Chapter Twelve: Jacksonian America (1815-1840) C o nt e nt s 12.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 526 Learning Outcomes ..............................................................................................527 12.2THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS ..........................................................................528 12.2.1Promoting a Nationalist Vision ....................................................................... 529 Congressional Nationalism ................................................................................. 529 Judicial Nationalism .......................................................................................... 532 Diplomatic Nationalism ......................................................................................533 12.2.2 The Retreat from Nationalist Tendencies ........................................................ 535 Panic of 1819 ................................................................................................... 536 Missouri Compromise ........................................................................................537 The Corrupt Bargain .......................................................................................... 538 12.2.3 Before You Move On... ................................................................................ 540 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 540 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 540 12.3 THE AGE OF THE COMMON MAN .................................................................... 541 12.3.1 The Emergence of Jacksonian Democracy ...................................................... 542 12.3.2 Jackson in Office.... .................................................................................... 544 12.3.3 Indian Removal ......................................................................................... 546 Removal in the South ........................................................................................ 547 Aftermath of Indian Removal .............................................................................. 551 12.3.4 The Nullification Crisis................................................................................ 552 12.3.5 The Bank War ............................................................................................ 555 12.3.6 Before You Move On... ................................................................................ 559 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 559 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 559 12.4THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM ..........................................................................560 12.4.1 Democrats and Whigs ................................................................................. 560 12.4.2 The Trials of Martin Van Buren ..................................................................... 566 12.4.3 The Whigs Triumphant ................................................................................ 567 12.4.4 Before You Move On... ................................................................................ 570 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 570 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 570 12.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................572 12.6 CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES .................................................................. 573 12.7 KEY TERMS ................................................................................................... 574 12.8 CHRONOLOGY ...............................................................................................575 12.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 576 12.10END NOTES ................................................................................................. 577 ANSWER KEY FOR CHAPTER TWELVE: JACKSONIAN AMERICA (1815-1840) ......... 581 Page | 525Page | 525 CHAPTER TWELVE: JACKSONIAN AMERICA (1815-1840) Chapter Twelve: Jacksonian America (1815-1840) 12.1 INTRODUCTION After the War of 1812, a number of significant transformations took place in the United States. Cities became the center of commerce and manufacturing in order to meet the demand for finished goods from the nation’s ever- increasing population. Simultaneously, the countryside became the source for raw materials, launching calls for territorial expansion. The market revolution wove local life together with regional, national, and international developments at a time when American men became more politically active. Between 1816 and 1828, most states stopped tying the right to vote to property ownership. Therefore, the number of white men voting more than doubled. The framers’ vision of a republic led by enlightened elites faded from view as politicians embraced a democracy guided by the will of the people expressed in popular elections. Many leading politicians sought to deal with deficiencies in the nation’s financial and transportation systems exposed by the war. During the Era of Good Feelings, which coincided with James Monroe’s presidency, a new generation of leaders such as John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster committed themselves to a program of nationally-minded growth to further the market revolution. However, a number of tensions in American society emerged to undermine their programs and the unity of the period. Economic, population, and territorial growth resulted in much change; these changes prompted public debates over tariffs, banking, internal improvements, the extension of slavery, and Indian removal. Most Americans supported continued growth, but they differed on the best means to achieve that growth. Their debates laid the groundwork for the emergence of new political parties in the Age of the Common Man, which coincided with Andrew Jackson’s presidency. As Americans divided over the president’s policies, the second party system emerged to replace the first party system. The Democrats supported Jackson’s views on the relationship between the people and their government. They believed the government should reflect the will of the majority and should work to promote the interests of the common citizen. The Whigs preferred the nationalist tendencies of the postwar years because they thought the government played an important role in economic growth. By the early 1840s, most Americans recognized how much the United States had changed economically and socially since the days of the Revolution, and those changes affected their political outlook. Page | 526Page | 526 CHAPTER TWELVE: JACKSONIAN AMERICA (1815-1840) Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, you should be able to: • Describe and analyze the factors that contributed to the Era of Good Feelings, especially the nationalist tendencies of the government and the sectional tensions those tendencies caused. • Explain Andrew Jackson’s democratic vision and analyze the role Jacksonian Democracy played on public policy debates in the 1830s. • Describe the reasons behind the collapse of the first party system and analyze the factors that led to the development of the second party system. • Explain and evaluate the causes of the Panic of 1819, the Missouri Compromise, Indian Removal, the Nullification Crisis, the Bank War, and the Panic of 1837. Page | 527Page | 527 CHAPTER TWELVE: JACKSONIAN AMERICA (1815-1840) 12.2 THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS Marking the end of the War of 1812, the Treaty of Ghent, ushered in an era of heightened nationalism in the United States. Patriotic sentiments ran high as Americans delighted in their “victory” over the British and looked for ways to make their nation even stronger. People all over the country celebrated Virginian James Monroe’s election to the presidency in 1816. Meanwhile, Monroe struck an optimistic tone in his first inaugural address, noting the “present happy condition of the United States” and “the happy Government under which we live.”1 To further promote the happy condition, he launched a goodwill tour to mend the regional divisions that had grown during the war since the New Englanders never really supported the war. In the postwar euphoria, however, the Republican president even received a warm reception in the old Federalist stronghold of Boston in 1817, prompting a local newspaper to comment on the emergence of an “era of good feelings.” Given his popularity, it came as no surprise to most voters when Monroe won nearly unanimous reelection in 1820. James Monroe, like many other leaders in the nation’s early years, opposed the development of political parties and believed the nation’s elite should govern the country. They felt the elites better understood what could make the country successful over time, and they could mediate the will of the people. Therefore, Monroe worked to eliminate party politics during his two terms in office. After the ill-timed Hartford Convention in 1814, where delegates from several England states met to draft several Constitutional amendments to weaken