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Accounts of King Bayinnaung's Life and Hanthawadi Hsinbyu-Mya-Shin Ayedawbon , a Record of His Campaigns

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Accounts of King Bayinnaung's Life and Hanthawadi Hsinbyu-Mya-Shin Ayedawbon , a Record of His Campaigns Accounts of King Bayinnaung’s Life and Hanthawadi Hsinbyu-mya-shin Ayedawbon, * a Record of his Campaigns Introduction King Bayinnaung (AD 1551-1581) is renowned in Myanmar history as the King who not only reunited Myanmar and established the second Myanmar Kingdom, the Taungoo Dynasty, but also as the King who extended the frontiers of the coun try to her farthest extent, covering parts of Northern and Central Thailand and Laos. Many accounts of his life are to be found in the main chronicles like U Kala’s Maha Yazawin-gyi (1730), the Hman-nan Yazawin-daw-gyi (1829), local histories like Thanlyin Yazawin and the modern versions of the Taungoo Yazawin and in a few inscriptions. Like King Rajadirit (1385-1423) and Alaungpaya (1752-60) there is also a complete Ayedawbon Kyan recording his campaigns entitled Hanthawadi Hsinbyu- myashin Ayedawbon. This paper attempts to give some historical facts as recorded in a contemporary bell inscription left by Bayinnaung himself and in the Ayedawbon Kyan about his conquests and achievements which is now accepted by most scholars as a contemporary record. The paper also gives a brief account of the 20th century biographies and historical novels about King Bayinnaung written to promote nationalism and patriotism during Myanmar’s struggle for Independence from British colonial rule. Like some of the sacred images of the Buddha and revered saints, historical facts of the life of King Bayinnaung has been covered with various embellishments, gold-leaf coating to make his life more glorious, god-like and romantic. This paper is also an introductory note to the first complete translation into English of the Hanthawadi Hsinbyu-mya-shin * First published in Myanmar Historical Research Journal, no. 11 (June 2003) p. 23-44. Revised version of a paper read at the Siam Society on 27 February 2001. Selected Writings of U Thaw Kaung 30 Ayedawbon, a contemporary record of the Campaigns of King Bayinnaung, which is being translated by U Thaw Kaung and U San Lwin (Director-General, Myanmar Language Commission). Genealogy and Youth There are no contemporary records of King Bayinnaung’s ancestry, childhold and youth. Unlike King Kyansittha, Bayinnaung in the long inscription that he left for posterity, inscribed on a large bronze bell donated to the Shwe-zigon Pagoda at Bagan, did not give his genealogy. Neither did the Hanthawadi Hsinbyu-myashin Ayedawbon. There is some controversy about Bayinnaung’s ancestry: some say that his parents were commoners who came from Nga-tha-yauk in the Bagan area, or from Hti-hlaing village in Taungoo District, and some say he was born in Taungoo of royal lineage. U Kala (fl.1714-33) who wrote the first comprehensive chronicle of Myanmar kings, the Maha Yazawin-gyi, about 150 years after Bayinnaung’s death and during the Nyaungyan Dynasty founded by the Lord of Nyaungyan, one of the sons of Bayinnaung, mentions that Bayinnaung’s father was Mingyi Swe, son of Taung Kha Min and giving his descent from Taungoo royalty.1 (See Appendices I and II). U Kala could not write even if he had wanted to, that Bayinnaung was not of royal blood, during the reign of a king who was a direct descendant of the great King. Hman-nan Yazawin-daw-gyi compiled by a Royal Commission which began its work in 1829 merely repeats U Kala with a note stating that the compilers agreed with what U Kala wrote with regard to the lineage of Bayinnaung.2 So it was only in the 18th and 19th centures that the purported genealogies of Bayinnaung’s father and mother were first given. During the time of the Myanmar kings, i.e. up to 1885, no one dared to cast doubt about the royal lineage of their kings, especially 1. U Kala. Maha Yazawin-gyi. Vol. 2. Burma Research Society ed. 1961 (reprint). p. 160. 2. Hman-nan Yazawin-daw-gyi. 1941 (reprint). Vol. 2. p. 279-280. Accounts of Bayinnaung's Life 31 famous kings like Bayinnaung and Alaungpaya. But throughout the three centuries after Bayinnaung’s death, an oral tradition persisted claiming that he was not of royal blood, but a commoner, the son of a toddy- climber, one of the lowest positions in Myanmar society. Only during colonial times in 1910 was this written down, first of all by Mr. Taw Sein Ko, the well-known Sino-Myanmar scholar and Superintendant of 1 Archaeology. About a decade later Sir George Scott (1851-1935), who was an authority on Myanmar life and customs, having written a classic book The Burman, his Life and Notions (1882) under a pseudonym ShwayYoe, also mentioned in a general history of Myanmar that he wrote (entitled Burma from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; 1924)2 that Bayinnaung was the son of a toddy-climber from Nga-tha-yauk in the Bagan township. G. E. Harvey in his pioneer History of Burma (1925) stated in a note on Tabin-shwe-hti and Bayinnaung that “few Burmans retain for long a correct knowledge of their ancestry, and family trees sported by men after they attain greatness must be suspect. On the other hand, the fact that Bayinnaung’s father was a toddy climber no more precludes the possibility of his having royal ancestors than it precluded his becoming vassal king of Toungoo when his son rose to greatness.”3 Bayinnaung’s date of birth is given by U Kala as Myanmar Era 877 Tabodwe month waxing moon 12th, Wednesday4 (16th January 1516) which is close to AD 1517 given by Harvey5 for Tabin-shwe-hti who was born about three months after Bayinnaung.6 In 1920 the Myanmar struggle for Independence started in earnest with the first university students strike against British colonial rule. As a 1. Taw Sein Ko. “Branginoco or Hanthawadi Sinbyu-Yin”, RSASB, vol. 21 (1910). Reprinted in the author’s Burmese sketches. [Vol. 1]. 1913.p. 128-129. 2. Sir George Scott. Burma from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 1924. p. 74. 3. G. E. Harvey. History of Burma . 1925.p. 342. 4. U Kala. Maha Yazawin-gyi . 1961 ( reprint). Vol III, p.65. 5. G. E. Harvey. History of Burma . 1925.p. 342. 6. Myanmar chronicles gave Tabin-shwe-hti’s date of birth as Myanmar Era 878 Kason month, waning moon 1, Wednesday (17th April 1516). Twinthin Maha Yazawin-thit gives a date about a year earlier (AD 28th April 1515). Selected Writings of U Thaw Kaung 32 consequence of the strike National Schools were established all over the country and new textbooks in Myanmar language were written for use in these schools. U Po Kya (1891-1942), the influential Inspector of National Schools and a well-known writer, produced several history textbooks and readers. The first history text1 that he wrote for use in schools to promote nationalism and patriotism did not mention that Bayinnaung rose from the ranks of the common populace. Only in a later work entitled Myanma Gonyi Yazawin Phat-sa2 did U Po Kya write about Bayinnaung as a man of prowess who rose from the common people, a peasant from the Bagan area. Perhaps he wanted the young Myanmar students of the 1920’s and of the pre-Second World War period to get the idea that anyone can achieve eminence and become a great leader and conqueror if one is brave, hard-working, willing to take risks and strives earnestly for the good of the country and the people. Mr. W. L. Barretto, an Anglo-Myanmar Barrister, in a lecture that he gave on “Bayin Naung , the Naploeon of Burma” on 6th November 1931 (probably in Pyapon) with U Tha Zan U, District and Sessions Judge presiding, mentioned Nga-tha Yauk as the place where “the future Burma Napoleon saw light. His father was a toddy palm climber. A swarm of white ants surrounded the son where he lay. This was taken as a good omen, and he was named Cha Te[t] . a learned monk examined his horoscope and foretold his future greatness”.3 Two other Myanmar authors of the 1920’s and early 1930’s also wrote about Bayinnaung although they rejected the saying that he was not of royal lineage. These two authors were Ledi Pandita U Maung Gyi (1878-1939)4 and U Thein Maung (Thadinsa Saya, i. e. Newspaper 1. U Po Kya. Myanma gonyi . 1924. 2. U Po Kya. Myanma gonyi Yazawin phat-sa. 1956 (reprint.) Vol. 1, p. 116. See also the same author’s Khit-hmi Myanmar Yazawin a-kyin (A Brief Modern History of Burma) . 1936 (1949 reprint). p. 127. 3. W. L. Barretto. Heroes of Burma. A compilation of lectures. Yangon: Burma Union Press[1934?]. p. 20. 4. U Maung Gyi (Ledi Pandita). Tabin-shwe-hti Wutthu-taw-gyi. 2nd ed. 1971 (reprint.) Chapter(8), p. 123-130. See also Chapters (16) to (20), p. 203-254. 1st published 1924-36 serialized in Dagon Magazine. Accounts of Bayinnaung's Life 33 Editor) (1898-1966)1. U Maung Gyi wrote about Bayinnaung’s childhood, as the boy Maung Cha Tet (Master Termite Climb) so named because a swarm of termites climbed onto him as a child. Both authors also wrote about his teenage romance with Tabin-shwe-hti’s elder (half) sister Thakin Gyi whom he later married and thus became an important member of the Myanmar Royal Family, and not long after the Crown Prince. These stories were picked up by the Thai novelist Mr. Chot Phrae-phan (pen-name Yakhob) and the name Cadet is familiar to the Thai people, though the Myanmar Chronicles do not mention this at all.
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