DOCSLIB.ORG

Exploring Mona Baker's Equivalence Theory In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exploring Mona Baker's Equivalence Theory In EXPLORING MONA BAKER’S EQUIVALENCE THEORY IN TRANSLATING KINYARWANDA GENDERED PROVERBS RELATED TO WOMEN INTO ENGLISH AND FRENCH A Thesis Submitted to the University of Rwanda in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Arts (M.A) Degree in Translation and Interpreting Studies Option: Translation By Pascal BASIGAYABO Student Registration Number: 218014321 College of Arts and Social Sciences Supervisor: Dr. Pierre Canisius RUTERANA June, 2020 i DECLARATION I, Pascal BASIGAYABO, do hereby declare that this dissertation entitled Exploring Mona Baker’s Equivalence Theory in Translating Kinyarwanda Gendered Proverbs Related to Women into English and French submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Translation and Interpreting at University of Rwanda, College of Arts and Social Sciences, is my original work and has not previously been submitted and reported elsewhere. I also do declare that a complete list of references indicating all sources of information quoted or cited is provided. BASIGAYABO Pascal Signature Date: June 15, 2020 ii DEDICATION To the Almighty God, To my beloved wife, To my daughters, my sons-in-law and my grand-children, To my sons, I dedicate this work. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, praise is due to the Almighty God for giving me strength and ability to complete this study. I convey my sincere thanks to my beloved family and relatives for having supported me morally and financially. My deep recognition is extended to my beloved wife for her service as stress alleviator. I appreciate her moral, economic and social support throughout my studies. I am thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Pierre Canisius RUTERANA, for the patient guidance, encouragement and advice provided throughout my time as his student. I have been very lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much about my work and who responded to my questions and my queries kindly. I owe him all respect because without his orientation, this thesis couldn‟t be completed. I extend my appreciation to the administration of the College of Arts and Social Sciences, to the Coordination of Master‟s Program of Translation and Interpreting, as well as the teaching staff for their commitment in transforming us into professional translators. I am also grateful to Mr. Wallace Mlaga for his tangible assistance in research. The books sent to me helped me in getting English equivalents to Kinyarwanda proverbs. May God bless him and his family? My deep recognition is sent to Mr. Théogène Twagirimana, for having accepted to proofread and edit this dissertation. His experience helped producing a consistent work in both form and content. Special thanks are sent to Mr. Isaïe Nyirinkwaya and Mr. Sylvestre Ngarambe for their assistance in data gathering. Last but not least, I am thankful to everyone who helped me in this thesis. iv ABSTRACT Over the past years, some anthropologists, linguists and undergraduate students have attempted to translate Rwandan proverbs into foreign languages (mainly English and French), from both sociolinguistic and anthropological perspectives. However, the translation quality of some of these works is, at varying degrees, below the standards, mainly due to the use of inadequate translation strategies. This study is an attempt to translate Kinyarwanda gendered proverbs by applying the equivalence theory through Baker‟s (1992) translation strategies, namely, using a proverb of similar meaning and similar form, using a proverb of similar meaning and dissimilar form, paraphrasing and omission. This qualitative study relied on a corpus of 80 Kinyarwanda gendered proverbs related to woman, randomly selected from three main collections of Kinyarwanda proverbs (Bigirumwami, 2004; Crépeau and Bizimana, 1979; Sibo, 2012, and some other open sources) and thematically categorized. The identified main themes are namely: women portrayed as evil, untrustworthy, jealous, deceitful and willful; women portrayed as physically and intellectually weak and dependent; women portrayed as sexual objects; women‟s beauty portrayed as vain and a snare for men; women portrayed as talkative and troublesome; and women portrayed as households‟ good managers, children bearers and educators. Then, English and French equivalent proverbs from identified collections of proverbs (Schipper, 2010; Kershen, 2012; Rasul, 2015; Maloux, 2009) were provided to the selected Kinyarwanda proverbs. In case of non-equivalence, the researcher has resorted to translation by paraphrasing. The findings have shown that the most frequently used strategy in translating a proverb, both from Kinyarwanda to English and French, was to translate with a proverb of similar meaning and dissimilar form. On the other hand, it was found that translating Kinyarwanda proverbs into English or French by using other strategies v such as using a proverbs of similar meaning and similar form or paraphrasing was less frequent, simply because of distant cultural and linguistic universals between Kinyarwanda, a Bantu language, and English and French, Indo-European languages. Furthermore, it was also shown that Baker‟s strategies are to some extent subjective and cause cultural loss. This is quite understandable because every culture has its own mores and norms that have no equivalent anywhere else. In spite of these challenges, works of this kind need to be pursued and encouraged since they contribute to the dialogue of cultures and facilitate better integration into today‟s world of globalization. In short, the current study has only dealt with the translation of Kinyarwanda gendered proverbs related to women. Further research can carry on where the present study has left off and focuses, among other things, on proverbs about men and children, marriage and so on. The field is still fresh and wide open. Key words: Proverb, gendered proverb, equivalence, Baker‟s translation strategies. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS/ ACRONYMS ...................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Significance of the study ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 8 1.4. Research objectives ............................................................................................................ 10 1.4.1. Main objectives ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2. Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 10 1.5. Scope and limitations of the study ..................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 11 2.1. Review of theoretical literature .......................................................................................... 11 2.1.1. Common linguistic and textual features of proverbs ...................................................... 11 2.1.2. Equivalence and equivalence effect in translation theories ............................................ 12 vii 2.1.2.1. Different scholars‟ views on the equivalence theory in translation. ............................ 13 2.1.2.1.1. Linguistic approach ................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2.1.2. Formal and dynamic equivalence ............................................................................. 14 2.1.2.1.3. Semantic and communicative translation ................................................................. 15 2.1.2.1.4. Linguistic and communicative approach to translation ............................................ 17 2.2. Review of empirical studies ............................................................................................... 18 2.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 24 3.1. Research design ................................................................................................................. 24 3.2. Research approach ............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Southern Africa As a Phonological Area
    Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology/Linguistics "Speaking (of) Khoisan" A symposium reviewing African prehistory 16/05/2015 Southern Africa as a phonological area Christfried Naumann & Hans-Jörg Bibiko [email protected] Quelle: Clements & Rialland ( 2008 : 37 ) Contents 1. Introduction 3-15 2. Procedure 16-19 3. Results: Kalahari Basin 20-28 4. Results: Southeastern Bantu 29-42 5. Results: Southern Africa 43-54 (6. Local and dependent features - excluded) 55-61 7. MDS and k-means 62-68 8. Summary 69 (9. Contact scenarios) 70-74 Acknowledgements 75 References 76-77 2 "Speaking (of) Khoisan", 16/05/2015 Southern Africa as a phonological area 1. Introduction Phonological similarities • large consonantal inventory (45 c.) • clicks • aspirated and ejective stops • dorsal affricate 3 "Speaking (of) Khoisan", 16/05/2015 Southern Africa as a phonological area 1. Introduction Phonological similarities • large consonantal inventory (50 c.) • clicks • aspirated, slack voiced, ejective and imploisve stops •(dorsal affricate) lateral obstruents • 4 "Speaking (of) Khoisan", 16/05/2015 Southern Africa as a phonological area 1. Introduction Phonological similarities • large consonantal inventory (68 c.) • (clicks) • aspirated, breathy and implosive stops • lateral obstruents 5 "Speaking (of) Khoisan", 16/05/2015 Southern Africa as a phonological area 1. Introduction Example: Distribution of ejectives/glottalized consonants Clements & Rialland (2008: 62) Maddieson (2013) 6 "Speaking (of) Khoisan", 16/05/2015 Southern Africa
    [Show full text]
  • URGENT PLEA VER CRISIS I OVAMBO OVERCROWDED Hospitals, a Shortage of Medicine and Mission Pointed Out
    * Inside: 'Women speak sense' * ------ ------ Africa South 27 URGENT PLEA VER CRISIS I OVAMBO OVERCROWDED hospitals, a shortage of medicine and mission pointed out. poor distributiuon of medical personnel was resulting in a "In fact, this situation cannot be rapidly deteriorating condition in health services in Ovambo. tolerated simply because the public concerned is conseIVative and far The situation was yesterday de­ at Ombalantu was "terribly " over­ away from medical facilities and find scribed as urgent by the Catholic crowded and there was not sufficient themselves in the rural areas where Justice and Peace Commission, which medical personnel to cope with the telephoqe communication and bad called on the government to give the' patient load. General hygiene at the roads are compounding the existing matter immediate attention. hospital also left much to be desired, problems," the commission said in Details of the deteriorating health they said. the letter to Dr Amadhila. conditions were spelled out in a letter The commission said cleaning The commission called for legis­ to the Pennanent Secretary of Health personnel had complained about a lation to enable members of !he public Services, Dr Solly Amadhila. lack of cleaning detergents and anti­ to serve on the hospital boards in "We are concerned about the septic materials for cleaning toilets order to allow them to have an input general ' deterioration of the health and floors. The food provided was in the fonnulation of hospital and situation in the north,· , the letter also not good enough. health policies. signed by the commission's co-ordi­ Further, nursing personnel at the Primary health care education nator, Willy Amutenya, said.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1 Vernacular Names
    Appendix 1 Vernacular Names The vernacular names listed below have been collected from the literature. Few have phonetic spellings. Spelling is not helped by the difficulties of transcribing unwritten languages into European syllables and Roman script. Some languages have several names for the same species. Further complications arise from the various dialects and corruptions within a language, and use of names borrowed from other languages. Where the people are bilingual the person recording the name may fail to check which language it comes from. For example, in northern Sahel where Arabic is the lingua franca, the recorded names, supposedly Arabic, include a number from local languages. Sometimes the same name may be used for several species. For example, kiri is the Susu name for both Adansonia digitata and Drypetes afzelii. There is nothing unusual about such complications. For example, Grigson (1955) cites 52 English synonyms for the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in the British Isles, and also mentions several examples of the same vernacular name applying to different species. Even Theophrastus in c. 300 BC complained that there were three plants called strykhnos, which were edible, soporific or hallucinogenic (Hort 1916). Languages and history are linked and it is hoped that understanding how lan- guages spread will lead to the discovery of the historical origins of some of the vernacular names for the baobab. The classification followed here is that of Gordon (2005) updated and edited by Blench (2005, personal communication). Alternative family names are shown in square brackets, dialects in parenthesis. Superscript Arabic numbers refer to references to the vernacular names; Roman numbers refer to further information in Section 4.
    [Show full text]
  • (My Kinyarvanda Consultant), for Their Patience, Diligence, and Useful Insights
    Studies in African Linguistics 85 Supplement 7, December 1977 IMPLICATIONS FOR UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR OF OBJECT-CREATING RULES IN LUYIA AND MASHI* Judith Olmsted Gary University of California at Los Angeles 1. Background and Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine on the basis of comparative data from several Bantu languages hypotheses made in prior papers by Gary [1975] and Gary and Keenan [1976, 1977] concerning the Relational Hierarchy (RH) in universal grammar: RH: Subject (Su) > Direct Object (DO) > Indirect Object (10) > Oblique Object (00) Gary and Keenan have outlined two contrasting views concerning the relation between the Relational Hierarchy and grammars of particular languages: the Comparative View proposed by Gary and Keenan, and the Generative View as attributed to Perlmutter and Postal [1974]. In the Generative View, the Relational Hierarchy categories refer to grammatical relations NPs bear to their verbs and are considered among the primitives of generative grammars. Su, DO, and 10 NPs are said to bear 'grammatical relations' to their verbs and are called terms. Relations such as Instrument and Locative which Oblique NPs bear to their verbs are not considered to be grammatical relations; these NPs are called nonterms. Transformations generating complex structures from simpler ones make specific reference to these relations; it is claimed that syntactic generalizations are more adequately captured by transformations specifically referring to these categories than by rules based on relations of dominance and linear order (see Chung [1976], Keenan [1976], Johnson [1974a,b]). Assumptions underlying the Generative View of the Relational Hierarchy which appear to distinguish it from the Comparative View of the *1 would like to thank Lee Trithart for reading this paper for me at the 8th Conference on African Linguistics at UCLA, April 1977, while I was in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • GOO-80-02119 392P
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 228 863 FL 013 634 AUTHOR Hatfield, Deborah H.; And Others TITLE A Survey of Materials for the Study of theUncommonly Taught Languages: Supplement, 1976-1981. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, D.C.Div. of International Education. PUB DATE Jul 82 CONTRACT GOO-79-03415; GOO-80-02119 NOTE 392p.; For related documents, see ED 130 537-538, ED 132 833-835, ED 132 860, and ED 166 949-950. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; Dictionaries; *InStructional Materials; Postsecondary Edtmation; *Second Language Instruction; Textbooks; *Uncommonly Taught Languages ABSTRACT This annotated bibliography is a supplement tothe previous survey published in 1976. It coverslanguages and language groups in the following divisions:(1) Western Europe/Pidgins and Creoles (European-based); (2) Eastern Europeand the Soviet Union; (3) the Middle East and North Africa; (4) SouthAsia;(5) Eastern Asia; (6) Sub-Saharan Africa; (7) SoutheastAsia and the Pacific; and (8) North, Central, and South Anerica. The primaryemphasis of the bibliography is on materials for the use of theadult learner whose native language is English. Under each languageheading, the items are arranged as follows:teaching materials, readers, grammars, and dictionaries. The annotations are descriptive.Whenever possible, each entry contains standardbibliographical information, including notations about reprints and accompanyingtapes/records
    [Show full text]
  • Ndonga Which Is in the Ovambo Language Family
    1. Description 1.1 Name(s) of society, language, and language family: Namibia (Formerly South West Africa), Kwanyama, Kwambi, Angola (ethnologue.com) The language is Ndonga which is in the Ovambo language family. 1.2 ISO code (3 letter code from ethnologue.com): ndo 1.3 Location (latitude/longitude): -18.00/16.80 1.4 Brief history: Namibia was colonized by Germany and South Africa. People did not like colonial rule and so became an independent country only after much bloodshed. (everyculture.com) 1.5 Influence of missionaries/schools/governments/powerful neighbors: Germany and South Africa had considerable influence on the peoples of Namibia. Namibia is an independent country but was oppressed for a long time by Germany. There has also been much missionary work in Namibia, which is why most of the population is Christian. (everyculture.com) 1.6 Ecology (natural environment): Ndonga is spoken by 48.5% of Namibia, throughout the countries rural and urban centers. The people that speak it are spread across multiple cultures and countries. (biodiversity.org) 1.7 Population size, mean village size, home range size, density Total population size of 1,070,000 for Ndonga speaking people (this is across multiple countries). 807,000 Ndonga speaking people in Namibia o Note: This data is from 2006. (ethnologue.com) 2. Economy 2.1 Main carbohydrate staple(s): The staples are millet, Beans, and sorghum. (everyculture.com) 2.2 Main protein-lipid sources: The main protein sources are fish, beef, and goat. (everyculture.com) 2.3 Weapons: Bow and arrow, blowguns?: Modern weapons 2.4 Food storage: Namibia has modern commercial agriculture, with all modern storage facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Boy-Wives and Female Husbands
    Boy-Wives and Female Husbands Item Type Book Authors Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will DOI 10.1353/book.83859 Publisher SUNY Press Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 24/09/2021 02:52:38 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://www.sunypress.edu/p-7129-boy-wives-and-female- husbands.aspx Boy-Wives and Female Husbands Boy-Wives and Female Husbands STUDIES IN AFRICAN HOMOSEXUALITIES Edited by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe With a New Foreword by Mark Epprecht Cover image: The Shaman, photographed by Yannis Davy Guibinga. © Yannis Davy Guibinga. Subject: Toshiro Kam. Styling: Tinashe Musara. Makeup: Jess Cohen. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Murray Hong Family Trust. Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 1998 Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe Printed in the United States of America The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution— Non-Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-ND 4.0), available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Roscoe, Will, editor. | Murray, Stephen O., editor. | Epprecht, Marc, editor. Title: Boy-wives and female husbands : studies in African homosexualities / [edited by] Will Roscoe, Stephen O. Murray, Marc Epprecht. Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020034064 | ISBN 9781438484099 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438484112 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Homosexuality—Africa—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Title VEGETATION CHANGES and USE of PALMS AS a BUILDING
    VEGETATION CHANGES AND USE OF PALMS AS A Title BUILDING MATERIAL BY OVAMBO AGRO- PASTORALISTS IN NORTH-CENTRAL NAMIBIA Author(s) FUJIOKA, Yuichiro African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2005), 30: Citation 89-105 Issue Date 2005-03-31 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/68458 Right Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University African Study Monographs, Suppl.30: 89-105, March 2005 89 VEGETATION CHANGES AND USE OF PALMS AS A BUILDING MATERIAL BY OVAMBO AGRO-PASTORALISTS IN NORTH-CENTRAL NAMIBIA Yuichiro FUJIOKA Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the mutual transition between vegetation and timber use by the Ovambo people in north-central Namibia and their use of palms for timber in recent years. The vegetation around the research area was characterized as Mopane savanna, dominated by Colophospermum mopane. Historically, the Ovambo used mainly Mopane trunks for timber. However, as bush encroachment advanced in some parts of north-central Namibia, residents were forced to collect Mopane timber from the south. Since the 1970s, however, collecting Mopane has become diffi cult, and the inhabitants have therefore begun to use palm petioles for timber. Because the use of this resource requires many palm petioles, an environment conducive to grow many palms is required to make this option feasible. The vegetation confi guration of this environment was formed mainly by three factors: (1) the unique fl ood terrain initially dispersed palm seeds over a wide area, (2) humans involuntarily dispersed seeds after eating, (3) palms were conserved by the residents. Thus, the increased use of palms emerged at a point of intersection between a change in vegetation patterns and a change in plant use by humans.
    [Show full text]
  • PART I: NAME SEQUENCE Name Sequence
    Name Sequence PART I: NAME SEQUENCE A-ch‘ang Abor USE Achang Assigned collective code [sit] Aba (Sino-Tibetan (Other)) USE Chiriguano UF Adi Abaknon Miri Assigned collective code [phi] Miśing (Philippine (Other)) Aborlan Tagbanwa UF Capul USE Tagbanua Inabaknon Abua Kapul Assigned collective code [nic] Sama Abaknon (Niger-Kordofanian (Other)) Abau Abujhmaria Assigned collective code [paa] Assigned collective code [dra] (Papuan (Other)) (Dravidian (Other)) UF Green River Abulas Abaw Assigned collective code [paa] USE Abo (Cameroon) (Papuan (Other)) Abazin UF Ambulas Assigned collective code [cau] Maprik (Caucasian (Other)) Acadian (Louisiana) Abenaki USE Cajun French Assigned collective code [alg] Acateco (Algonquian (Other)) USE Akatek UF Abnaki Achangua Abia Assigned collective code [sai] USE Aneme Wake (South American (Other)) Abidji Achang Assigned collective code [nic] Assigned collective code [sit] (Niger-Kordofanian (Other)) (Sino-Tibetan (Other)) UF Adidji UF A-ch‘ang Ari (Côte d'Ivoire) Atsang Abigar Ache USE Nuer USE Guayaki Abkhaz [abk] Achi Abnaki Assigned collective code [myn] USE Abenaki (Mayan languages) Abo (Cameroon) UF Cubulco Achi Assigned collective code [bnt] Rabinal Achi (Bantu (Other)) Achinese [ace] UF Abaw UF Atjeh Bo Cameroon Acholi Bon (Cameroon) USE Acoli Abo (Sudan) Achuale USE Toposa USE Achuar MARC Code List for Languages October 2007 page 11 Name Sequence Achuar Afar [aar] Assigned collective code [sai] UF Adaiel (South American Indian Danakil (Other)) Afenmai UF Achuale USE Etsako Achuara Jivaro Afghan
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN)
    The role of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN) as a pioneer of social development through Education in Ovamboland (1870‐1970): A Church Historical Study Eino M. Nangula Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Theology in Church History in the Faculty of Theology University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Prof. R.R. Vosloo December 2013 I Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: ................................................ Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved II Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This study is a historical investigation of the role of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN) regarding social development with special attention to education as an agency of social change. ELCIN is the largest Lutheran church in Namibia, which was born out of the Finnish missionary activities after their arrival in the former Ovamboland in 1870. The Finnish missionaries became the first missionaries to do mission work in Ovamboland. This qualifies them to be regarded as pioneers of social development and of the transformation of society through education among the Ovambo people. ELCIN’s humble beginnings started as a mission field and developed into mission congregations; thereafter as a mission church and finally as independent church in 1954. The study shows that since its inception ELCIN has been committed to serve her members holistically (spiritually and socially).
    [Show full text]
  • Language Policy and National Unity in South Africa/Azania Was First Published by Buchu Books in 1989
    Language Policy and National Unity in South Africa/Azania An essay by Neville Alexander 0 Language Policy and National Unity in South Africa/Azania was first published by Buchu Books in 1989. ISBN 0-620-13562-X © Copyright Neville Alexander 1989 All rights reserved. This digital edition published 2013 © Copyright The Estate of Neville Edward Alexander 2013 This edition is not for sale and is available for non-commercial use only. All enquiries relating to commercial use, distribution or storage should be addressed to the publisher: The Estate of Neville Edward Alexander, PO Box 1384, Sea Point 8060, South Africa 1 CONTENTS Preface to the first edition 3 Chapter 1: The language question and social inequality 4 Chapter 2: Colonial and neocolonial language policy in South Africa 1652–1988 9 Chapter 3: Language policy and resistance 26 Chapter 4: A glance at Zimbabwe and Namibia 39 Chapter 5: Proposals towards a democratic language policy for a post-apartheid South Africa/Azania 44 Appendix 1: About the National Language Project 68 Appendix 2: Standardised Nguni and Sotho? 73 Works referred to in the text 77 2 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION THIS ESSAY HAS BEEN WRITTEN in order to be read by as many people as possible inside South Africa. I would also be delighted if people abroad with an interest in South Africa find it useful. My main aim is to try to show those who read this essay and especially those who are involved in educational, community, labour and youth projects, how important the language question is in the conduct of our struggle for national liberation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lumko Music Department and Cultural Heritage
    The Lumko Music Department and Cultural Heritage Dave Dargie Former Head Music Department, Lumko Pastoral Institute, South Africa [email protected] ABSTRACT Until the 1960s music in the African language Catholic churches in southern Africa was confined to European (or European style) tunes set to African language texts. The music used suited neither the languages of the people nor their spiritual and emotional needs. Some church leaders, such as Archbishop Hurley of Durban, wished to see a change for the better. Certain missionaries tried to do something about it, in particular Oswald Hirmer and Fritz Lobinger, Bavarian missionaries working in the Xhosa area. The author had done music studies, and in his work in Zwelitsha parish, near King Williams Town, had used some of the music resulting from the work of Hirmer and Lobinger. The two missionaries gave him the chance to start a project for creating new church music in African styles by working with local church members in different areas. This went so well that the author was taken onto the staff of Lumko Pastoral Institute, with Hirmer and Lobinger. Over the period 1979 to 1989 the author was able to promote and record new church music in many languages in South Africa and its neighbours, plus a great deal of the traditional music of the region. In 1996 Anselm Prior, then director of Lumko, returned all the field recording originals to the author, giving him the opportunity to put together a significant contribution to the preserved music heritage of Southern Africa, including African traditional music and church music.
    [Show full text]