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Mountains, Plateaus and Basins

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Mountains, Plateaus and Basins 5/5/2017 DATES TO REMEMBER Regional Landscape Studies NORTHLANDS <<<For each region: NORTHEAST COAST Until May 26: Course evaluation period. 1. Know its physical MEGALOPOLIS Check your Hunter e-mail for instructions. geography. Smartphone: www.hunter.cuny.edu/mobilete Computer: www.hunter.cuny.edu/te CANADA’S NATIONAL CORE May 12: Last day to hand in REQUIRED ROADTRIP AMERICA’S HEARTLAND 2. Identify its unique EXERCISE without late penalty. APPALACHIA and the OZARKS characteristics. THE SOUTH 3. Be able to explain the May 16: Last class lecture and last day for GREAT PLAINS and PRAIRES human imprint. pre-approved extra credit (paper or other project). MOUNTAINS, PLATEAUS May 23: Exam III: The Final Exam and BASINS: The Empty 4. Discuss its sequence – From 9 to 11 AM << note different time from class Interior occupancy and eco- nomic development. – Same format as exams I and II. DESERT SOUTHWEST NORTH PACIFIC COAST – Last day to hand in Exam III extra credit exercise and HAWAII “Landscape Analysis” extra credit option. 2 See Ch. 2, Mountains, Plateaus 8, 10 and 15 in American and Basins Landscapes Regional Landscapes of the Visual landscape is dominated United States and Canada by physical features with rugged natural beauty but few people. Long, narrow region with Mountains, Plateaus great variations in landform (geology) and climate (latitude). and Basins: . Extends from Alaska’s North Slope to the Mexican border Different scale The Empty Interior and from the Great Plains to than main map the Pacific mountain system. Prof. Anthony Grande ©AFG 2017 V e r y W i d e through Alaska Narrow in Canada See Ch. 2, 8, 10 and 15 W i d e in Southwest US in American Landscapes 4 Great scenery Mountains, Plateaus Wilderness; no people Physiography Mining towns and Basins Desert conditions of the West National parks When you think about Las Vegas/Salt Lake City this region, what images Mormon Church come into your mind? Grizzly bears 5 6 1 5/5/2017 OVERVIEW: Physical Geography OVERVIEW: Human Geography Harsh, isolated area Difficult area to exist and prosper Denali (Mt. McKinley from 1896-2015) • Very low population density: few cities. Physical landscape dominates +20,310 ft Unique combo of impressive • Limited overland routes: habitable areas isolated. topographic features: • Regionally distinctive populations: ethnic, cultural, high mountains, deep valleys, and religious (isolation factor). dissected plateaus (with canyons), • Resource removal and recreation are chief basins and salt flats. economic activities. Contains North America’s • Spectacular scenery for human enjoyment: much Death Valley - 282 ft highest and lowest points. of it preserved in parks. Contains North America’s • Most of the land is government-owned. largest supervolcanos. • Ideal area for military training and testing. Climate variation due to both • Conservation issues and conflicts abound. latitude and altitude. 7 8 Nevada . Harsh conditions every Vast Empty Landscape Climate where. Climate varies with (at least empty of people) latitude and elevation. CLIMATE ZONES . Orographic precipitation PRECIPITATION Grand Canyon Rocky Mt NP is dominant. Rain shadows pronounced. Snow is the chief form of H = precipitation. Highland Dfc = • Occurs in the mountains short from autumn to late spring. summer Dfb = • Deserts and basins may cold winter get winter snowfall. Yukon Valley, Alaska BSk = cold winter, . Arid/semi-arid conditions semi arid esp. in the southern portion. BWk = cold winter, . Death Valley is hottest arid and driest place in Western Hemisphere. 134°F on July 10, 1913 9 128°F on July 15, 1972 10 Main Topographic Ecozones Units III. Rocky Mountain 1 3 System Natural vegetation and wildlife 3. Brooks Range varies with elevation and 2 4. Canadian (or Northern) latitude Rockies as well as exposure to 4 sunlight. 5. Middle Rockies . This affects people-use of 6. Southern Rockies valleys and slopes. I. Central Lowlands of 7 IV. Intermontane Area 5 14000 ft S Alaska 8 7. Columbia Plateau O 9 N 1. Yukon River Basin 8. Wyoming Basin O U 10 6 R T II. Coast Mountains 9. Basin and Range H T 2. Alaska Range 10. Colorado Plateau 0 ft H c.2,300 miles from Yukon Territory to New Mexico 11 12 << L A T I T U D E >> 2 5/5/2017 Yukon River Alaska Range Basin Between Brooks and Alaska ranges in Alaska and Yukon. Fairbanks on Tanana River . Extension of the Coast Mts. Lowland area of rolling hills . Separates the Gulf of Alaska and swampy river valleys; coastal plain from the Yukon underlain by permafrost. River Valley. • Covered by taiga. Created as the Pacific Plate pushes against the North • Frozen and snow-covered American Plate. from October to June. Contains some of the tallest • Drained by the Yukon river system peaks of North America, whose drainage basin that is larger than including Denali (>20,300 ft high) Mt. Hayes is only Texas. The Yukon River is 1,980 miles long. and Mt. Foraker (>17,400 ft.). 13,800 ft high First people from Asia followed the Seven are taller than 13,000 ft. valley inland at end of the last Ice Age. 13 14 Colorado Alpine Meadow (tundra), Rocky Mt. NP, Colorado Rocky Mts. Elev. 12,100 ft Difficult Area to Traverse Few natural routes cross it. Sangre de Cristo Mts Most are steep. Great Sand Dunes NP South Pass, elev. 7500 ft Canadian Rockies are a major provides an easy, . Steep slopes with pointed summits. gradual assent from the impediment to E-W movement. High Plains in Wyoming . High elevation: most peaks exceed 10,000 ft; most gaps (called passes) are Gaps (called passes) in the Canadian Rockies at 6,000-12,000 ft. Middle Rockies (WY/CO) exist . Dramatic elevation changes: local and were the pathways used relief over 3,000 ft from base to summit. by explorers, frontiersmen and Idaho . Narrow valleys with swift rivers. wagon trains. Inter- montane . Forms the Continental Divide: back- South Pass was the main route bone of North America. across the continental divide. Colorado Today’s highways and rail lines continue to use these passes. 15 16 New Mexico Technology Yellowstone Caldera Needed Yellowstone National Park • Sits on a “hot spot.” • Does not look like a volcano. • N. Am.’s largest supervolcano: few Movement of North eruptions but with cataclysmic results. American Plate • Noted for its geothermal features including Old Faithful geyser. Opened in 1908 over 1500 ft high Tunnel at Loveland, CO cuts http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/ 17 18 into the Rockies at 11000+ ft. 3 5/5/2017 Eruption Comparisons Intermontane Area Located between the Rocky Mts. and the Pacific mountain system. Four major units: N 1. Columbia Plateau: a basalt (lava) plateau formed from the gradual buildup of lava flows; >2,000 ft thick with narrow, deep canyons. 2. Wyoming Basin: an outlier of the High Plains; natural passage between Middle and Southern Rockies. 3. Basin and Range: fault-block region of sedimentary rock layers; area of interior drainage with salt flats. S 4. Colorado Plateau: dissected sedimentary plateau carved by rivers; “canyon lands” area is >5,000 ft thick. If Yellowstone were to erupt today an area from the Mississippi River to Pacific coast could be covered by a suffocating cloud of volcanic material. 19 20 Columbia Plateau Columbia Plateau (layers of lava) Washington State Snake River Canyon Walla Walla Section of the Columbia Plateau in southern Washington. One of the largest flood basalt Snake River cuts through the farmland. formations on Earth created 2.5-3 million years ago. Snake River Palouse Falls, WA Hells Canyon of the Snake R. Canyon (ID-OR) 21 22 Craters of the Moon Nat’l Mon., Idaho Wyoming Basin Basin and Range Wyoming Basin is nestled behind the Front Range CA NV UT between the Wind River Range and Uinta Mts. Made up of over 80 broad, flat - Considered a western extension of the High Plains. - South Pass allowed travelers to easily move from the basins and 200 linear ridges. High Plains to the Great Basin. No drainage outlet to the sea. South Pass and Wyoming Basin Streams from surrounding highlands flow into it, but none leave it. CA AZ +14000ft -280ft 23 24 4 5/5/2017 Mt. Whitney Salt Flats Sierra Nevada N-S trending fault block mountain Lake Bonneville (W Utah) was range of E. California forming the largest lake of the Ice Age. Salt water stream western boundary of Great Basin. Today Great Salt Lake and numerous salt flats in the basin Rises to 14,505 ft at Mt. Whitney, Switch back road up east face bottoms are its remnants. (highest point in lower 48 states). Major barrier to movement of people and air masses. Few mountain passes cross it. Pleistocene lake locations. East face of the Sierra Nevada Bonneville Salt Flats International Speedway Owens Valley (in the rain shadow) Basin and Range Province 25 26 Donner Pass is the chief route across the Sierra Nevada now used by I-80. Colorado Plateau Canyonlands National Park Donner Pass Connects the Humboldt Valley in Nevada with the Central Valley of California. Subject to winter storms. Dissected plateau: layers of sediment carved by the Colorado River system. Grand Canyon National Park Infamous for the 1846 tragedy when the Donner Wagon Train, following the California Trail across the Sierra, got Monument Valley caught in a blizzard. Navajo Tribal Park People resorted to cannibalism to survive. 27 Bryce Canyon National Park 28 Population Low headcount. Mormon Influence Low density. Utah Territory Characteristics Young population. See historical atlas maps pp. 36, 42, 46. Growth in urban areas. Population Density by county. • Innovative farmers, especially irrigation techniques. • Strong central organization (theocracy). • Tried to create the State of Deseret (1849).
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