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Vendetta in Koper 1686 1686 Darko Darovec Darko Darovec Vendetta in Koper in Koper Vendetta Vendetta in Koper 1686 1686 FAIDA. Feud and blood feud between customary law and FAIDA. Feud and blood feud between customary law and legal process in medieval and early modern Europe. The legal process in medieval and early modern Europe. The case of Upper-Adriatic area. This research was supported case of Upper-Adriatic area. This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme, Grant 7th European Community Framework Programme, Grant Agreement Number 627936. Cena: 23,00 € Agreement Number 627936. 2018-02-05 Darovec_Vendetta in Koper 1686.indd 1 5. 02. 2018 13:59:18 DARKO DAROVEC VENDETTA IN KOPER 1686 ANNALES PRESS Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko Società storica del Litorale KOPER 2018 DARKO DAROVEC: Vendetta in Koper 1686 © 2018 The Historical Society of Southern Primorska of Koper / Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, Koper ISBN: 978-961-6732-40-6 Collection / Zbirka: Library Annales Majora / Knjižnica Annales Majora Editor / Urednica: Urška Lampe Reviewers / Recenzenta: Furio Bianco, Darja Mihelič Language editing / Lektor: Urška Lampe, Angelika Ergaver Translation / Prevod: Angelika Ergaver, Urška Lampe Design / Oblikovanje: Mateja Oblak Image on the cover / Slika na naslovnici: Modified image: Vittore Carpaccio,The entran- ce of Sebastiano Contarini in the Cathedral of Koper, 1516, oil on canvas, 205x154 cm, Civico Museo Sartorio, Trieste. The reproduction of the image in Pokrajinski muzej Koper, photographer Jernej Filipčič (Published with the permission of Pokrajinski muzej Koper) Publishing house / Založnik: Annales Press / Založba Annales, The Historical Society of Southern Primorska of Koper / Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, Koper Printed by / Tisk: Grafis trade d.o.o. Copies / Naklada: 100 This publication is available in electronic format at: www.zdjp.si FAIDA. Feud and blood feud between customary law and legal process in medieval and early modern Europe. The case of Upper-Adriatic area. This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th Euro- pean Community Framework Programme, Grant Agreement Number 627936. INDEX 1. VENDETTA IN KOPER 1686 .............................................................................. 1 Homicide ................................................................................................................ 2 Reconciliation ........................................................................................................ 5 Vendetta .................................................................................................................. 12 The end of the conflict? .......................................................................................... 24 Leandro’s testament ............................................................................................... 30 2. BLOOD FEUD AS GIFT EXCHANGE: THE RITUAL OF HUMILIATION IN THE CUSTOMARY SYSTEM OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION ............................................................................ 31 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 31 A system of generalized exchange and a system of resolving conflicts ................. 33 The role of humiliation in public rituals ................................................................ 43 The humiliation of socially equals and unequals ................................................... 47 Humiliation within the montenegrin custom of conflict resolution ....................... 52 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 58 3. TURPITER INTERFECTUS. THE SEIGNEURS OF MOMIANO AND PIETRAPELOSA IN THE CUSTOMARY SYSTEM OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISTRIA ............ 61 The vendetta ........................................................................................................... 61 The expansion of Koper in the 13th Century ......................................................... 62 The patriarch, the count, the vassals and the city of Venice ................................... 64 The feud and the vendetta ...................................................................................... 68 Conflict resolution .................................................................................................. 73 The Istrian war ....................................................................................................... 91 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 93 4. CUSTOM AND LAW ............................................................................................ 97 Legislation and legal procedures ............................................................................ 98 Faciamus vindictam ............................................................................................... 100 The 1495 Perpetual Imperial Peace ....................................................................... 102 The Venetian Council of Ten .................................................................................. 106 5. THE LANGUAGE OF VENGEANCE: A GLOSSARY OF ENMITY AND PEACE (authors: Darko Darovec, Angelika Ergaver & Žiga Oman) .......... 115 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 115 State of the art: an outline ...................................................................................... 116 Terminological conundrums .................................................................................. 121 Vengeance as relationship: the custom’s structure ................................................ 125 Glossary ................................................................................................................. 139 6. ANNEX: Documents of the Case del Bello – del Tacco – Gravisi, Koper 1683-1686 ................................................................................................... 147 7. SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................... 179 VENDETTA IN KOPER 1686 Koper (Capodistria). Republic of Venice. Sunday, September 5th 1683. An assembly of Maggior consiglio in the presence of 118 councillors, the respected podestà also attended the meeting and by voting, the following resolutions were confi rmed: Proveditori alli Viveri: Michiel Gavardo P. 97, C. 14 Zannetto Almerigotto P. 94, C. 18 Dr. Francesco Petronio P. 100, C. 16 Deputati al Conciero delle Strade: Dr. Bortolo Petronio P. 74, C. 33 Co: Marin Borisi P. 65, C 45 Dr. Nicolò del Tacco P. 62, C. 34 Zuanne Ingaldeo P. 63, C. 27 Dr Olimpo Gavardo P. 56, C. 34 Dr. Elio Belgramoni P. 55, C. 32 Fabio Almerigotto P. 65, C. 38 This is the record of a meeting of the Koper's city council (Maggior Consiglio; AAMC, 559, 195), that took place in the Praetorian Palace: nothing unusual. The city councillors divided the city functions that were a vital source of income for all Koper's noble men among the members of aristocracy in accordance to customary procedure that has been in practice in the government of the city for at least fi ve centuries. However, this meeting was not at all as common as it seems from this scarce report. A harsh verbal altercation took place in the meeting between Dr. Nicolò del Tacco and Dr. Giuliano del Bello who at the time held an important function of the city mayor (Sindaco Proveditore), the supreme function of the autonomous city government. The only higher function was held by the podestà and captain of Koper, who was elected by the Great council of Venice every 16 months, and sent to Koper as the supreme judge, military and administrative governor. Both were also representatives of the ancient Capodistrian families (at least from 15th century; comp. de Totto, 1937; Stancovich, 1829) and holders of the title Ser, although there were approximately 15 families with the title of counts and only one family, the Gravisi, held the title of marquise. Both graduated at the University of Padua (comp. Sitran Rea, 1995) and therefore proudly held the academic title Dr. (that was common for the graduates of law and medicine). The dispute expanded with interference of Domenico del Bello, the older uncle of Giuliano, who was otherwise known as a calm and wise citizen. The core of the dispute 1 VENDETTA IN KOPER 1686 was the division of the communal jobs, the entire situation ultimately tilted when the Sindaco Giuliano del Bello suggested a new project for the commune. Perhaps the fruit of the several hours lasting disput was ultimately giving the function of the Deputat al Conciero delle Strade to Nicolò del Tacco. This function brought substantial income, as there were seven councillors holding this position. However, the rivalry for communal functions was not fatal for the following events. There was enmity1 between families Del Tacco and Del Bello brewing in the background. Ottavio del Bello married Cecilia, daughter of late Carlo del Tacco (Venturini, 1906, 329). Can we call this a forbidden love, the Koper's Romeo and Juliet? Or was it rather the case of complications around paying out the dowry? Was it the case of violation of prenuptial agreement?2 At this point, the questions remain on the level of hypothesis,
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