field work - 5 Previous investigations - - 8 Acknowledgments - - - - 10 Well- and site-numbering system - - - 10 The playa environment - - 11 Topography and surface drainage - 11 Climate ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Precipitation 14 Temperature 14 Wind 17 Relative humidity - - - 17 Pan evaporation - 17 Vegetation 19 Phreatophytes 19 Xerophytes - - - 23 Geologic setting 23 Paleozoic rocks - - - - - 23 Basin fill ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Alluvial fans 28 Playa-surface morphology 28 Development of the salt crusts - - ... 28 The carbonate zone - - - - 32 The sulfate zone - - - - - 36 The chloride zone - 42 Thin seasonal salt crust - - 42 Pressure-ridge salt crust 43 Sediment-covered salt crust - - - 45 Smooth perennial salt crust - - - - 50 Rough perennial salt crust 51 The ground-water system - - - - - 56 Aquifer relationships ----- - - - - - - 55 Basin-fill aquifer 57 Aquifer lithology and characteristics 57 Potentiometric surface 58 Recharge and discharge - - - - 58 Brine chemistry - - - - - - 58 Alluvial-fan aquifer 59 Aquifer lithology and characteristics 59 Potentiometric surface - - - - - 60 Recharge and discharge 62 Water chemistry 63 III IV CONTENTS Page The ground-water system Continued Shallow-brine aquifer 65 Lithology and thickness 65 Aquifer characteristics 67 Potentiometric surface 71 Short-term changes 77 Long-term changes 79 Recharge and discharge -- 84 Recharge from precipitation - 85 Subsurface inflow 86 Evaporation at playa surface 86 Withdrawals through brine-collection ditches 89 Transpiration by phreatophytes 90 Leakage to alluvial-fan aquifer - 90 Brine chemistry -- 91 Area affected by brine-collection ditches 96 Measures to resolve conflicts in use of the Salt Flats 98 Construct subsurface-drainage barriers 99 Alter or construct new surface-drainage barriers - 101 Alter brine-collection ditch system - - 102 Replacing the salt 103 Conclusions 103 References cited - 106 ILLUSTRATIONS 'Page FIGURE 1. Map of northern LHah and adjacent areas showing the study area, the physiography, and the extent of ancient Lake Bonneville 3 2. Map showing the data-collection network and extent of different types of vegetation on the Bonneville Salt Flats 6 3. Map showing the data-collection network and extent of different types of vegetation in Pilot Valley 7 4. Diagram showing the well- and site-numbering system used in L'tah -- 12 5. Bar graph showing annual precipitation and relatively wet and dry periods at LT .S. National Weather Service station at Wendover, LTtah (1912-76) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 6. Bar graphs showing monthly precipitation at the LT .S. National Weather Service station at Wendover, Utah, and at climatological stations on the Bonneville Salt Flats and in Pilot Valley, October 1975-Februarv 1977 ................................................................................. 16 7. Diagrammatic sections along the west side of the Bonneville Salt Flats showing the increase in salinit) of ground water toward the center of the playa and the orderly zoning of phreatoph\tes reflecting the in­ crease in salinit) 20 8. Photograph showing soft, puff) ground along the western margin of the Bonneville pla)a; iodinehush growing on phreatophyte mounds and shorelines of ancient Lake Bonneville on the Silver Island Moun­ tains - - - - 21 CONTENTS V Page 9. Sketch map showing the geology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley region of the Great Salt Lake Desert 24 10. Map showing the extent of the salt crust and other geomorphic features on the Bonneville Salt Flats, fall of 1975 29 11. Map showing the extent of the salt crust and other geomorphic features on the Bonneville Salt Flats, fall of 1976 30 12. Map showing the extent of the salt crust and other geomorphic features on the Pilot Valley playa, fall of 1976 ~ 31 13-29. Photographs showing: 13. Hard, compact surface of carbonate mud and a playa scraper and trail 33 14. Hard, compact ground formed around iodinebush in an area that has mainly a puffy surface 34 15. Erosional channels in the carbonate muds along a brine-collec­ tion ditch - - 35 16. Sediment-covered gypsum surface of the sulfate zone on the Bonneville Salt Flats - 37 17. Development of a thin, smooth salt crust on the sediment- covered gypsum surface on the Bonneville Salt Flats 38 18. Drifting gypsum sand in the sulfate zone south of Interstate Highway 80 on the Bonneville Salt Flats - 40 19. The sulfate zone on the Pilot Valley playa - 41 20. Thin, smooth salt crust on the Pilot Valley playa - 43 21. Thin, smooth seasonal salt crust west of the Bonneville Race­ track 44 22. Pressure ridges in salt crust west of the Bonneville Racetrack 44 23. Development of a pressure-ridge salt crust on sediment-cov­ ered halite 46 24. Stalagmitic and stalactitic halite structures under the upturned plates of pressure-ridge salt crust 49 25. Sediment-covered salt crust and the flooded south end of the Bonneville Racetrack - - 50 26. Collapse structures in an area of sediment-covered salt crust - 51 27. Flooded area on the Bonneville Salt Flats where a smooth surface has formed on a thick perennial salt crust 52 28. Changes in smooth perennial salt crust on the Bonneville Salt Flats 53 29. Rough surface formed on a thick salt crust in an area that is seldom flooded on the Bonneville Salt Flats - 56 30. Diagrammatic section showing the inferred subsurface stratigraphic relationships of the three major aquifers 57 31. Hydrograph showing water level in the alluvial-fan aquifer at well (C-l-19)3ddb-l, August 1962-March 1977 62 32. Hydrograph showing water level in the alluvial-fan aquifer at well (B-l-18)31acc-l, December 1975-February 1977 64 33-39. Maps showing: 33. The transmissivity of the shallow-brine aquifer on the Bonne­ ville Salt Flats 68 34. The potentiometric surface in the carbonate muds of the shal­ low-brine aquifer on the Bonneville Salt Flats, spring of 1976 71 35. The potentiometric surface in the carbonate muds of the shal­ low-brine aquifer on the Bonneville Salt Flats, fall of 1976 - 73 VI CONTENTS Page 33-39. Maps showing Continued 36. The potentiometric surface of the shallow-brine aquifer in Pilot Valley, fall of 1976 74 37. The density-corrected potentiometric surface in the carbonate muds of the shallow-brine aquifer on the Bonneville Salt Flats, fall of 1976 75 38. The density-corrected potentiometric surface of the shallow- brine aquifer in Pilot Valley, fall of 1976 - 76 39. The extent of the water-saturated sulfate and chloride zones and the relation between the water table in the halite and gypsum and the potentiometric surface in the carbonate muds on the Bonneville Salt Flats, September 21-28, 1976 - 78 40. Hydrograph showing water level in the shallow-brine aquifer at well (B-1-17)32bdd-l, October 1975-February 1977 80 41. Sections showing changes in the potentiometric surface of the shallow- brine aquifer near brine-collection ditches east of the Bonneville Racetrack - ....... ..... 81 42. Sections showing changes in the potentiometric surface of the shallow- brine aquifer between 1925 and 1976 along the western edge of the Bonneville Salt Flats and in the central part of Pilot Valley 82 43. Map showing dissolved-solids concentration of brine in the carbonate muds of the shallow-brine aquifer on the Salt Flats, fall of 1976 92 44. Map showing dissolved-solids concentration of brine in the shallow- brine aquifer in Pilot Valley, fall of 1976 93 45. Graph showing relation between the density and dissolved-solids con­ centration of brine in the shallow-brine aquifer 94 46. Map showing percentages of potassium chloride and magnesium chlo­ ride in brine of the shallow-brine aquifer on the Bonneville Salt Flats, fall of 1976 95 47. Map showing locations of potash leases on Federal and State lands, property boundary of Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp., and the brine-collection ditches on the Bonneville Salt Flats 100 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Monthly temperatures during 1976 at U.S. Geological Survey climato- logical stations on the Bonneville Salt Flats and in Pilot Valley 18 2. Monthly and
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