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John Quincy Adams, the Gag Rule, and Antislavery An JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, THE GAG RULE, AND ANTISLAVERY AN HONORS THESIS SUBMITTED TO FULFILL THE REQUIREMENTS of I.D. 499 by RICHARD A. GANTZ ADVISER - WILLIAM EIDSON BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA AUGUST t 1968 ·~ __ I t 196L~ . G,:: {f! TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION •••..•••••.•••.•••..•••. page 1 CI1A.PTER 1 .•••••••••••••••••••••••••• page 2 CI1A.PTER 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••. page 12 CONCLUSIONS .•••••.••..••.••••••••••• page 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY ••••. ••••••••.••• ••••••• page 33 INTRODUCTION In the United states in the 1830's, the foremost issue that threatened the future of the Union was slavery. The abolition and antislavery societies became much more aggressive in their campaign to attack slavery. Under this new pressure, the South grew extremely sensitive and defensive of its peculiar institution. In an attempt to still the disruptive debate over slavery, the House of Representatives in 1836 adopted a "gag" rule to stop the flood of petitions calling for abolition. This was passed by the Southerners with the support of the majority of representatives from the North. The leader of the opposition to the gag rule was the venerable ex-President, John Quincy Adams, who was rendering his last years of public service in the House of Representatives. Adams, in his attempt to rescind the gag rule became, willingly or not, the unofficial leader of the antislavery movement. The struggle against the gag rule was closely connected to but was not quite the same as the antislavery movement. In view of this fact and John Quincy Adams's role in both movements, a question arises as to how much his involvement in the antislavery movement was prompted by his work against the gag rule. were Adams's attitudes, actions, and associations with the abolition movement influenced by the gag rule? CHAPTER 1 ADAMS BEFORE THE GAG RULE In order to determine if John Quincy Adams's behavior was changed by the gag rule, one must first establish what his basic ideas and actions connected to slavery were before the gag rule became an issue. To begin with, let us consider Adams's basic concepts of slavery. Throughout his life, Adams consistently believed that slavery was morally wrong. He rejected all the Southern arguments that slavery was a positive good, that the Negroes were happy and better off in slavery, and that it produced a better, more equal white society. On the contrary, he felt that slavery had a bad effect on both the slave and the slavemaster. During the debate over the Missouri Compromise, Adams recorded his feelings about slavery in his diary: It is among the evils of slavery that it taints the very sources of moral principle. It establishes false estimates of virtue and vice; for what can be more false and heartless than this doctrine which makes the first and holiest rights of humanity to depend upon the color of the skin? It perverts human reason and reduces man endowed with logical powers to maintain that slavery is sanctioned by the Christian religion, that slaves are happy and contented in their condition, that between master and slave there are ties of mutual attachment and affection, that the virtues of the master are refined and exalted by the degradation of the slave •••• 1 3 Later in life Adams attributed what he felt were unfair political attacks on him by Southerners as further evidence of the degenerate effects of slavery. As can be seen in the above passage, Adams rejected the idea that slavery and Christianity were compatible; the Christian religion left no room for slavery. To deny a human being his natural right of freedom is "to deny his immortal soul" which is a sin against God. 2 Not only did Adams consider slavery as a moral wrong and a sin against God, he also felt that it violated the basic concepts of freedom contained in the Declaration of Independence. However, he believed that these principles had later been compromised in the writing of the Constitution which sanctioned slavery. Two particular clauses in the Constitution sanctioned slavery. One established the three-fifth's ratio of representation for slave states. The other clause dealt with the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned to their owners. 3 Because these guarantees were in the Constitution, Adams sought to adhere to them in spite of 2John Adams and John Quincy Adams, The Selected Writin s of John and John Quinc Adams, ed. by Adrinne Koch and William Peden New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1946), p. 408. 3Leonard Falkner, The President Who Wouldn't Retire (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1967), pp. 75-6. The clause on fugitive slaves states, in part: "No person held to service or labor in one state, under law thereof escaping into another, shall ••• be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim •••• " U.S., Constitution, Art. IV, sec. 2. 4 his personal repugnance to slavery. For example, as head commissioner to negotiate a peace for the War of 1812 and later as Secretary of State, Adams endeavored to secure indemnity for the slaves carried off by the British in that war. 4 He did this because he believed that it was his constitutional duty. Soon after his entry in the House of Reptrsentatives, Adams developed a dislike for the three-fifths ratio which he felt gave too much representation to the slave- holding interests. However, he would not attack this agreement because it was a pledge given the South at the making of the Constitution and, therefore, must be fulfilled. Adams said, "I am for adhering to that bargain because it is a bargain ••• not that I would agree to it if the bargain were to be made over again. II5 In view of these constitutional guare.nteeEl, Adams believed that the answer to the slave problem must come from the South itself; it could not be forced upon them. Partly for these reasons Adams kept away from the abolition movement and refused to support any move in the direction of abolition before the gag rule controversy.6 If emancipation was to come peaceably, he felt that it should 4Samuel Flagg Bemis, John QUinc~ Adams and the Union (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 956), p. 327. 5Ibid • , p. 266. 6Ibid., pp. 330, 332. 5 come from the individual states, not Congress. 7 He would support emancipation only if it could be achieved 8 with compensation and the consent of the owners. Any other attempt to arbitrarily force abolition on the South would be tyrannical and unconstitutional. It is true that as early as 1824 Adams thought that Congress might find the constitutional power to emancipate the slaves, perhaps in the preamble or in the war powers; however, he did not publicly suggest these ideas before the gag rule. 9 Adams's general attitudes on abolition are reflected in his more specific stand on the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia where the federal government had much greater direct power. One of John Quincy Adams's first acts upon entering the House in December, 1831, was to present fifteen petitions that he had received from some Quakers in Pennsylvania calling for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. The ex-President stated that he did not agree with the prayer of the petitions, but he presented them merely to fulfill his duty as a representative of the people; he referred the petitions to the District of Columbia Committee with the 7J • Q. Adams, Memoirs, IV, 530. 8Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery: The Crusade for Freedom in America (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press 1961), p. 244. ' 9Bemis, Adams and Union, p. 64. 6 expressed hope that they would bring a negative report on the petitions. He further stated that should the subject of the petitions come up for debate, he would oppose th e W1S'h 0 f th e pe t't'1 loners. 10 The Quakers and abolitionists were dismayed with Adams's position. When asked his justification, he gave three reasons: 1. People in one state could not competently petition Congress to ask certain actions dealing with affairs in another state or in the District of Columbia. 2. Debate would merely stir up needless ill will between the North and South. 3. His actions were in accordance with the feelings of 11 his constituents. In February, 1835, about a year before the gag rule, the Massachusetts Representative presented several more petitions for abolition in the District, but he reaffirmed h lS' ear I'leI' POSl't' lon on th e sub' Jec t • 12 Thus, Adams opposed any suggestion of ab01ition in the District of Columbia or in the states where slavery already existed, but what about slavery in the territories? 10Bennett Champ Clark, John Quincy Adams, "Old Man Eloquent" (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1932), p. 352. 11 Falkner, President, p. 52; Bemis, Adams and Union, p.331. 12J • Q. Adams, Memoirs, IX, 206. 7 Adams transcribed several opinions on this topic in his diary during the Missouri Compromise. He declared that Congress had the power to exclude slavery from any territory such as was done in the Northwest Territory. At the same time, he believed that the prohibition of slavery in a territory, like Missouri, where a great deal of slavery already existed was impractical. On the other hand, it would be a violation of the ideals of freedom in the Declaration of Independence for either Congress or the states to establish slavery in areas where it did not already exist. 13 The federal government also had direct authority over the slave trade, and Adams agreed with those concerned about it Hnd went on record in opposition to 14 it.
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