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Damage Mapping of April 2015 Nepal Earthquake Using Small

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J-Rapid Final Workshop 21 June, 2016, Kathmandu

Inventory mapping of landslides induced by the
Gorkha earthquake 2015 and a proposal for hazard mapping of future landslides for making a plan of better reconstruction

"Impact on infrastructure by Gorkha earthquake 2015 induced landslides"

Masahiro CHIGIRA
Masahiro CHIGIRA

Professor, Disaster Prevention Research Institute,

Professor, Disaster Prevention Research Institute,

Kyoto University

Kyoto University

Vishnu DANGOL
Vishnu DANGOL

Professor, Department of Geology,

Professor, Department of Geology,

Tribhuvan University

Tribhuvan University

Objective

1. to make an inventory mapping on landslides, cracks, and landslide dams

induced by the Nepal earthquake and to

investigate their formative mechanisms
2. to detect displaced areas of slope surfaces,

of which future susceptibility to landslides would be evaluated on the basis of geology,

geomorphology, and groundwater conditions.

3. propose a methodology of hazard mapping for earthquake-induced landslides in Nepal.

Members (Japan side)

1. Masahiro CHIGIRA (Kyoto Univ.) PI Applied Geology 2. Daisuke HIGAKI (Hirosaki Univ.) Landslide control 3. Hiroshi YAGI (Yamagata Univ.) Landslide

susceptibility mapping

4. Akihiko WAKAI (Gunma Univ.) Geotechnical analysis

of landslide

5. Hiroshi, P. SATO (Nihon Univ.) Remote sensing 6. Go, SATO (Teikyo Heisei Univ.) Geomorpholoｇy 7. Ching-Ying, TSOU (Hirosaki Univ.) GIS analysis 8. Akiyo YATAGAI (Res. Inst. Humanity and Nature)

Meteorology

Members (Nepali side)

1. Vishnu DANGOL (Tribhuvan Univ.) PI Applied Geology 2. Smajwal BAJRACHARYA (ICIMOD) Remote sensing 3. Shanmukhesh Chandra AMATYA (DWIDP)

Hydrogeology

4. Tuk Lal ADHIKARI (ITECO-Nepal) Geotechnical

Field survey

• Trishuli River catchment from Trishuli to Syabrubesi (29 October to 1 November, 2015)

• Sun Kosi and Bhote Kosi River catchments from Bansaghu to Kodari. (2 to 4 November, 2015)

• Budhi Gandaki River catchment from
Arughat to Litin (6 and 7 March, 2016)

• Dauradi River catchment from
Jhulunge Bajar to Barpak (7 and 8 March, 2016)

Inventory mapping of landslides

Inventory Complied

Topographic classification

Knickpoint

Data Used

Note Data contributed by METI and NASA

ASTER GDEM

  • Slope break
  • AW3D DEM of JAXA

AW3D DEM derived

Constant Vertical Exaggeration Stereoscopic Map (CVES Map)

Deep-seated landslide

Deep-seated landslide

Stereo-pair aerial photos

CVES Map

Complied by Dr. Go Sato Used for the area not covered by stereo-pair aerial photos

Slope failure with scar

  • The 2015
  • newly formed scar

Pre-earthquake: Google

Earth Imagery (Dec. 12,

2014)

Complied with the reference inventory of the Japan Landslide Society
Earthquakeinduced slope failure enlargement of a preexisting scar

Post-earthquake: Google Earth Imagery (May. 3, 2015) & LANDSAT 8 satellite imagery (June 1, 2015/covering the upstream Trishuli River)

Pre-existing slope failure not enlarged by the earthquake
Presented as points

Geological setting of the affected area

Higher Himalaya

MCT

Lesser Himalaya

Kathmandu

Mapped landslides

6,527 new landslides
558 enlarged landeslides

5,159 (ICIMOD-NELS)

Cumulative landslide frequency and the landslide size

Data added to Chigira et al. (2010, Geomorphology)

What type of landslides occurred?

Shallow disrupted landslides

in most cases

No gigantic landslides like those induced by the 2009 Wenchuan earthquake

Bhote Koshi catchment

Rockfall

400m fall from a slope break Dadakateri

From a river terrace (Kodari)

Cracks

Mostly have not developed after the quake

Cracks on a sharp ridge in Barpak
Cracks on debris slopes (Bhote Koshi catchment)

Large landslides, which had been continually moving

were not reactivated.

Dahlan landslide Mica schist

Where did they occur?

Inner valley

Inner valleys (valley in valley)

Inner valley

Landslides

Inner valley development

Loosening of the valley wall

  • Rapid River incision
  • River Incision

Valley widening

Loosened rock masses have been removed by the shaking

Failure within a landslide body

Trishuli River

Steep infacing-slopes

Slate, Bhote Koshi catchment

Terrace scarps

ghat

Along a road

Before the EQ

Gneiss

Landslides & Geology

(Bhote Koshi catchment)

Schist
Malekhu Limestone

Benighat Slate
Roban phyllite

Dhading Dolomite
Fagfog Quartzite

4 km

Pinkish phyllite
Kuncha F. phyllite

Number of landslides by each geological zone

Occupancy ratio of landslides by each geological zone

500 400 300 200 100
0

Landslides are dominating in areas of gneiss, slate, dolomite, quartzite

Rare in areas of schist, phyllite

Geology & Landslides

Landslides and slope angles

%

Areal ratios of landslides
Landslide numbers

100
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0
250 200 150 100
50
0

Subsequent rainfalls enlarged some landslide scars

Large landslide bodies were not reactivated
(Trishuli River)

The 2015 Earthquakeinduced slope failure

newly formed scar

enlargement of a pre-existing scar

Pre-existing slope failure not enlarged by the earthquake

Deep-seated landslide

InSAR image to detect small displacements on the order of cm

Second (after the EQ) observation
Crustal deformation
First (before the EQ) observation

In the case of LoS shortened, Blue -> Yellow -> Red: The ground was uplifted or close to the satellite

29

http://vldb.gsi.go.jp/sokuchi/sar/index-e.html

Comparing before and after the earethquake
Mixture of noise and crustal displacement, But the red circle shows local surface displacement.

Blue->Red->Yellow, away from the satellite In the red circle

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