Do Now Describe two reasons that would bring about the decline and eventual fall of a civilization. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Learning Targets and Intentions of the Lesson Students Will Be Able To: 1. KNOW how political upheaval, plagues, and dissension within the Empire led to Rome’s decline.

2. UNDERSTAND and examine the consequences of building your Empire too big that the leaders are unable to control the actions of their citizens. 3. Analyze and document responses to the characteristics that led to the fall of the Roman Empire (SKILL). Essential Question: What factors led to the collapse of the Roman Empire and what effect did the fall of Rome have on the Mediterranean world?

Warm-Up Question: In the cartoon on the next slide, identify as many Roman achievements as possible

The Roman Republic & Empire: A Brief Overview

Rome began as a city-state that was heavily influenced by Greek culture The Roman Republic By 509 BCE, Rome was ruled by elected Senators who served in the Roman Republic The Roman Republic During the Republic, Rome expanded by defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars and later under generals like Julius Caesar The Roman Republic

The Republic weakened due to corruption, civil wars, and the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.E. The Roman Empire After Julius Caesar’s death, Rome became an empire ruled by the Emperor Augustus The Roman Empire

Under Augustus, Rome entered an era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana

Pax Romana The Roman Empire After 207 years of prosperity during the Pax Romana, the Empire began to decline and was conquered in 476 A.D.

Pax Era of Romana decline The Decline of the Roman Empire The decline and fall of the Roman Empire happened gradually, in three stages

FIRST STAGE: internal problems with politics, the economy, and the military began an era of decline SECOND STAGE: there was a brief period of revival as Emperors Diocletian and Constantine enacted reforms; however, some of these reforms would help bring about the Empire’s end THIRD STAGE: repeated invasions by Germanic “barbarian” tribes would lead to the conquest of Rome, bringing the Roman Empire to an end Rome’s Internal Problems POLITICAL and SOCIAL

The empire was too large for one emperor to control Rome’s Internal Problems POLITICAL and SOCIAL

Emperors after the Pax Romana were weak Rome’s Internal Problems POLITICAL and SOCIAL Citizens experienced a loss of confidence, patriotism, and loyalty to the Roman government Rome’s Internal Problems ECONOMIC Outside groups disrupted trade

Poor harvests led to food shortages Rome’s Internal Problems ECONOMIC Rome had a trade imbalance (they bought more than they produced) The government raised taxes and minted new coins which led to inflation

The economic decline left many Romans very poor Rome’s Internal Problems MILITARY

Germanic tribes from Northern Europe, outside of the Roman Empire, were gaining strength Rome’s Internal Problems MILITARY

The Roman military was growing ineffective due to poor leadership: generals had their own interests and were challenging the authority of the emperors Rome’s Internal Problems MILITARY

To save money, Romans found it cheaper to hire foreign soldiers instead of employing more Romans; these “mercenaries” were not truly loyal to Rome

The Decline of the Roman Empire The decline and fall of the Roman Empire happened gradually, in three stages

FIRST STAGE: internal problems with politics, the economy, and the military began an era of decline SECOND STAGE: there was a brief period of revival as Emperors Diocletian and Constantine enacted reforms; however, some of these reforms would help bring about the Empire’s end THIRD STAGE: repeated invasions by Germanic “barbarian” tribes would lead to the conquest of Rome, bringing the Roman Empire to an end Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN In 284 CE, Emperor Diocletian came to power; he began a series of reforms that temporarily halted Rome’s decline

To fix the problems of the military, he doubled the size of the Roman Army

To help the economy and stop inflation, he fixed the prices of certain goods Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN In an attempt to do something about the lack of loyalty and patriotism of many Roman citizens, Diocletian presented himself as a godlike leader

He wanted to boost the prestige of the position of emperor, so he claimed descent from the gods and had numerous ceremonies to glorify himself Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN

Diocletian’s most important reform was dividing the Roman Empire into two parts: the Eastern Empire and the Western Empire Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN

Western

Eastern

Diocletian’s most important was reform was dividing the Roman Empire into two parts: the Eastern Empire and the Western Empire Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN

Western

Eastern

The Roman Empire was divided by language: the mostly Latin-speaking Western half and the mostly Greek-speaking Eastern half Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN

Western

Eastern

However, the Empire was also divided by wealth: the East was far richer than the West because it contained more major cities and trade centers Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN

Diocletian’s reasons for the division: he believed that the Empire had grown too large and too complex for one ruler

He took the Eastern half for himself and appointed a co- emperor to run the West; however, Diocletian had overall control of the Empire Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR CONSTANTINE After Diocletian’s death, there was a power struggle among several men who wanted to rule the Empire Emerging victorious and becoming the new emperor of the West was Constantine Constantine continued many of Diocletian’s reforms, but he reversed the biggest reform: he reclaimed the East and the Roman Empire once again had a single ruler Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR CONSTANTINE Constantine made other changes: wanting to unify Rome and recognizing that Christianity was on the rise and could not be destroyed, he ended persecutions of Christians and made it a legal religion Constantine later converted to Christianity himself The emperor after him would go on to make Christianity the official religion of Rome; this would have unexpected consequences Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR CONSTANTINE In 330 CE, Constantine made a change that would have far-reaching consequences for the world: he moved the capital of the Roman Empire and his seat of power from Rome to a Greek city called Byzantium Given its location on the Bosporus Strait, the city was also in a more easily defensible position from Northern invaders than Rome was

Byzantium, the new capital

Byzantium was perfectly Rome, the old capital located to be the center of trade between East and West When it was constructed, Byzantium had a strong Greek and Christian influence; the new capital was soon protected by massive walls and later was the home to many great new structures built in the Roman style

Byzantium eventually took on a new name: Constantinople (or “City of Constantine”) After Diocletian and Constantine died, the Eastern half of the Empire continued to grow wealthier and more powerful The Western half, on the other hand, once again began to decline The Decline of the Roman Empire Reasons why the Western side of the Roman Empire once again slid into decline: political corruption, weakening economy, and terrible plagues

Also, Roman citizens were less concerned with the fate of the Roman Empire and more preoccupied with thoughts of the afterlife (because of the dominance of Christianity) The Decline of the Roman Empire

All of these issues made the Western Roman Empire weak and vulnerable (open to attack) The Decline of the Roman Empire The decline and fall of the Roman Empire happened gradually, in three stages

FIRST STAGE: internal problems with politics, the economy, and the military began an era of decline SECOND STAGE: there was a brief period of revival as Emperors Diocletian and Constantine enacted reforms; however, some of these reforms would help bring about the Empire’s end THIRD STAGE: repeated invasions by Germanic “barbarian” tribes would lead to the conquest of Rome, bringing the Roman Empire to an end The Fall of the Roman Empire

By 370 CE, “barbarian” tribes from Asia and Northern Europe were attacking both halves of the Empire The Fall of the Roman Empire

The Eastern half was well-protected, organized, strong, and prosperous; it fought off the invaders The Western half was vulnerable, disorganized, and weak; it could not defend itself from the invaders The Fall of the Roman Empire

A marauding barbarian tribe from Central Asia called the Huns began the invasions

The Huns swept into Northern Europe, conquering all in their path The Fall of the Roman Empire

When the Huns invaded Northern Europe, they were so fierce that they even made the Germanic tribes want to avoid them The Fall of the Roman Empire

To avoid the Huns, the Germanic tribes moved south into the Western Roman Empire’s territory The Fall of the Roman Empire

These Germanic groups (such as the Vandals, Goths, Visigoths, Franks, and Ostrogoths) did not move into Roman territory peacefully They repeatedly attacked the Western Romans The Fall of the Roman Empire When a vicious new leader named Attila united the Hun tribes, the Huns also attacked both sides of the Roman Empire The Eastern side, centered around Constantinople, successfully fought off the attacking Huns The Western side, attacked at several places by the Huns and Germanic tribes, crumbled and was conquered ATTILA THE HUN The Fall of the Roman Empire

The city of Rome itself was captured and looted by the Visigoths in 410 CE The Fall of the Roman Empire

The German warrior Odoacer removed the last Roman emperor from power The Fall of the Roman Empire The weak Western Roman Army could do little to stop the invasions; by 476 CE, Germanic barbarians took over the city of Rome and conquered the West The once-united Western Roman Empire broke up into numerous smaller kingdoms and territories, each ruled over by different Germanic groups The fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of numerous small kingdoms led Europe to the Middle Ages The fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of numerous small kingdoms led Europe to the Middle Ages The Eastern Roman Empire, now known as the Byzantine Empire, not only remained together but survived for nearly a thousand more years The Importance of the Byzantine Empire The combination of Greek, Roman, and Hellenistic (the blend of Greek and Asian cultures) achievements are known as Greco-Roman culture The Byzantine Empire kept alive the cultural achievements of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome at the same time as Han China and Gupta India were creating their own great civilizations If the Byzantine Empire also fell, it is possible that the great innovations and achievements of these great civilizations could have been lost forever Greco-Roman achievements are the foundation of Western civilization, the culture Americans live in today