Section Summary Key Terms and People Academic Vocabulary

Name ______Class ______Date ______The Roman Empire and Christianity Section 1

MAIN IDEAS 1. Disorder in the Roman Republic created an opportunity for Julius Caesar to gain power.

2. The Republic ended when Augustus became Rome’s first emperor. 3. The Roman Empire grew to control the entire Mediterranean world. 4. The Romans accomplished great things in science, engineering, architecture, art, literature, and law.

Key Terms and People Cicero famous Roman orator orator a public speaker Julius Caesar Roman general who became dictator for life Augustus the first emperor of Rome provinces the areas outside of Italy that the Romans controlled Pax Romana the Roman Peace, a peaceful period in Rome’s history aqueduct a raised channel used to carry water from mountains into cities Ovid a poet who wrote about Roman mythology Romance languages the languages that developed from Latin civil law a legal system based on a written code of laws

Academic Vocabulary agreement a decision reached by two or more people or groups

Section Summary

DISORDER AND THE END OF THE REPUBLIC What actions did Cicero Cicero, a famous orator, asked Romans to return ask Romans to take? power to the Senate and bring order back to Rome. ______But Rome’s government stayed the same. ______After conquering Gaul and defeating Pompey, Julius Caesar named himself Roman dictator. But on March 15 in 44 BC, a group of Senators stabbed him to death. Marc Antony and Octavian, later renamed Augustus, took charge of Roman politics. They defeated Caesar’s killers, who then killed

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ROME’S GROWING EMPIRE By the 100s, the Romans ruled Gaul and much of central Europe. Their empire stretched from Asia Minor to Britain. Traders traveled the provinces to trade artisans’ goods for metals, cloth, and food. Roman coins were used all over as currency. The Pax Romana was a time of peace and prosperity.

ROME’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS Why do some Roman Romans took a practical approach to engineering structures still stand? and science. They improved on Greek medicine. ______They made lasting structures with cement and ______arches. Roman aqueducts still stand today. Romans ______used vaults to create open spaces in buildings. The Romans prized beauty. Greek designs influenced their art and architecture. Romans How were Roman artists influenced by the Greeks? decorated walls with frescoes and floors with mosaics. Many sculptors copied Greek sculptures. ______Ovid wrote lovely poems, and Virgil wrote a ______great epic, the Aeneid, about the founding of Rome. ______Roman poets wrote in Latin. Latin later led to the development of the Romance languages. Civil law was inspired by Roman law, which was enforced throughout the Roman Empire. Most European nations today are ruled by civil law.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Summarizing Summarize the events leading from Caesar’s conquest of Gaul to Octavian’s becoming Roman emperor.

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DIRECTIONS Use at least three of the vocabulary words aqueduct, Augustus, Julius Caesar, Cicero, civil law, currency, orator, Ovid, Pax Romana, provinces, and Romance languages to write a letter that relates to the section.

______

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MATCHING In the space provided, write the letter of the term, place, or person that matches each description. Some answers will not be used. ____ 1. Philosopher who tried to stop the chaos in a. aqueduct Rome’s government b. Cicero ____ 2. A public speaker c. civil law ____ 3. The most powerful Roman general d. codes ____ 4. Outlying areas controlled by Romans e. currency ____ 5. Used by Romans for money ____ 6. The first 200 years of peace and prosperity f. fresco in the Roman Empire g. Julius Caesar ____ 7. A raised channel used to carry water from h. orator mountains to the cities i. Ovid ____ 8. He wrote poems about Roman mythology ____ 9. Latin languages that included Italian, j. Pax Romana French, Spanish, Portuguese, and k. provinces Romanian l. Romance ____ 10. A legal system based on a written code of laws m. vault

MAIN IDEAS 1. Despite its general religious tolerance, Rome came into conflict with the Jews.

2. A new religion, Christianity, grew out of Judaism. 3. Many considered Jesus of Nazareth to be the Messiah. 4. Christianity grew in popularity and eventually became the official religion of Rome.

Key Terms and People Christianity religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Jesus of Nazareth founder of Christianity Messiah leader Jews believed would return and restore the greatness of Israel Bible the holy book of Christianity crucifixion a type of execution that involved being nailed to a cross Resurrection Christian belief that Jesus rose from the dead after his death disciples followers Apostles the 12 disciples whom Jesus chose to receive special teaching Paul of Tarsus disciple whose letters defined Christianity as separate from Judaism martyrs people who die for their religious beliefs persecution punishing people for their beliefs Constantine Roman emperor who became a Christian

Section Summary RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND CONFLICT

Rome conquered Judea, the territory in which most Why do you think the Jews lived, in 63 BC. The Romans allowed Romans usually chose to conquered people to keep their own religions. Some tolerate the religions of conquered peoples? Jews wanted to be free and rebelled several times. ______After the last revolt, the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and forced all Jews out of the city. Jews ______moved throughout the Roman world. ______

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A NEW RELIGION At the start of the first century AD, a new religion In Jewish teaching, who appeared. Christianity had roots in Judaism, but it was the Messiah? was based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. ______The followers of Jesus—the first Christians— ______believed that he was the Messiah (muh-SY-uh), a savior that had been foretold by Jewish prophets. ______JESUS OF NAZARETH Jesus of Nazareth was born at the end of the first century BC. Much of what we know about Jesus is from the Bible, the holy book of Christianity. Roman leaders thought his teachings challenged their authority. Jesus was arrested and executed by crucifixion. Christians believe Jesus rose from the dead in an event called the Resurrection. Many of Jesus’s disciples claimed to see him again. Jesus taught that people should love God and each other. Jesus also taught about salvation. Jesus chose 12 of his disciples, the Apostles, to spread his teachings. However another man, Paul of Tarsus, was most important in spreading Christianity. Paul traveled and wrote letters explaining Christianity. He helped Christianity break away from Judaism.

THE GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY As Christianity became more popular, Roman What risks did early leaders began to worry. Some local leaders arrested Christians face in and killed Christians. These martyrs died for their spreading their religion? religious beliefs. Some Roman emperors outlawed ______Christianity and persecuted Christians. ______In the early 300s, emperor Constantine became a ______Christian and removed the bans on Christians. Later ______Christianity became the official religion of Rome.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Drawing Conclusions Paul of Tarsus has been called the most influential man in the history of Christianity besides Jesus. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

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DIRECTIONS Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the word in the word pair that best completes the sentence.

1. Twelve of Jesus’ closest followers called the ______received special training and were sent to spread his teachings. (Apostles/martyrs)

2. The holy book of Christianity is called the ______. (Messiah/Bible) 3. Christianity was based on the teachings of a man named ______. (Constantine/Jesus of Nazareth)

4. People who die for their religious beliefs are called ______. (Apostles/martyrs)

5. ______traveled and wrote letters to spread Christian teachings. (Constantine/Paul of Tarsus)

6. Christians believe Jesus rose from the dead in the ______. (crucifixion/Resurrection) 7. In the first century BC, many Jews were awaiting the arrival of a promised savior called the ______. (disciple/Messiah)

8. ______is punishment because of one’s beliefs. (Resurrection/Persecution)

9. The emperor ______removed all bans against Christianity in Rome. (Constantine/Paul of Tarsus)

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FILL IN THE BLANK For each of the following statements, fill in the blank with the appropriate word, phrase, or name.

1. When the conquered people, they generally allowed them to keep their own religious beliefs and customs.

2. At the beginning of the first century AD, a new religion appeared in Judea called .

3. The Jews were waiting for the which means “God’s Chosen One”.

4. Divided into two parts, Old and New Testament, the is the holy book of Christianity.

5. was a type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross.

6. Christians refer to Jesus’ rise from the dead as the .

7. The were 12 men whom Jesus chose to receive special training.

8. of Tarses traveled throughout the Roman world spreading Christian teachings.

9. People who die for their religious beliefs are called .

10. means punishing a group because of its beliefs.

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MAIN IDEAS 1. Many problems threatened the Roman Empire, leading one emperor to divide it in half.

2. Rome declined as a result of invasions and political and economic problems. 3. In the eastern empire, people created a new society and religious traditions that were very different from those in the west.

Key Terms and People Diocletian emperor who divided the Roman Empire into two parts Attila fearsome Hun leader who attacked Rome’s eastern empire corruption decay in people’s values Justinian last ruler of the Roman Empire Theodora Justinian’s wife, a wise woman who advised her husband during his reign Byzantine Empire civilization that developed in the eastern Roman Empire

Academic Vocabulary efficient productive and not wasteful

Section Summary PROBLEMS IN THE EMPIRE At its height the Roman Empire ruled all of the land Name three problems facing the Roman Empire around the Mediterranean Sea. But by the late 100s, in the late 100s. emperors had to give up some land. ______Rome had to defend itself constantly from attacks ______from the north and the east. Problems came from within the empire, too. Disease killed many people. ______Taxes were high. Food was scarce because many ______farmers went to war. To increase food production, Germanic farmers were invited to work on Roman Which emperor divided the lands, but they were not loyal to Rome. Roman Empire? Which emperor reunited it? The emperor Diocletian took power in the late ______200s. He ruled the east himself and chose a co- emperor to rule the west. The emperor Constantine ______reunited the empire for a short time. He moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople in the east.

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THE DECLINE OF ROME Once the capital moved to the east, barbarians attacked Roman territory in the north. During the late 300s, an Asian group called the Huns began attacking the Goths. The Goths were forced into Roman territory. In the end, the Goths broke through into Italy and destroyed Rome. The Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Franks all invaded Roman territory in the west. The Huns under Attila raided in the east. In 476 a barbarian What are two factors that led to the weakening of the leader overthrew the Roman emperor and became Roman Empire? king. This ended the western empire. ______The vast size of the Roman empire also ______contributed to its fall. The government was not efficient, and it suffered from corruption. Rome ______was no longer the great center it had once been. ______

A NEW EASTERN EMPIRE As Rome fell, the eastern empire prospered. Justinian ruled the east in the 500s. He wanted to Who was Justinian’s most trusted advisor? reunite the Roman Empire. His armies recaptured Italy. He was respected for making laws more fair. ______But he made enemies who tried to overthrow him. ______Justinian got advice from his wife Theodora and was able to keep his throne. Despite Justinian’s success, the empire declined for 700 years. In 1453 Constantinople was defeated by the Ottoman Turks. People in the eastern empire began to follow non- Roman influences. The Byzantine Empire What name was given to developed in the east. This empire practiced the society that developed Christianity differently than Romans. In the 1000s, out of the Eastern Roman the church split in two. In the east the Eastern Empire? Orthodox Church formed. Thus religion further ______divided eastern and western Europe. ______

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Drawing Inferences Was there anything rulers could have done to stop the disintegration of the Roman empire, or was it inevitable? Write a one-page essay explaining your answer.

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Attila Byzantine Empire corruption Diocletian Justinian Theodora

DIRECTIONS Answer each question by writing a sentence that contains at least one word from the word bank. 1. Who divided the Roman Empire in the late 200s? ______2. Who was the fearsome leader of the Huns? ______3. What do we call the decay of people’s values? ______4. Which eastern Roman emperor had passion for the law and the church? ______5. Who was Justinian’s smart and powerful wife? ______6. What do historians call the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire? ______

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TRUE/FALSE Mark each statement T if it is true or F if it is false. If false explain why.

______1. Convinced that the empire was too big for one person to rule, Constantine divided it in two.

______2. The new capital of the Roman Empire was Constantinople.

______3. The Huns led by a fearsome leader named Attila, raided Roman territory in the east.

______4. Emperor Justinian was unable to reconquer parts of the fallen empire.

______5. Historians call the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire the Byzantine.

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BIG IDEAS 1. After changing from a republic to an empire, Rome grew politically and economically, and developed a culture that influenced later civilizations. 2. People in the Roman Empire practiced many religions before Christianity, based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, spread and became Rome’s official religion. 3. Problems from both inside and outside caused the Roman Empire to split into a western half, which collapsed, and an eastern half that prospered for hundreds of years.

REVIEWING VOCABULARY, TERMS, AND PEOPLE In the space provided, write the word from the word bank below that best matches each description.

Paul of Tarsus Romance languages Cicero Julius Caesar Christianity Attila martyrs Pax Romana Augustus Jesus of Nazareth persecution corruption

______1. A peaceful period during the beginning of the Roman Empire.

______2. A fearsome leader of the Huns.

______3. A man who helped to spread Christianity by travel- ing through the Roman world and writing about Christian teachings.

______4. Punishing a group because of its religious beliefs.

______5. People who die for their religious beliefs.

______6. Languages that developed from Latin.

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COMPREHENSION AND CRITICAL THINKING Read each of the following groups of sentences, and put them in sequence in the blanks provided.

1. ___, ___, ___, ___ a. A barbarian general names himself king of Italy, bringing an end to the western Roman Empire. b. Augustus becomes the first emperor of the Roman Empire. c. Diocletian divides the Roman Empire in half. d. The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, bringing an end to the eastern Roman Empire.

REVIEWING THEMES Using the themes listed below, determine which is identified by each statement.

Themes technology and society and geography politics economics religion innovation culture

______1. Corrupt officials helped to bring about the decline of the Roman Empire.

______2. The Romans developed new materials and designs that helped create architectural advances.

REVIEW ACTIVITY: JEOPARDY-STYLE GAME Working with a partner or a small group, create a game based on the TV show Jeopardy. In Jeopardy, the game show host states an answer and the players respond by asking a question. For example, the host could say “Christianity.” A player could respond, “What religion did Jesus of Nazareth start?” Create a list of key words, terms, and names described in the chapter. This list will be the “answers.” For each “answer,” create a list of matching questions. Develop rules, a point system, and a method for keeping score. If possible, play the game with your classmates. Include at least 12 words and matching questions. Following are a few ideas to help you get started. rulers people religions achievements empires warriors beliefs languages events customs politics literature

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MULTIPLE CHOICE

______1. After Caesar’s rule, Octavian ______5. Which of the following best a. persuaded Cleopatra to describes why many people become Rome’s ally. became followers of Jesus? b. worked to capture Caesar’s a. He traveled and taught killers. them about his ideas. c. established new trade b. They read what he wrote routes. in the Bible. d. battled Gaul again. c. The emperor ordered them to follow Jesus. ______2. Roman roads were built d. The Torah told them to primarily in order to allow follow a man named Jesus. a. senators to get to the Senate. ______6. The Roman Empire fell for b. Rome’s armies to travel all of the following reasons through the empire. except c. merchants to travel safely. a. disease. d. slaves to travel into the b. lack of leadership. countryside. c. increased taxes. d. corruption. ______3. Which of the following is the main reason why the Roman ______7. Which word best describes language spread to the the Roman approach to farthest parts of the empire? science and engineering? a. The Romans wrote poetry. a. practical b. The Romans wrote b. experimental speeches. c. majestic c. The Romans established d. original the first school system. d. The Romans conducted business in their language.

______4. The emperor believed that by banning certain Jewish rituals, people would a. fight harder. b. give up Judaism. c. participate in trading. d. participate in the military.

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______8. What effect did the ______10. Which of the following best occupation of Judea have describes why Roman on the Roman Empire? emperors by the end of the a. It brought peace to the AD 100s started giving up regions. land the Roman army b. It allowed traders to track conquered? trade routes. a. They feared the taxes c. It caused the Jews to rebel would be too high. against Roman rule. b. They feared the empire d. It caused the Jews to had become too large to become part of the defend efficiently. government. c. They feared the empire had become too small to ______9. Which of the following best defend efficiently. summarizes an effect the d. They feared the farmers military battles had on would become upset. farming? a. New farming techniques ______11. The Romans frequently made began to develop. payments to the Goths. This b. New crop varieties began system was essentially a way to develop. to prevent the c. There were not enough a. Romans from trading with farmers to grow food. the Goths. d. There were not enough b. Romans from trading with soldiers to fight in the the Huns. army. c. Goths from attacking Rome. d. Goths from farming in the Roman Empire.

______12. What effect did Theodora have on the riots in AD 532? a. She rewrote civil laws. b. She helped the emperor put an end to the uprisings. c. She helped the people in the uprisings achieve their demands. d. She demonstrated in the uprisings herself.

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PRACTICING SOCIAL STUDIES SKILLS Study the information below and answer the question that follows. Christian Holidays For centuries, Christians have honored key events in Jesus’s life. Some of these events inspired holidays that Christians celebrate today. The most sacred holiday for Christians is Easter, which is celebrated each spring. Easter is a celebration of the Resurrection, Jesus’s rising from the dead. Christians usually celebrate Easter by attending church services. Many people also celebrate by dyeing eggs because eggs are seen as a symbol of new life. Another major Christian holiday is Christmas. It honors Jesus’s birth and is celebrated every December 25. Although no one knows on what date Jesus was actually born, Christians have placed Christmas in December since the 200s. Today, people celebrate with church services and the exchange of gifts.

______13. What is one similarity between Christmas and Easter? a. Both were celebrated in ancient Rome. b. Neither is celebrated on the same date every year. c. Both are celebrated in the spring. d. Neither is based on an exact date in history.

COMPLETION

1. Between 58 and 50 BC Julius Caesar conquered nearly all of . (Gaul/Italy)

2. The Romans created lasting structures by using . (arches/aqueducts)

3. The tells about the life and teachings of Jesus. (Old Testament/New Testament)

4. Romans called the capital of the eastern empire . (Constantinople/Byzantium)

5. Most people in the Byzantine Empire spoke . (Latin/Greek)

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TRUE/FALSE

______1. Caesar took the title princeps, or “first citizen.”

______2. People who were conquered by the Romans were generally allowed to worship whatever gods they pleased.

______3. Early Christians spread the teachings of Jesus only among Jews.

______4. Early Christians believed that the Resurrection meant that Jesus was the Messiah.

______5. By the end of the AD 100s, the only threats to the Roman Empire came from outside of the empire.

MATCHING Match each item with the correct statement.

______1. A person who is a public speaker a. provinces

______2. Outlying areas that Rome controlled b. Cicero

______3. A word that means “God’s chosen one” in c. disciples Hebrew d. Pax Romana ______4. A person who dies for his or her religious beliefs e. corruption

______5. The decay of people’s values f. orator

______6. A legal system based on a written code g. Christianity of laws h. apostles ______7. A famous Roman poet i. Messiah ______8. A religion that began in the first century AD j. civil law ______9. People who follow the teachings of another person k. martyr ______10. Punishing a group because of its beliefs l. persecution

m. Ovid

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SHORT ANSWER 1. Why was Julius Caesar killed?

2. How did Roman conquests help trade?

3. Why did Hadrian ban some Jewish rituals?

4. Why is the cross a symbol of Christianity?

5. What was the result of Justinian’s changes to Roman laws?

6. What is one similarity between the dates on which Christmas and Easter are celebrated?

7. Why do some people celebrate Easter by dyeing eggs?

5408_MSH_ChapTest_C11.indd 162 4/18/05 12:49:40 PM Name Class Date Rome and Christianity Biography Cicero c. 106–43 BC

WHY HE MADE HISTORY Cicero translated many ideas and words from Greek into Latin. As a result, Latin became the language known for intellectual communication.

As you read the biography below, think about how Cicero’s intelligence and dedication to language helped change history.

Cicero (SIS-uh-roh) was a statesman in Rome. He was best known for his orations, which he also wrote down. Cicero’s writings made him one of the VOCABULARY most respected and influential writers in Rome. oration a formal speech, By the time he died, Cicero had written more than often given for a ceremony 100 orations. or special occasion Cicero was born in Italy to middle-class parents. He studied many subjects in school, including law, rhetoric, philosophy, and literature. Cicero visited Rome, Athens, and Rhodes. At Athens, Cicero studied with Titus Pomponius Atticus, who became a lifelong friend. Cicero wrote many letters, a large number of which still exist. Cicero wrote letters to his brother, to his friend Atticus, and even to Brutus (one of Julius Caesar’s assassins). Cicero’s letters reveal much about Roman life in his time. Cicero also contributed to language by translating ideas and technical terms from Greek into Latin. He improved Latin so much that it became an international language for centuries to come.

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Politically, Cicero was very vocal. While serving in the Roman Senate, he strongly opposed Caesar. Cicero called on Romans to limit the power of the generals and give control of the government back to the Senate. When Caesar was assassinated, Cicero applauded his death. But loyal supporters of Caesar did not tolerate Cicero’s opposition. Cicero was banished from Rome in 58 BC because of his political views. Cicero returned to Rome in 57 BC. Marc Antony and Cicero were enemies. The second triumvirate—Octavian, Lepidus, and Marc Antony—were all supporters of Caesar. The three disapproved of Cicero’s political beliefs, and Antony included Cicero’s name on a list of condemned Romans. Cicero was killed in 43 BC.

WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. What subjects did Cicero study?

2. Contrast How is politics different in America today than in Rome during Cicero’s time?

ACTIVITY 3. Think about Cicero and his writings. Write a letter to a friend or family member describing what you have learned about Cicero.

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Christianity spread quickly. This was due in part to Paul of Tarsus, who traveled throughout the Roman world spreading Christian teachings. He traveled on the road networks that connected areas of the Roman Empire. One hundred years after Jesus’s death, thousands of Christians lived in the Roman Empire. Over time, Christianity became so popular that the emperor made it Rome’s official religion.

Christian areas, AD 300 Christian areas, AD 400 Boundary of Roman Empire, AD 395

0 250 500 Miles

0 250 500 Kilometers

MAP ACTIVITY 1. On the map, label the city of Rome. 2. Use a light color to highlight the boundary of the Roman Empire.

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3. On the map, label Africa. 4. On the map, label the Mediterranean Sea. 5. Update the map legend to reflect the colors you added to the map.

ANALYZING MAPS 1. Place Which major areas showed Christian influence between AD 300 and 400?

2. Location What river in Egypt had Christian areas by 400?

3. Place During what period did Christianity spread to Spain?

4. Region Why might an emperor of Rome make Christianity Rome’s official religion?

5. Movement Why might the construction of the roads have been so important to the spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire?

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Name Class Date Rome and Christianity Biography Marc Antony c. 82–30 BC

WHY HE MADE HISTORY Marc Antony was a Roman general and supporter of Julius Caesar. He was a part of the Second Trium- virate that ruled Rome after Caesar’s death.

As you read the biography below, think about how Marc Antony’s loyalty to Caesar helped him make decisions for Rome.

Marc Antony was born Marcus Antonius. His father died while Antony was very young. He and his brothers were raised by their mother. VOCABULARY Antony studied rhetoric, but proved his worth eulogy a speech or tribute to Rome with his courage and skills as a cavalry given for someone who commander. has died Antony was a supporter of Caesar. When Caesar became dictator of Rome, Antony served under him as “master of the horse.” No matter what conflicts occurred, Marc Antony remained loyal to Caesar. When Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Antony fled Rome dressed as a slave because he was afraid that Caesar’s supporters would also be killed. Antony returned to Rome to give Caesar’s eulogy. The Romans were so moved by Antony’s speech that they rose up against Caesar’s killers. Marc Antony formed an alliance with two other important Romans, Lepidus and Octavian. This group divided the Roman Empire among themselves. Antony took the eastern provinces. Marc Antony traveled to Egypt to see Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, in 41 BC. Antony and Cleopatra became lovers. Antony borrowed money from Egypt and built an army. His goal was to subdue tribes in Armenia. Antony’s first attempt was disastrous. Around 38 BC, Antony invaded Armenia again and

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was successful. Antony and his soldiers returned to Egypt and celebrated the victory. During the celebration, Antony announced that he was ending his alliance with Octavian. He also proclaimed that his and Cleopatra’s children would rule over various kingdoms around Egypt. This made Antony very unpopular in Rome. Antony divorced his wife, who was Octavian’s sister, to be with Cleopatra. Octavian saw this as an insult both to his sister and to himself. In 31 BC, Octavian sent the Roman navy to Egypt to attack Antony. Antony’s fleet was defeated at the Battle of Actium. Antony escaped back to Egypt, where he and Cleopatra both committed suicide so they wouldn’t become Octavian’s prisoners.

WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. What were two things that Marc Antony did?

2. Draw Conclusions Why do you think Marc Antony lost influence in Rome?

ACTIVITY 3. Create a timeline on a separate sheet of paper. Using what you have learned about Marc Antony, make a list of events that took place in his life in the order that they occurred.

5381_MSH_Biography_Ch11a.indd 7 4/1/05 12:34:29 PM Name Class Date Rome and Christianity Biography Saint Peter c. ?–64

WHY HE MADE HISTORY Peter was an Apostle of Jesus of Nazareth. He was a leader of the Christian community and Roman Catholics consider him to be the first head of the church.

As you read the biography below, think about how Peter’s faith led him to be the first to publicly preach Christianity.

Saint Peter was born Simon in Bethsaida, Palestine. His family was Jewish. His father was named Jonas VOCABULARY and his brother was Andrew. Andrew and Peter were Apostles the twelve chosen later to become two of Jesus’s Apostles in Jerusalem. disciples of Jesus Peter and Andrew were fisherman near the Sea of Resurrection Jesus’s rise Galilee, along with a man named Philip. It was then from death that they met Jesus, who asked the three of them to travel with him. Peter became one of Jesus’s most loyal and trusted companions. Jesus gave him the name of Peter, which means the “rock” in Greek. In the New Testament of the Bible, Peter appears to be a leader of the other disciples. Jesus refers to Peter as the rock upon which he will build his church. Roman Catholics believe that this means that Jesus chose Peter to be the head of his church, and that the pope is the successor of Peter. However Protestants believe that Jesus intended for his church to be founded based on Peter’s strong faith in him. While the two churches may disagree on this issue, they both agree that Peter was the leader of the early Christian movement.

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According to the Gospels, Peter drew his sword to defend Jesus when the Romans arrested Jesus after the Last Supper. But that same night, Peter is said to have denied three times that he knew Jesus, just as Jesus had predicted that he would. After the Resurrection, Jesus is said to have appeared to Peter in a vision. Peter then became the first man to publicly preach Christianity. He led the other disciples in spreading the teachings of Jesus. Later in his life, Peter and his wife left Jerusalem to go on a missionary journey. According to Christian tradition, Peter became the first bishop of Antioch in Syria, and was the first bishop of Rome. He is believed to have died as a martyr during the persecution of Christians in Rome by the Emperor Nero sometime around 64. Years after he died, a shrine that supposedly contained Peter’s remains was built in Rome. Christians visited his shrine to honor him. Saint Peter’s Basilica stands on that site today.

WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. For what is Saint Peter known?

2. Sequence In what order did the events of Peter’s life occur?

ACTIVITY 3. Think about what you have read about Saint Peter. Using an encyclopedia or another resource, see what you can find out about Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Write a paragraph describing what you find.

5381_MSH_Biography_Ch11b.indd 9 4/1/05 12:35:11 PM Name Class Date Rome and Christianity Literature Tales from Ovid by Ted Hughes

ABOUT THE READING The tale of Atalanta VOCABULARY is a story told within the myth of “Venus and oracle any person thought Adonis,” written by the great Roman poet of as having great wisdom Ovid. Ovid’s collection of 250 myths titled Metamorphoses is considered to be his suitors people who court greatest work. others deterrent something that discourages As you read the passage below, pay attention to foregone inevitable; the mythological elements of the story. already determined ATALANTA

“Once the greatest runner was a woman—so swift When reading, pay attention to She outran every man. the punctuation for the correct phrasing. Don’t pause until you It is true. She could and she did. reach a period or comma. But none could say which was more wonderful— The swiftness of her feet or her beauty.

“‘When this woman questioned the oracle About her future husband The god said: ‘Atalanta, Stay clear of a husband. Marriage is not for you. Nevertheless

“‘You are fated to marry. This myth contains a riddle. What And therefore fated, sooner or later, to live do you think it means? Yourself but other.’ The poor girl, Pondering this riddle, alarmed, Alerted, alone in a thick wood,

“Stayed unmarried. The suitors who kept at her stubbornly She met With a fearful deterrent: ‘You can win me,’ she told them,

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“‘Only if you can outrun me. That is to say, if you will race against me. Whoever wins that race—he is my husband. Whoever loses it—has lost his life. This is the rule for all who dare court me.’

“Truly she had no pity. But the very ferocity Of this grim condition of hers Only lent her beauty headier power— Only made her suitors giddier.

“Hippomenes watched the race. ‘What fool,’ he laughed, ‘would wager life itself Simply to win a woman— With a foregone conclusion against him? This is a scheme to rid the world of idiots.’ ...... Hippomenes was overcome by “But her father, and the crowd, demanded the race. Atalanta’s beauty and had fallen And Hippomenes was already praying: ‘O Venus, in love with her. You gave me this great love—now let me keep it.’

ANALYZING LITERATURE 1. Main Idea Why does Atalanta run against her suitors?

2. Critical Thinking: Making Predictions Do you think Hippomenes will win the race against Atalanta? Why or why not?

3. Activity Imagine that you are a sports writer covering the race between Hippomenes and Atalanta. Write an article about who you favor to win the big race. Remember to support your opinion with facts from the myth.

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