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Comparison of High-Speed Rail Systems for the United States

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Comparison of High-Speed Rail Systems for the United States COMPARISON OF HIGH-SPEED RAIL SYSTEMS FOR THE UNITED STATES A Thesis Presented to the Academic Faculty by Dominik Ziemke In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Civil Engineering in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology December 2010 COPYRIGHT 2010 BY DOMINIK ZIEMKE COMPARISON OF HIGH-SPEED RAIL SYSTEMS FOR THE UNITED STATES Approved by: Dr. Michael D. Meyer, Advisor School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Frank Southworth School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Laurie A. Garrow School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: August 24 th , 2010 Meinen Eltern und Großeltern ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Laurie A. Garrow and Dr. Frank Southworth for their support and for serving on my thesis committee. A special thank goes to my advisor, Dr. Michael D. Meyer, for his enriching and motivating support and his insightful guidance. It has been an honor working with him. I would also like to thank the World Student Fund (WSF) for their trust in me and for accepting me as their WSF Scholar. I am also deeply grateful to the German National Academic Foundation (Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes), which generously supported my studies from the very beginning and created a lot of invaluable opportunities that helped me extraordinarily in my academic and personal development. I also wish to thank Dr. Günter Quast, Dr. Karl Schweizerhof, Sandra Hertlein, Marcel Müller, and Andrea Kuntschik for their help in preparing my year abroad. For their valuable support for my work on this thesis, I would like to thank Chris Toth, Michael Krawiec, Carlos Campo, and Matt Kittelson. Finally, I would like to most cordially thank my parents, Dr. Frank and Brigitte Ziemke, and my grandparents, Alfons and Veronika Gramer, for their love and support and their trust in anything I am trying to achieve. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv SUMMARY xvi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Context and Purpose 1 1.2 High-Speed Ground Transportation Systems 4 1.2.1 Wheel-on-Rail High-Speed System 5 1.2.2 High-Speed Maglev 6 1.3 Recent Developments and Current Issues 8 2 Methodology 11 3 Systems Comparison 18 3.1 Technical Aspects 18 3.1.1 Acceleration 18 3.1.2 Braking Performance 21 3.1.3 Travel Speed 23 3.1.4 Wear and Degradation 24 3.1.5 Train Weight 28 3.1.6 Compactness of Train 30 3.1.7 Flexibility in Track Alignment 32 v 3.1.8 Driving Resistance 39 3.1.9 Integration of Stations into Cities 44 3.2 Environmental Impacts 46 3.2.1 Land Consumption 46 3.2.2 Energy Consumption 49 3.2.3 Noise Emissions 54 3.2.4 Interference with the Natural Environment 57 3.2.5 Suitability for Co-Alignment with other Transportation Infrastructure 59 3.2.6 Need for Construction of Structures (Bridges, Tunnels) 60 3.2.7 Aesthetic Impacts on Landscape and Cityscape 61 3.2.8 Barrier Effect (Physical Separation of Landscape and Cityscape) 63 3.2.9 Vibration 64 3.2.10 Material and Resource Consumption 65 3.2.11 Electromagnetic, Magnetic, and Electric Fields 67 3.2.12 Pollutant Emissions 69 3.3 Economic Aspects 75 3.3.1 Investment Costs 75 3.3.2 Maintenance, Repair, and Rehabilitation Costs 81 3.3.3 Operation Costs 84 3.3.4 Ridership Generation 86 3.3.5 Chances to Acquire Grants 88 3.3.6 Ability to Use Existing Railway Tracks 90 3.4 Aspects of User Friendliness 99 3.4.1 Travel Time 99 3.4.2 Arrival Frequency 101 vi 3.4.3 Comfort 102 3.4.4 Travel Fare 105 3.4.5 Number of Transfers 106 3.4.6 Service 109 3.4.7 Accessibility of Stations 110 3.4.8 Baggage Transportation 111 3.4.9 Image and Attractiveness 113 3.5 Operations 114 3.5.1 Capacity 114 3.5.2 Reliability 115 3.5.3 Dwell Time at Stations 117 3.5.4 Flexibility in Operation 118 3.5.5 Achievable Speeds in Urbanized Areas 120 3.5.6 Suitability for Varying Distances between Stations 124 3.5.7 Ability to Create a Connected High-Speed Ground Transportation Network 126 3.5.8 Integration with Existing Transportation Infrastructure 129 3.6 Political Aspects 132 3.6.1 Societal Acceptance 132 3.6.2 Perceived Technological Maturity 133 3.6.3 Potential for Further Development 135 3.6.4 Political Feasibility 137 3.6.5 External Economic Effects 140 3.6.6 Suitability to Serve as a Showcase Project 142 3.7 Safety Aspects 143 3.7.1 Risk of Derailment 143 vii 3.7.2 Risk of Collisions with other Trains 144 3.7.3 Risk of Collisions with other Modes of Transportation and Environment 146 3.7.4 Safety in Case of Natural Disasters 148 3.7.5 Risk of Material Fatigue 150 3.7.6 Sensitivity towards Obstructions on Guideway 151 3.7.7 Perceived Level of Safety by User 154 3.7.8 Evacuation of Trains 155 4 Quantitative Evaluation 158 4.1 Technical Aspects 160 4.2 Environmental 162 4.3 Economic Aspects 165 4.4 Aspects of User Friendliness 166 4.5 Operations 168 4.6 Political Aspects 170 4.7 Safety Aspects 172 4.8 Quantitative Evaluation for the HSGT Systems 175 5 Results, Conclusions, and Recommendations 177 5.1 Summary of Results 177 5.2 Conclusions 181 5.3 Recommendations 184 APPENDIX 188 A.1 Organizations included in the Survey 188 A.2 Survey 190 REFERENCES 200 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Comparison of Acceleration Times 20 Table 2: Benefit Rating for Acceleration 20 Table 3: Comparison of Braking Distances and Times until Complete Stop 22 Table 4: Benefit Rating for Braking Performance 23 Table 5: Benefit Rating for Travel Speed 24 Table 6: Benefit Rating for Wear and Degradation 28 Table 7: Weights of the Transrapid Maglev and different Wheel-on-Rail High-Speed Trains 28 Table 8: Benefit Rating for Train Weight 30 Table 9: Compactness of the Transrapid Maglev and different Wheel-on-Rail High-Speed Trains 31 Table 10: Benefit Rating for Compactness of Train 32 Table 11: Comparison of Minimum Radii for Horizontal Curves 34 Table 12: Comparison of Minimum Radii for Vertical Curves in Crests (Hilltops) 36 Table 13: Comparison of Minimum Radii for Vertical Curves in Sags (Valleys) 36 Table 14: Benefit Rating for Flexibility in Track Alignment 39 Table 15: Comparison of Rolling Resistance Forces of the Wheel-on-Rail High-Speed System and Magnetization Resistance Forces of the High-Speed Maglev System 40 Table 16: Comparison of Aerodynamic Resistance Forces of Both Systems 41 Table 17: Inductive Resistance Forces of the Maglev 42 Table 18: Benefit Rating for Driving Resistance 44 Table 19: Benefit Rating for Integration of Stations into Cities 45 Table 20: Land Consumption of the Wheel-on-Rail High-Speed Systems and the High-Speed Maglev System 48 ix Table 21: Benefit Rating for Land Consumption 49 Table 22: Benefit Rating for Energy Consumption 53 Table 23: Noise Emissions of different High-Speed Ground Transportation Systems 56 Table 24: Benefit Rating for Noise Emissions 57 Table 25: Benefit Rating for Interference with the Natural Environment 59 Table 26: Benefit Rating for Co-Alignment with Existing Transportation Infrastructure60 Table 27: Benefit Rating for Need for Construction of Structures 61 Table 28: Benefit Rating for Aesthetic Impacts on Landscape and Cityscape 63 Table 29: Benefit Rating for Barrier Effects (Physical Separation) 64 Table 30: Benefit Rating for Vibration 65 Table 31: Comparison of Material and Resource Consumption 66 Table 32: Benefit Rating for Material and Resource Consumption 67 Table 33: Benefit Rating for Electromagnetic, Magnetic, and Electric Fields 69 Table 34: CO2 Content of Different Forms of Electricity 71 Table 35: Primary Energy Sources for Electricity Generation in different Countries 72 Table 36: Benefit Rating for Pollutant Emissions 74 Table 37: Benefit Rating for Investment Costs 81 Table 38: Benefit Rating for Maintenance Costs 84 Table 38: Benefit Rating for Maintenance Costs 84 Table 39: Benefit Rating for Maintenance Costs 86 Table 40: Benefit Rating for Ridership Generation 88 Table 41: Benefit Rating for Chances to Acquire Grants 90 Table 42: Benefit Rating for Ability to Use Existing Railroad Tracks 98 Table 43: Benefit Rating for Travel Time 101 Table 44: Benefit Rating for Arrival Frequency 102 x Table 45: Benefit Rating for Comfort 105 Table 46: Benefit Rating for Travel Fare 106 Table 47: Benefit Rating for Number of Transfers 109 Table 48: Benefit Rating for Service 110 Table 49: Benefit Rating for Accessibility of Stations 111 Table 50: Benefit Rating for Baggage Transportation 112 Table 51: Benefit Rating for Image and Attractiveness 113 Table 52: Benefit Rating for Capacity 115 Table 53: Benefit Rating for Reliability 117 Table 54: Benefit Rating for Dwell Times at Stations 118 Table 55: Benefit Rating for Dwell Times at Stations 120 Table 56: Comparison of Different Transportation-Related Noise Emitters 121 Table 57: Benefit Rating for Achievable Speeds in Urbanized Areas 123 Table 58: Benefit Rating for Varying Distances between Stations 126 Table 59: Benefit Rating for Ability to Create a Connected HSGT Network 129 Table 60: Benefit Rating for Integration with Existing Transportation Infrastructure 131 Table 61: Benefit Rating for Societal Acceptance 133 Table 62: Benefit Rating for Technological Maturity 135 Table 63: Benefit Rating for Further Development 137 Table 64: Benefit Rating for Political Feasibility 139 Table 65: Benefit Rating for External Economic Effects 142 Table 66: Benefit Rating for Suitability to Serve as a Showcase Project 142 Table 67: Benefit Rating for Risk of Derailment 144 Table 68: Benefit
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