Index 629

INDEX

A

Abbreviations, 6 Abu Musa Island, 36, 56, 68, 279 Achille Lauro (Italy), 128, 140 Acknowledgments, 2 Acronyms, 6 Aggression. See also Armed Attack; Blockade, Law of; Crimes Against Peace; Law of War; Self-Defense; Warships. Definition, 116-17 (armed attack), 119, 122 Definition of Aggression Resolution, 116, 138 Ships & Shipping, 57, 118-20 United Nations Action, 163 United Nations Charter, 112-13 Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). See High Seas. Airspace Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs), 410. See also High Seas. Contiguous Zone, 410. See also Law of the Sea. High Seas, 128,256,355,410-11. See also High Seas. Iran, 58 Libya, 128, 148 Saudi Arabia, 53 Self-Defense Zones (SDZs), 398. See also High Seas. Territorial Sea, 116,261,263,277,355,390,398,410. See also Law of the Sea. AI-Muharaq (Kuwait), 55 Amoco Cadiz (U.S.), 553 Anticipatory Self-Defense. See Self-Defense. ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Pact), 132, 134,624 Arab League, 40, 52-53, 55, 66, 72, 133, 135, 173, 179, 60S, 621, 622. Jordan and Egypt (history), 124 Kuwait (history), 34 Arab-Israeli Conflict, 113 Security Council, 164-66 ARAMCO (Arabian-American Oil Company), 35, 274 Archipelagic Waters, 279-81, 358, 391,418,491,493,505,554 Argentina, 119, 129, 154, 170, 185,255,404-408. See also Falklands/Malvinas War (1982). Defense Zone, 129 Armed Attack. See also Aggression. Definition, 116-17 Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Pact (ANZUS). See ANZUS. Aviation, 71,129,283,305,399,416,425,482. See also Civil Aviation; International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

B

Balaou (France), 277 Belligerency, 136, 185-86, 189, 194. See also Non-Belligerency. Biological Weapons. See Weapons. Bismarck (Germany), 154,375 Index 630

Blockade, Law of, 112, 118, 122, 127, 134, 138-39, 159, 166-67, 182, 188, 349, 381, 385, 389-93, 398, 403,407,409,411,418,421,426,430,432-33,436,614-15. See also Aggression; Law of Naval Warfare; Security Council; United Nations Charter. Boundaries Africa, 620 Baselines, 267 Continental Shelf, 256, 258, 493 Iran, 252 Iran-Iraq, 36, 611 Japan (war zone), 403 Saudi Arabia, 251 Bubiyan Island, 47,51,69 c

Canada, 510, 620 Carter Doctrine, 39, 50, ISO Carter, Jimmy, 44 Ceasefire, 33, 72-73, 605. See also Peacekeeping; Peacemaking. CENTCOM. See United States Central Command. C.H. White Claim, 248 Chemical Weapons. See Weapons. China, People's Republic of, 51, 55, 59,67,69,72, 133,164,176,261,272,275-76,482,553,557,620 Citations, 6 Civic Order (claims and compensation), 107 Civil and Political Rights Covenant, 558 Civil Aviation, IS, 71, 305. See also Aviation; International Civil Aviation Organization. Civil War, The (U.S.), 295 Civilian Targets. See Targets. Claims and Compensation Civic Order, 107 Public Order, 107 Clemenceau (France), 33, 64 Cold War, 130, 135-36, 154, 178,408,535,555,605,620-24 Conqueror (U.K.), 404 Contiguous Zone. See Law of the Sea. Continental Shelf. See Law of the Sea. Conventional Weapons. See Weapons. Conventional Weapons Convention (1980),178,354,529-30,532-35,555,559,619 Environment, 529 Convoys, 148-51, 156-57,284,297-303,360-72,388,399-401,414,430-35, 502, 612-13. See also Merchant Ships; Neutrality; Ships & Shipping; Warships. Belligerents, 365-82, 385, 419,613 Deception, 425, 428, 613, 618. See also Ruses & Perfidy. France, 69, 146 Iran, 46, 48,143,268,387,417,481 United Kingdom, 51, 146 United States, 33, 57, 59-67,72-73,146,184,193,298,388,394,605 Cordon Sanitaire, 147, ISO, 163,398,404,433,622. See also Self-Defense. Corfu Channel Case, 113, 124, 157 Crimes Against Peace, 131 United Nations Charter, 113 C.s.S. Alabama (Confederate), 295 Index 631

Cultural Property Convention (1954), 160,484,506-07,510-11,524,533,555,619_ See also Environment_

D

Deception_ See Ruses & Perfidy. Defensive Sea Area (U.K.), 129. See also High Seas, Self-Defense Zones. Definition of Aggression Resolution, 116, 138 Dispute Settlement Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, 120

E

EEZ. See Law of the Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone. Egypt, 39,42,47,54,56,59, 124-227, 139, 165,510 Eilat (Israel), 59,126,127,139 Elsa Cat (Denmark), 46, 143 Environment, 37-38,40,48,65,76,78,129,130,242-45,251,253,259, 266, 286, 298, 376,437, 481-604,615,618-19,625 Human Right (right to clean environment), 558 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 539 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, 486-99 Marine, 76, 129,244-45,286,376,481-604,618-19 Nares Oilfield Bombing, 48 Persian Gulf, 37 San Remo Manual, 536-38, 540 United Nations Charter, 485 Environmental Modification (ENMOD) Convention (1977), 500, 512 European Community (EC), 40, 135-36 Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 72 European Economic Community (EEC), 605 Exclusion Zone. See Maritime Exclusion Zones. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). See Law of the Sea.

F

Falklands/Malvinas War (1982), 119, 129, 135-36, 140, 153-55, 158, 170, 173, 185,398,400,404,406, 408-09,412-13,433-34,507,527,607,611,623 Farsi Island, 56, 68 Fisheries, 162-63,247-55,261,525. See also High Seas. Persian Gulf, 302 Fisheries Case, 261 Flagging. See Merchant Ships; Ships & Shipping; Warships. Force Majeure, 262, 276-77, 282-83, 349, 376, 491 France, 49, 55, 142. See also Clemenceau; Vile Daggers. Algeria, 110, 125,403 Convoys,69,146 Iran (diplomatic relations), 72 Iraq (weapons sales), 47, 50-51 Merchant Ships, 57, 63,144,146. See also Convoys. Neutrality, 42, 185 Index 632

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 69-70 Persian Gulf History, 33-34, 36-37 Suez Canal, 125 Territorial Sea, 260 United Nations, 67,173,176 Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight. See Law of the Sea; United Nations.

G

General Assembly, 109-12, 130-33, 187-92,241,349,485-87,533-35,554-55 Peace and Security (rulemaking), 175-78 Rhodesia, 167, 170 General Belgrano (Argentina), 129,404,406 Geneva Conventions (1949),49,160,166,178,180,189,193,299,349,421, 434, 484, 500, 506, 508, 512,516,521,532,535-36,556-57,619,624 Environment, 506, 516 Protocol I, 160, 180,296-97,352,369,375,386,484,500,512,516-32, 535, 546, 555, 619 Protocol II, 180,516 Geneva Gas Protocol (1925), 64,172,178,193,353,484,505,534,535,541,555,619 Genocide Convention (1948), 506, 555 Germany (F.R.G.), 37, 43,59,67-70,138,158,183 Grave Breach, 422, 507 Group of Seven, 605, 622 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 34,44-78,132-35,142,145,171-73,179-80,268,605-07,621-22 Establishment, 34, 44-47 Freedom of Navigation, 72 Gulfof Maine Case (1984), 258 Gulf of Oman, 37, 38, 50, 56, 58, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 251, 255 Gulf Maritime Exclusion Zone, 41, 47-48,50-51,142,394. See also High Seas, Self-Defense Zones; Maritime Exclusion Zones. Cultural Property Convention (1954), 160,484,506-07,510-11,524,533,555,619. See also Environment.

H

Hague Conventions (1899),13,500,504,506-07,554 Hague Conventions (1907),13,166,260,365,418,484,500,504,506,535,538, 554, 619 Hague Cultural Property Convention (1954). See Cultural Propeny Convention. Helsinki Principles on Maritime Neutrality (1998),14,360,364,368,385 Herzog, Chaim, 74 High Seas, 245-52. See also Fisheries; Law of the Sea. Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ), 54, 57, 394,410-15,433,615-16 Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 302 Ocean Zones (humanitarian), 394, 412-13, 538, 615 Self-Defense Zones, 394-402, 413, 433, 615. See also Maritime Exclusion Zones. Straits, 279-80 Visit and Search. See Merchant Ships. War Zones, 47, 52, 56,67,141,142,394,396,398,403-09,411,413-14,418, 433, 488, 615 H.M.S. Norfolk (U.K.), 34 H.M.S. Scylla (U.K.), 67 H.M.s. Sheffield (U.K.), 140 H.M.s. Wild Goose (U.K.), 34 Index 633

Hot Pursuit, 251, 261, 264. See also Law of the Sea, Contiguous Zone. Human Rights, 108,374,558,619 Environment, 558 Humanitarian Law, 49, 53, 57, 64, 143, 159, 172-73, 191, 193-94,349,351,373,375,378-79,382,384, 389,391,393-94,409,412,421-24,434-35,485,488,506, 509, 533, 539, 557-58, 613, 615, 617-18, 624 Ocean Zones, 394,412-13,538,615. See also High Seas. Rescue and Repatriation, 422-23

India Pakistan, 126, 131, 138, 170,620 Indian Ocean, 37-39, 44, 47,49, 155,246,279 Individual Responsibility. See Self-Defense. Innocent Passage, 278. See also Straits. Territorial Sea, 251 Internal & Inland Waters, 128,262,269-78,282,355-65,380,391,410,419,491-93, 496, 506, 511, 518. See also Law oCthe Sea, Territorial Sea. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 15,241,283,410,411 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 166, 171, 178, 180-81,297,299,361,363,391, 412,428,434,483,536,539-40,555-57,559,618,624. See also Red Crescent. Environment, 539 Guidelines, 540 International Court ofJustice, 15,484 International Humanitarian Law, 49, 53, 57, 64, 172-73,409,485 International Law. See also Law of Treaties; Legal Trends; United Nations Charter. Enforcement by United Nations, 178-79 Jus Ad Bellum, 160,353,538 Jus Cogens, 123, 145, 149, 159, 189,241,245,253,259,302,349,401,423,487,499,535,541-44, 558,606 Lex Specialis, 245 Sources, 6-28, 189-91 International Organizations, 6,77, 112,294,349,490,542,550,623,625. See also ANZUS; Arab League; Nongovernmental Organizations; North American Treaty Organization; United Nations; Western European Union International Straits. See Straits. IranAJR (Iran), 63, 75,146,151-52,156,193,254,298,301,351,364,416, 420, 422-23, 434, 482, 497, 502,524,617 Italy, 36-37,42,59,63,69-71,144,153,173,183,260,363,620-21 Ivan Koroteav (Soviet Union), 60

J

James Hamilton Lewis Claim, 248 Japan, 33, 36, 40, 53, 59, 70, 73, 138, 153, 171,249-50,403,624 Jefferson, Thomas, 272 Joanna V(Greece), 167 Jurisdiction, 248-252,291-294,429,491-92 Criminal, 260, 263-64 Index 634

K

Kate and Anna Claim, 248 Kharg Island, 47, 51, 56, 68, 389, 432 Korean War, 124, 130, 134, 164, 173-76, 184, 188, 390,403,623 Security Council, 164

L

Law of Armed Conflict, 349-480, 610. See also Geneva Conventions; Hague Conventions; Law of Naval Warfare; Self-Defense. Environment, 484, 559 Ruses. See Ruses & Perfidy. United Nations Charter, 241, 533 Law of Naval Warfare, 241, 349, 352, 355-56, 362, 388-89. See also Blockade, Law of. Environment, 499, 537 High Seas, 355. See also High Seas. Merchant Ships, 365 Ruses. See Ruses & Perfidy Spatial Dimension, 355-56, 429, 610 Territorial Waters, 355 Visit and Search. See Merchant Ships. Law of the Sea, 241-348, 609. See also Law of Naval Warfare; Law of the Sea Conventions. Archipelagic Waters. See Archipelagic Waters. Contiguous Zone, 268, 303. See also Hot Pursuit. Continental Shelf, 255-56, 259, 302. See also Boundaries. Environment, 486-99 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 302 Straits, 279-80 Fisheries. See Fisheries; High Seas, Fisheries. Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 252-54, 304, 355, 358 High Seas. See High Seas. History, 241 Internal Waters. See Internal & Inland Waters. Law of Armed Conflict, 191-94,241-44,484,496 Ports, 269. See also Internal & Inland Waters. Roadsteads, 269-70, 504 Straits. See Straits. Territorial Sea, 260-68 Airspace. See Airspace. Persian Gulf, 303 United Nations Charter, 241 Law of the Sea Conventions, 191-94,241-46,496 1982 Convention, 244-45, 486-99 Law of Armed Conflict, 191-94,241-44,484,496 Marine Environment, 489, 498. See also Environment, Marine. Law of Treaties, 107, 112, 114, 119, 121, 123, 189-90,243,349,488,497,558,618-19. See also International Law; United Nations Charter. Interpretation, 115, 118 Pacta Sunt Servanda, 190, 194, 243,489,536 Succession of States, 189-91 War, 190-91 Legal Trends, 623-25 Index 635

Libya, 36, 40, 43, 48, 54-55,125-28,140-41,146,151,157,404,420,487,497,501, SIS, 607 Lincoln, Abraham, 272 Lolus Case (1927),121,292

M

Marine Environment. See Environment, Marine. Maritime Exclusion Zones, 47,129,142,394,404-06,611. See also Gulf Maritime Exclusion Zone; High Seas, Self-Defense Zones. Iraq, 47 United Kingdom, 129 Maritime Neutrality. See Neutrality. McDougal, Myres S., 4, 6, 107, 120, 132-33,620 Merchant Ships, 54-75, 116-20, 124-27, 144-51, 192-93,268-76,284-304,354-82,387-409,428-37, 481-82,605-24 Aggression, 118-20 Belligerents, 365,431,613 Contraband, 377, 382-86,432,613 Enemy, 365, 377, 380-88,432 Neutral Flag, 377, 380, 432, 613 Refiagging, 304, 382, 432, 613 Visit and Search, 55, 57, 63, 70,124-25,144,147-48,150,156,182,349,357-64,367,369-70, 372-78,380-81,386-91,394-95,401-03,407,421,428, 430-31, 436,508,607,612,614-15 Mines. See Weapons. Montijo Arbilralion (1905), 292 Muscat Dhows Case (1905), 292

N

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Association. Naval War Code of1900,19,260 Naval War College, 4, 21, 28, 370, 627 Necessity and Proportionality. See Self-Defense. Neutral Flag, 48, 145,361,364-65,370,379,380,388,393-96,421,432,502, 607, 613-14. See also Merchant Ships; Neutrality; Ships & Shipping. Neutral Ports, 51, 303, 362, 387, 392,414,609,613-14. See also Internal & Inland Waters; Neutrality. Neutrality, 42-45, 47,107,136,180-89,191,193-94,243,253,259,261,296, 349, 355, 358, 360-61, 370-71,401,430,538,606,625. See also Neutral Flag; Neutral Ports. Maritime Neutrality, 9, 14, 180-89,261,349,360 Pact of Paris, 181-82 United Nations Action, 186-89 Nicaragua Case (1986),19,113,116,121-24,134,137,138,145,606 Non-Belligerency, 135-36, 181-86, 189, 194,538,606 Nongovernmental Organizations, 166, 180-81, 545, 557. See also International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC); Red Crescent. North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA), 191, 243, 621 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 67, 69-71, 77,135,173,607,622,624 NOTAM (Notice to Airmen), 50, 58, 61,128,137,140,143,163,394,396,399-400,402,413,556, 615. See also NOTMAR; Rules of Engagement; Self-Defense. NOTMAR (Notice to Mariners), 40, 43, 46, 50, 56-57, 61, 67, 394, 396, 406, 413. See also NOTAM; Rules of Engagement; Self-Defense. . Nottebohm Case (1955), 293 Nowruz Attack (1983), 76, 550. See also Environment. Index 636

N uc1ear Weapons. See Weapons. o

Ocean Zones. See High Seas; Humanitarian Law. Oceans Use. See also Law of the Sea. Claims, 245 Oil National Security (U.S.), 33 World Dependence, 36 Operation Market Time (1965), 134,404 Operation Praying Mantis (1988), 69, 71,151 Operation Staunch, 50 Oxford Manual ofNaval War (1913), 500, 503-04, 555

p

Pact of Paris, 121, 123, 130-31, 181-82, 606. See also Self-Defense. Pacta Sunt Servanda. See Law of Treaties. Pakistan India, 126, 131, 138, 170,620 Peace and Security. See United Nations Charter. Peacekeeping,48,109,177,179,297,426,435 Peacemaking, 40, 47, 49, 54, 57,77-78 Perfidy. See Ruses & Perfidy. Persian Gulf, 33-37, 71, 77-78, 108, 162,245-46,251-55,259,267-68,273,278,299-304,362, 405, 429, 483,487,493,496-97,501,549 Environment & Geography, 37 History, 34 Political Trends, 620 Ports, 269, 278. See also Internal & Inland Waters; Law of the Sea. Neutral,303 Prisoners of War, 26, 73, 351, 365, 376, 382, 385, 391,411,434-35 Proportionality. See Self-Defense, Necessity and Proportionality. Protected Places, 157. See also Targets. Public Order Oceans, 107 Pyotr EmtsO'lJ (Soviet), 58, 144

R

Reagan, Ronald, 6, 46, 49 Red Crescent, 63, 65, 297, 422-26, 428, 434-35, 617-18. See also International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). ' Red Sea, 38, 42, 54, 126-27, 155, 304, 420, 481, 487,495-97,515,533,607 Reflagging. See Ships & Shipping. Reprisal, 120, 148, 158-60, 182-86, 189, 192-93, 353-54, 399-400, 403, 421, 509, 517, 522-26, 530, 608 Rescue and Repatriation. See Humanitarian Law. Retorsion. See Self-Defense. Rhodesia, 110, 113, 159, 167-70, 173-74, 179, 187-88,389 R.M.S. Titanic (U.K.), 376, 483 Roadsteads. See Law of the Sea. Romantica, 119 (Italy), 127 (Greece) Index 637

Rules of Engagement, 24, 60-61, 354, 356, 376, 400, 542, 609. See also Self-Defense. Ruses & Perfidy, 349, 352, 356, 364, 424-28, 435-36, 618 Convoys,42S,428,613,618 s

San Remo Manual (1995), 536-37, 540 Sanctions, 44, 67, 113, 124, 129, 154, 159, 165, 169-70, 185,408,608 Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon (1812), 270-71, 277 Seabed Arms Control Treaty, 24, 258 Seawise Giant (Liberia), 71 Security Council, 163, 170-78. See also General Assembly; United Nations. Blockade, 389. See also Blockade, Law of. Self-Defense, 135-37, 141-44, 146-48,356,413. See also Aggression; High Seas, Self-Defense Zones; Rules of Engagement. Anticipatory Self-Defense, 138, 140 No Moment for Deliberation, 157 Collective Self-Defense, 132-35 Gordon Sanitaire, 144 Environment, 546 Individual, 123-29 Individual Responsibility, 160 Inherent Right, 120 Interceptive, 139 Jus Gogens, 123 Necessity and Proportionality, 138, 148-56, 161-62,350-56,429,610 Retorsion, 122, 163, 189-90 Rules of Engagement, 129, 350, 354, 429, 610 Self-Preservation, 161 United Nations, 130-31 Security Council, 137, 163-64 United Nations Charter, 114,606 Visit and Search, 147. See also Merchant Ships. Self-Defense Zones. See High Seas. Self-Determination, 110 Shan AI-Arab Invasion (1980), 37-38, 73,141,171,270,278,304,363,393,421,428,434,605,614, 617 Ships & Shipping, 298, 387, 548. See also Convoys; Merchant Ships; Warships. Aggression, 57,118-19 Chokepoints, 38 Contraband,382 Definition of Ships, 285 Enemy, 380 Nationality, 285, 291 Oil,36 Reflagging, 59-67, 298, 304, 362-63, 380, 382, 388, 426, 432, 613 Registration, 294, 363, 426 Rescue and Repatriation. See Humanitarian Law. SaLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), 25, 283, 292-93, 553 Sovereignty, 247-52. See also Law of the Sea, Territorial Sea. Self-Defense, 121, 147 Soviet Union, 36, 76 Spatial Dimension. See Law of Naval Warfare. Index 638

S.S. Bridgeton, 62 S.S. Hercules, 119, 129,405,407-08 S.S. Mayaguez, II7, II9, 128 S.S. Sea Isle City, 65-66, 146, 156,481 S.S. Texaco Caribbean, 62 S.S. Venus Challenger, 119, 127, 140 S.S. Virginius, 291-92 Strait ofHormuz, 36-38, 50, 56, 58-59, 61-64, 67-68, 71, 76,155,254,269,278-82,284,299,303-05, 356,362,394,414,420,434,496,605,609,612,617 Straits, 41, 56, 64,125,157,244-46,262,269,278-85,296-98,304-06,355-60, 362, 392, 394, 398-99, 408-10,413-14,418-20,430,436,491-92,554,605,609, 612, 617, 624 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 279-80 High Seas, 279-80 Innocent Passage, 278 Suez Canal, 37-38, 124-25, 165, 175-76, 304 Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 34 Syria, 33-34, 40-41, 43, 46-48, 55, 77,125,158,165-66,278,380,388,510

T

Targets, 147, 157,520 Civilian, 49, 143, 171 Environment, 484 Merchant Ships, 145 Protected Places, 157 Territorial Sea. See Law of the Sea. Three-Mile Rule, 249, 260-61, 278, 298, 303-04, 612. See also Law of the Sea, Territorial Sea; Twelve-Mile Rule. Torrey Canyon (Liberia), 161, 553 Treaties, Law o£ See Law of Treaties. Trucial States, 34 Turkey, 42, 46, 50, 55, 59, 72, 76,278,380,388,607,620 Twelve-Mile Rule, 260. See also Law of the Sea, Territorial Sea; Three-Mile Rule. u

Union of Soviet Socialist RepUblics. See Soviet Union. United Arab Emirates (UAE), 42, 44-46, SO, 54, 57-58, 66-67, 70,171,245,252,255-56,264,267, 279-281,285-86,304,387,481,486,505,528 United Kingdom, 34. See also Falklands/Malvinas War (1982). Convoys, 51,146 United Nations. See also International Organizations; United Nations Charter. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 508, 510 Freedom of Navigation, 48 General Assembly. See General Assembly. Regional Arrangements, 178-79 Security Council. See Security Council. Self-Defense, 130-31 United Nations Charter Aggression, 112-13 Blockade, 389. See also Blockade, Law of. Crimes against Peace, 113 Environment, 485 Index 639

Interpretation, 115 Law of Armed Conflict, 241 Law of the Sea, 241 Maritime Environment, 484 Norms, 108-61 Peace and Security, 179 Preamble, 108 Purposes and Principles, 109, III Self-Defense, 132 Self-Defense Zones, 400 United States, 35, 39,76 Convoys. See Convoys, United States. Libya, 140 United States Central Command (CENTCOM), 9, 23, 35, 49 Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF), 23, 39, 46, 49 U.S.S. Halsey, 71 U.S.S. Liberty, 126, 139 U.S.S. Maddox, 134 U.S.S. Pueblo, 126, 153 U.S.S. Raleigh, 65 U.S.S. Samuel B. Roberts, 69,147,254,300,481,523,549 U.S.S. Stark, 59, 305, 481, 523, 549 U.S.S. Turner Joy, 134 U.S.s. Vincennes, 71, 76,147,158,254,285,289,300-01,380,416,427-28,435,608 U.S.S. Wasp, 3 v

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 27, 112, 114, 121, 190 Vietnam, 2, 35, 125, 134-35,404 Ville d'Angers (France), 57, 63,144 Visit and Search. See under Merchant Ships. w

Walker, Rufus H., 3 War of the Cities, 55, 69, 434, 616 War Zones, see under High Seas, 403 Warships Aggression, 119 Convoys, see under Convoys Definition, 295 Reflagging, see also under Ships & Shipping, 304 Nationality, 295 Weapons, 416-17, 419, 434, 616 See also Conventional Weapons Convention; Targets Biological, 416 Chemical, 55, 57, 64, 69, 72,172-73,416 Conventional, 75, 152, 160, 178,245,258,349,354,370,416-17,494-95,529-30, 532-35, 546, 555, 559,619 Mines, 68-73, 146-56,363-64,370,391,393,416-20,434,481-82, 497,500-02,530,616-17 Nuclear, 123, 138-39, 149, 152, 166,258,265-66,275-76,296,416,484,492,525-26,529, 531, 553 Index 640

Western European Union (WEU), 28, 65, 70, 73, 77, 179, 180,622 Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 65 World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention (1972), 511, 541 World War II, 63, 69, 73, 75,110,140,154,184,241,249,298,300,360,369-70,374, 403, 405, 482, 553,556,605,607 y

Yanbu Pride (Saudi Arabia), 51