Cosentino PRODUCT GUIDE Product Guide
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Drill Bits 101 I've Used Dowels in a Variety of Woodworking Projects
Drill Bits 101 I’ve used dowels in a variety of woodworking projects having bought myself a pretty decent doweling jig a few years ago. The jig itself came with a twist drill bit for each of the three dowel sizes. For my dowel joinery I often need to drill holes of two different depths; so sometimes it is handy to have two bits of the same diameter with stops set at the different depths. One day I inadvertently was using both a twist bit and a brad point bit and noticed very different results. For example, drilling into end grain was far more difficult with a brad point bit than with the twist bit. All of this got me wondering about the different types of woodworking drill bits. Hence my investigation into the family tree of woodworking drill bits. Note that many drill bits may be multi-purpose, but generally speaking there are different families of bits for plastic, metal(s), tile, and masonry, etc. The basic job of a drill bit of course is to stay centered and not wander, cut the wood to form a round hole, and eject the chips. Seems simple, but not so perhaps, which is why there are so many types of drill bits and even options on lips, lands, flutes, margins, and other design elements – details beyond the scope of Bevel Cut. Of all the types, the common twist drill, invented by Steven Morse in 1863 and covered in US Patent 38119 is the simplest. The V-angle of the tip can vary from 60 to 118 degrees, with the latter being most common in today’s hardware stores according to my own research. -
Cool Blondes Shades
THE NEW BLONDES We broadened It’s color range adding new shades (levels 8 to 10) with cold/slightly cold reflex (take 8.11 as an example), to meet global market’s expectations (trends are looking towards neutral/cold tones). We also worked on the existing range, adding more levels and reflexes (10.00, for example), answering to customers and hairdressers requests. THE NEW SHADES 10.11 10.81 9.81 9.12 9 Mother of pearl 8.11 8.81 THE NEW BLONDES THE EXPANDED SERIES 10 10S 9.16 8.02 COLOR CHART INTENSE ASH FAMILY 8.11/8AA intense ash light blonde 10.11/10AA intense ash lightest blonde These shades add an intense ash reflex and neutralize orange and yellow/orange residual reflexes. Good grey hair coverage SANDY ASH FAMILY 10.81/10SA 9.81/9SA 8.81/8SA lightest sand ash blonde very light sand ash blonde light sand ash blonde These shades add a cold beige reflex and soften golden ones. Good grey hair coverage IRIDESCENT FAMILY 9.12/9AV very light irisè ash blonde This shade adds an irisé ash reflex and neutralizes golden ones. Fair grey hair coverage PURPLE PEARL FAMILY 9 mother of pearl This shade adds an irisè – pearl reflex, and neutralizes golden ones. Good grey hair coverage CHROMA FAMILY IT’S COLOR EXPANDED SERIES 9.16/9AR very light red ash blonde This shade adds a natural red ash reflex. Fair grey hair coverage IRISÉ FAMILY IT’S COLOR EXPANDED SERIES 8.02/8NV light irisè natural blonde This shade adds a natural irisé reflex and neutralizes golden ones. -
Testing Gold Platinum Silver.Qxp
PROCEDURES FOR TESTING GOLD, PLATINUM AND SILVER To test for the karat value of gold, platinum and silver, you will need the following materials and tools: • Black acid testing stone that is washed thoroughly with water prior to each test. • Acids. • Gold testing needles with gold tips - used for comparison with test pieces. Testing for 10K, 12K, 14K Scratch the gold piece to be tested on the stone. Next to this position, scratch the appropriate needle (10, 12 or 14K). Place a drop of the appropriate acid on the stone where the gold was rubbed off. If the gold is the same karat or higher, the color of the scratch mark for the gold piece will appear the same as the mark from the needle. If that gold piece is a lower karat, the scratched deposit will become fainter and eventually disappear. Testing for 18K Scratch the test piece on the stone and apply 18K acid. Any gold that is less than 18K will disappear in less than 30 seconds. Gold that remains on the stone is 18K or higher. Testing for 20K and 24K Scratch the gold piece on the stone. Next, scratch any item of know karat (coin or needle) on the stone. Apply one drop of acid to area. The material that starts to disappear has the lower karat. Testing for Platinum Scratch the test item on the stone and apply one drop of acid to the application on the stone. If the material is platinum, it should keep its white, bright color. White Gold The same procedure for platinum can be used for 18K white gold. -
Dual Marking Gauge
Dual Marking Gauge U.S. Des. Pat. No. D677,179 The Veritas® Dual Marking Gauge has two rods mounted eccentrically in the reference face. One rod has a non-rotating wheel cutter whose bevel faces the reference face (outside cutter) and the other has a non-rotating wheel cutter whose bevel faces away from it (inside cutter), allowing the gauge to be used in a wide range of applications. The hardened steel wheel cutters cut wood fi bers rather than tear them, and produce fi ne cut- lines, ideal for chisel registration. The most common use for this gauge would be as a mortise gauge for scribing both sides of a mortise. Unlike other mortise gauges, the cutters on the Veritas Dual Marking Gauge are used independently, scribing just one line at a time. As a result, this marking gauge can be used anywhere a project requires repeated marking of two dimensions. The individual wheel cutters can be completely retracted into the reference face, and the gauge can function as a single-cutter marking gauge. For most traditional uses, the outside cutter (bevel facing the reference face) would be used; however, for thicknessing a workpiece, the inside cutter (bevel facing away from the reference face) would be used. The eccentric confi guration of the rods maximizes the size of the reference surface, while maintaining the overall size of the gauge. The short side can also be used if space is restricted. As an added advantage, the eccentric nature means this gauge is much less likely to roll off the work surface. -
Build a Plane That Cuts Smooth and Crisp Raised Panels With, Against Or Across the Grain – the Magic Is in the Spring and Skew
Fixed-width PanelBY WILLARD Raiser ANDERSON Build a plane that cuts smooth and crisp raised panels with, against or across the grain – the magic is in the spring and skew. anel-raising planes are used Mass., from 1790 to 1823 (Smith may to shape the raised panels in have apprenticed with Joseph Fuller doors, paneling and lids. The who was one of the most prolific of the profile has a fillet that defines early planemakers), and another similar Pthe field of the panel, a sloped bevel example that has no maker’s mark. to act as a frame for the field and a flat Both are single-iron planes with tongue that fits into the groove of the almost identical dimensions, profiles door or lid frame. and handles. They differ only in the I’ve studied panel-raising planes spring angles (the tilt of the plane off made circa the late 18th and early 19th vertical) and skew of the iron (which centuries, including one made by Aaron creates a slicing cut across the grain to Smith, who was active in Rehoboth, reduce tear-out). The bed angle of the Smith plane is 46º, and the iron is skewed at 32º. Combined, these improve the quality of cut without changing the tool’s cutting angle – which is what happens if you skew Gauges & guides. It’s best to make each of these gauges before you start your plane build. In the long run, they save you time and keep you on track. Shaping tools. The tools required to build this plane are few, but a couple of them – the firmer chisel and floats – are modified to fit this design. -
Marking and Cutting Gauges
Well Stocked Shop Multi-Marker If you’re constantly resetting your gauge to a single measurement, a 3-in-1 Brass Wheel Marking Gauge second gauge, like Lee Valley’s brass Marking Gauge #153490, $15.99 05N65.01, $24.50 3-in-1 gauge, may solve the problem. leevalley.com This gauge sports a head that you Marking and can outfit with a pin, knife, or blade, so you can select the cutter best suited to the task at hand. Cutting Gauges What I like best about this tool is its size. More than one way to make your mark woods. Filing a flat on one side of Like a 4" square, the pin can correct the tendency the compact gauge By Jeff Day to tear out, but your best bet is to fits neatly into my cuttingpartner gauge it with a cutting gauge. apron pocket so it’s With a knife-edged marker, a always in easy reach. Marking and excels at making M cutting gauges crisp, clean lines across the any years ago when I A pin-headed gauge is good grain. Compared to a pin- began tooling up my shop, I for establishing lines parallel scratched line, the cutline helps quickly discovered how much One of my first purchases to the grain, such as you’d need prevent splintering and tear- I could accomplish with basic was the markingonly member gauge of the when laying out hinges, grooves out, a handy attribute when hand tools. Though many were gauge family that is technically for drawer bottoms, rabbets, or chiseling dovetails at their antiques, it wasn’t long before called a due to the thickness of a board when baseline. -
RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart Is to Be Used As a Guide Only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** Green Beige Purple V
RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart is to be used as a guide only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** RAL 1000 Green Beige RAL 4007 Purple Violet RAL 7008 Khaki Grey RAL 4008 RAL 7009 RAL 1001 Beige Signal Violet Green Grey Tarpaulin RAL 1002 Sand Yellow RAL 4009 Pastel Violet RAL 7010 Grey RAL 1003 Signal Yellow RAL 5000 Violet Blue RAL 7011 Iron Grey RAL 1004 Golden Yellow RAL 5001 Green Blue RAL 7012 Basalt Grey Ultramarine RAL 1005 Honey Yellow RAL 5002 RAL 7013 Brown Grey Blue RAL 1006 Maize Yellow RAL 5003 Saphire Blue RAL 7015 Slate Grey Anthracite RAL 1007 Chrome Yellow RAL 5004 Black Blue RAL 7016 Grey RAL 1011 Brown Beige RAL 5005 Signal Blue RAL 7021 Black Grey RAL 1012 Lemon Yellow RAL 5007 Brillant Blue RAL 7022 Umbra Grey Concrete RAL 1013 Oyster White RAL 5008 Grey Blue RAL 7023 Grey Graphite RAL 1014 Ivory RAL 5009 Azure Blue RAL 7024 Grey Granite RAL 1015 Light Ivory RAL 5010 Gentian Blue RAL 7026 Grey RAL 1016 Sulfer Yellow RAL 5011 Steel Blue RAL 7030 Stone Grey RAL 1017 Saffron Yellow RAL 5012 Light Blue RAL 7031 Blue Grey RAL 1018 Zinc Yellow RAL 5013 Cobolt Blue RAL 7032 Pebble Grey Cement RAL 1019 Grey Beige RAL 5014 Pigieon Blue RAL 7033 Grey RAL 1020 Olive Yellow RAL 5015 Sky Blue RAL 7034 Yellow Grey RAL 1021 Rape Yellow RAL 5017 Traffic Blue RAL 7035 Light Grey Platinum RAL 1023 Traffic Yellow RAL 5018 Turquiose Blue RAL 7036 Grey RAL 1024 Ochre Yellow RAL 5019 Capri Blue RAL 7037 Dusty Grey RAL 1027 Curry RAL 5020 Ocean Blue RAL 7038 Agate Grey RAL 1028 Melon Yellow RAL 5021 Water Blue RAL 7039 Quartz Grey -
Marking Gauge
Online Extra accurate layouts with a Marking Gauge When it comes to fast and accurate layouts, this traditional tool will more than earns its keep in the woodworking shop. Thumb If I were to make a list of the If you take a look at the various the amount of brass details used screw most-used tools in my shop, the marking gauges being sold today, in the construction. The more marking gauge would be you’ll notice two distinct types. expensive gauges have brass thumb near the top. Even with the Some use a steel pin to scribe a line myriad of rulers, calipers, while others use a flat blade. This and digital measuring second type is often called a “cut- devices that are available ting gauge” because the blade slices today, it’s hard to beat this the wood fibers rather than tearing simple tool for accuracy them, like the pin-style marking and ease of use. gauges (see photos at right). Of the two, I prefer the blade-style gauge. Blade Wedge It scores a cleaner, crisper line. DESIGN. A marking gauge is one of those simple tools whose basic design hasn’t changed much over the years. It has a beam and an adjustable fence (or stock) that is Brass wear strip held in place with a thumb screw, or sometimes, a wedge. Fence The only other differences you’re (or stock) Beam likely to find between the various { A marking gauge (top) tears gauges on the market have to do its way across the wood, while with the level of fit and finish and a cutting gauge scores a line. -
Color Chart See Next Page for Trim-Gard Color Program
COLOR CHART SEE NEXT PAGE FOR TRIM-GARD COLOR PROGRAM 040–SUPER WHITE 068–POLAR WHITE 070–BLIZZARD PEARL 071–ARCTIC FROST OUG–PLATINUM 1C8–LUNAR MIST 1D4–TITANIUM 1F7–CLASSIC SILVER 700–ALABASTER 017–SWITCHBLADE OUX–INGOT SILVER 1D6–SILVER SKY 1F8–METEOR METAL 1F9–SLATE METAL 1G3–MAGNET GRAY 797–MOD STEEL 0J7–MAGNETIC METAL 8V1–WINTER GRAY 1EO–FLINT MICA 202–BLACK 209–BLACK SAND ORR–RUBY RED 3L5–RADIENT RED 3PO–ABSOLUTE RED 089–CRYSTAL RED 3R3–BARCELONA RED 3Q7–CASSIS PEARL 102–CHAMPAGNE 402–DESERT SAND 4T8–SANDY BEACH 4T3–PYRITE MICA 4U2–GOLDEN UMBER 4U3–SUNSET BRNZ 6T3–BLACK FOREST 6T6–EVERGLADE 6T8–TIMBERLAND 8S6–NAUTICAL BLUE 8T0–BLAZING BLUE 8Q5–COSMIC BLUE 8T5–BLUE RIBBON 8T7–BLUE STREAK 8R3–PACIFIC BLUE ACTUAL COLORS MAY VARY SLIGHTLY COLOR PROGRAM BULLET END TIPS ANGLE END TIPS WHEEL WELL DOOR EDGE COLOR 14XXXBT BTXXX 15XXXAT 75XXXAT 20XXXAT 3XXX NEXXX 000 - CLEAR X X 017 - SWITCHBLADE SILVER X X X X 040 - SUPER WHITE X X X X X X X 068 - POLAR WHITE X X X X X 070 - BLIZZARD PEARL X X X X X X 071 - ARCTIC FROST X X X X 089 - CRYSTAL RED TINTCOAT X X X X 0J7 - MAGNETIC METALLIC X X X X 0RR - RUBY RED METALLIC X X X X X 0UG - WHITE PLATINUM PEARL X X X X 0UX - INGOT SILVER METALLIC X X X X 102 - CHAMPAGNE SILVER X X X X 1C8 - LUNAR MIST X X X 1D4 - TITANIUM METALLIC X X X X X 1D6 - SILVER SKY X X X X X 1E0 - FLINT MICA X X X 1E7 - SILVER STREAK X X X 1F7 - CLASSIC SILVER X X X X X X X 1F8 - METEOR METALLIC X X X 1F9 - SLATE METALLIC X X X 1G3 - MAGNETIC GRAY X X X X X X X 202 - BLACK X X X X X X X 209 - BLACK SAND PEARL X X X X 3L5 -
Download Colour Chart
DIRECT DYE * AMMONIA FREE * PEROXIDE FREE DIRECTIONS: CUSTOMISED COLOUR MAINTENANCE APPLICATION MIXING TIMING refer to menu for depending on hair condition suggested formulas and desired colour intensity colour maintenance add 80g fab pro 3 minutes conditioner formula (direct dye match and maintain colour or direct dye and in-between salon visits. conditioner) to 200ml conditioner base. shake well. MATCH IT * MIX IT * TAKE IT AWAY DIRECTIONS: COLOUR SERVICE 1. identify the level, tone and length of hair. 2. select the appropriate colour formula from the mixologist menu, ensuring the formula works with the lightest level of hair. 3. measure and mix your formula. 4. prepare hair by shampooing, towel-dry hair evenly, then detangle and comb through. APPLICATION MIXING TIMING refer to menu for depending on hair condition suggested formulas and desired colour intensity colour refresh mix fab pro direct 5 – 15 minutes refresh existing hair colour dyes together. on mid-lengths and ends in-between all colour services (permanent, demi and semi- permanent colour). colour fill* mix fab pro direct 5 – 15 minutes darken lighter hair quickly, dyes together. without damage. *for filling formulas, see fab pro fill chart or visit evohair.com. colour tone* / pastels mix fab pro direct 5 – 15 minutes ideal for colour toning and dyes together or with can be diluted to create pastel shades. conditioner base. *for extremely porous hair, you may need to dilute fab pro direct dye using conditioner base. DIRECT DYES LEVEL 5 LEVEL 7 LEVEL 10 colour results are determined by the level, tone and formula you use. in order to accurately predict a colour result, you need to understand how the existing level and tone will contribute to the result; the lighter the level, the more intense the result. -
Jointing Sharpening Now Observe How the Clock
PROJECTS & TECHNIQUES Product tech – saw doctor PHOTOGRAPHS BY MARK HARRELL Rake Finding the Rake Rake is the degree of offset from vertical, and this angle governs whether you want an aggressive, ripping cut, or a clean, slower crosscut. Note the angle – we generally set rake for a rip filing somewhere between The saw 0° to 8°. Establish rake closer to zero for aggressive ripping in softwoods, and closer to 10° for dense hardwoods. Crosscut filings generally mandate 15° to 20°. Hybrid-filing finds the sweet spot at 10°. Bevel (aka ‘fleam’) doctor Bevel indicates whether you desire to knife the cutting edge of a sawtooth. Little to no bevel (between 0° and 8°), is best suited for rip filings. Again, the rule here is select closer to 0° for ripping softwoods, and gravitate closer to 8° for ripping hardwoods. will see I usually find that 5° for dedicated rip either way delivers a crisp, assertive action, and mitigates tear-out on the far side of the cut. As for crosscut filings, 15° to 20° delivers a 20° is the perfect bevel angle.” Don’t buy and somewhere in between for hybrid. clean, knife-like action when sawing across into it. Anyone who says they consistently Here’s why precise angles just don’t matter: the grain. Hybrid-filing finds the sweet spot hit a certain degree standard when hand- a rip-filed saw will crosscut, and a crosscut- you now for both at 10° to 12°. sharpening a saw is full of it. Again, the filed saw will rip. The point is, any properly important thing isn’t hitting a certain degree. -
Hand Saw Restoration
NUMBER 175 MARCH 2014 A Journal of Tool Collecting published by CRAFTS of New Jersey Hand Saw Restoration A Presentation by Bob Garay The November CRAFTS Written by Dave Nowicki dle doesn’t make the saw perfect, it can meeting featured a presentation on and does make the saw more comforta- saw restoration by CRAFTS Presi- ble to use. It’s the steel used in these dent Bob Garay. Following is most of the key elements in saws that makes them special. It was highly tempered, the presentation that collectors and woodworkers can use enabling it to hold an edge for a very long time before in the selection and restoration of quality hand saws. resharpening is required. Regardless of any other en- The first rule of thumb is to start with a good hancements it’s the steel that makes a saw. What’s a good saw? In this case we’re talking saw good. With regard to other enhance- about good usable saws. Many times just knowing the ments, just about any saw with a rose- maker of the saw will tell you whether you have a good wood handle is a good indicator of a high saw. According to Bob, when he sees a Disston, a Si- quality saw, where premium materials monds or an Atkins saw he knows it’s a good saw. were used to enhance the product. For When it comes to value, Disston‘s are the ones to look example the Atkins #400 and #401 saws for. They were all made to a consistent high quality had rosewood handles.