Muerte, Momias Y Ritos Ancestrales: La Cultura Chinchorro

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Muerte, Momias Y Ritos Ancestrales: La Cultura Chinchorro MUERTE, MOMIAS Y RITOS ANCESTRALES: LA CULTURA CHINCHORRO DEATH, MUMMIES AND ANCESTRAL RITES: THE CHINCHORRO CULTURE Bernardo T. Arriaza Vivien G. Standen Serie Patrimonio Cultural I Región de Tarapacá Arica - Chile 2002 Ediciones Universidad de Tarapacá i Ediciones Universidad de Tarapacá MUERTE, MOMIAS Y RITOS ANCESTRALES: LA CULTURA CHINCHORRO DEATH, MUMMIES AND ANCESTRAL RITES: THE CHINCHORRO CULTURE Registro propiedad intelectual Inscripción N° 125.118 ISBN: 956-7021-15-5 Prohibida su reproducción. Reservados todos los derechos. Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser reproducida, transmitida en ninguna forma o medio alguno, electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo las fotocopias, grabaciones o cualauier sistema de recuperación de almacenaje de información sin permiso escrito de los autores. Esta obra contó con el auspicio de: Museo Arqueológico San Miguel de Azapa y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica - Chile 2 PRESENTACIÓN PRESENTATION El Museo Arqueológico San Miguel The Archaeologlcal Museum of San de Azapa, dependiente de la Universidad Miguel of Azapa (University of Tarapacá) ¡s de Tarapacá, tiene el agrado de presen• dellghted to present this billngual work tar la obra bilingüe "Muerte, Momias y Ri• entitled "Death, Mummies and Ancestral tos Ancestrales: La Cultura Chinchorro" Rites: The Chinchorro Culture," which que narra la historia de un antiguo grupo narrates the cultural hlstory of an ancient de pescadores que habitaron las costas fishing group known as the Chinchorro. del extremo norte de Chile, entre los años They inhablted northern Chile from 5,000 5.000 al 2.000 antes de Cristo: los to 2,000 years B.C, Chinchorros. The Chinchorro culture is La cultura Chinchorro, ampliamente becoming well-known to the scientiflc reconocida en el mundo científico, es• community, in particular for its pecialmente por sus elaboradas y anti• elabórate and ancient practices of quísimas prácticas de momificación, ha artificial mummification. It is also despertado también el interés del públi• drawing attentlon from the public who co general por conocer este importante want to learn about this important momento de la temprana historia de la perlod in the early hlstory of humanlty humanidad, desarrollada en los ambien• that developed on the coast of the tes costeros del desierto de Atacama. Atacama Desert. Los autores de esta obra, Bernardo T. In a simple and entertainlng Arriaza y vivien G, Standen, reconocidos language, the authors Bernardo T. Arriaza investigaáores de la cultura Chinchorro, and Vivien G. Standen, well-known nos entregan en un lenguaje simple y researchers of the Chinchorro culture, ameno una visión general sobre la muer• provide us with a general vlew on the te, las momias, y la vida cotidiana de este concepts of death, mummies, and the grupo humano, cuyos cuerpos momi• daily existence of this ancient human ficados se encuentran actualmente de• group, The mummlfied Podies of the positados en el museo de Azapa, Institu• Chinchorro are currently housed at the ción que alberga la mayor y más impor• Museum of Azapa. This museum holdsthe tante colección de cuerpos y utensilios most Important collectlon of Chinchorro Chinchorro, testimonios tangibles de las mummies and assoclated artifacts, a creencias y de la vida diaria de estos an• tangible testimony of the beliefs and daily tiguos pescadores. life of these ancient flshermen, El Museo Arqueológico San Miguel The mission of the Archeological de Azapa cuya misión es la de Investigar, Museum of San Miguel of Azapa ¡s to educar, y velar por la preservación del investígate, edúcate, and protect the legado cultural dejado por nuestros an• cultural patrlmony left by our ancestors. tepasados, invita a Ud. a disfrutar esta obra As such, we Invite you to enjoy and learn y conocer algo más áe estos antiguos an• about our ancient ancestors —The tepasados nuestros, los Chinchorros. Chinchorros. JUAN CHACAMA Director Departamento de Arqueología y Museología Museo Arqueológico San Miguel de Azapa Department of Archaeology and Museology Archaeological Museum of San Miguel of Azapa 3 LA AMANTE FIEL Y LA THE FAITHFUL LOVER AND THE ANTROPOLOGÍA DE LA MUERTE ANTHROPOLOGY OF DEATH Una anécdota popular cuenta que, A popular anecdote tells of a en un lugar alejado de Europa, un predi• missionary priest, in a far away place, who cador evangelizaba a los nativos sobre la evangelized and preached to the natives muerte y el gozo eterno que encontrarían about death and the eternal enjoyment en la otra vida. Un día los nativos decidie• waiting in the afterlife. One day, the natives ron atarlo para darle muerte. Aterrado, el decided to tie up and kill him. The terrified predicador protestaba diciendo: "¿Por qué preacher asked: "Why do you want to kill quieren matarme?, iyo no les hago daño me? I have never tried to hurt you. I love y además los quiero mucho!"; a lo cual you all!" The natives responded: "We are los nativos respondieron: "justamente, por• doing it because we don't want you to que no deseamos que pierdas el tiempo waste your time here with us, and to thank con nosotros, y en agradecimiento a tu you for all you have done for us. We want labor, queremos que te vayas a gozar de to give you the benefits of the afterlife as la otra vida". soon as possible." Enfrentados a la pregunta ¿qué es When confronted with the question, la muerte?, ¿cómo responderías? Quizás what is death, how would you answer it? una respuesta podría ser: la no existencia, Devoid of context you could answer that it el no ser, o la falta de vida simplemente. is simply the loss of life, absence of being, Pero la muerte es algo más complejo, or the termination of an existence. But in que no debe ser definido en forma apre• context death is something very complex surada. Hoy en día, hablamos de muchos and cannot be so easlly defined. Death tipos de muerte, como la muerte por has many faces: death by love, social amor, la muerte social, la muerte espiri• death, spiritual death, and áeath resulting tual, o la causada por alguna enferme• from disease or murder. And there are all dad. Y además no debemos olvidarnos the emotions surrounding a death, de las emociones de los moribundos y de emotions of the dyíng and the mourners. los dolientes. For some of us death marks the end Para unos, la muerte marca el final of an existence and we must die to allow de una existencia y debemos morir para a place for new generations to emerge. que surjan nuevas generaciones. Para For those that believe in a spiritual life, otros, para quienes creen en la vida espi• death is just the beginning or entrance to ritual, ésta es precisamente el comienzo, an eternal life or another step on a long la entrada a una vida eterna o tan solo un journey to the hereafter. Death represents paso más en el largo viaje hacia la otra a continuous change, such as the vida. La muerte es tan sólo una transfor• transformation of a Caterpillar to a butterfly. mación continua de sustancias de un es• Death is a transformational process from tado a otro, como la oruga que se trans• this life to another stage whether you forma en mariposa. Se podría decir que believe in an after life or not. When la vida representa una muerte continua, someone dies and is buried, the nutrients un cambio de un estado a otro, Y cuan• of the body combine with the earth and do alguien muere y se le entierro, el paso water allowing for life to continué for other inexorable de los siglos hace que el cuer- organisms: plants, animáis, and humans. 5 po se mezcle con la tierra y con el agua; From this point of view, the deflnitlon of así, los seres que mueren -llámense aves, death is not a negatlon of Ufe, but a plantas, animales, o nosotros mlsmos- continuation of the cycle. As you can see, pasan a ser los nutrientes que permiten there is no one answer to what death ¡s. It que el ciclo de la vida continúe, Enton• is a biological, philosophical, rellgious and ces, desde este punto de vista, la muerte social issue. Thus, each society treats ¡ts en sí no es la negación áe la vida, sino la deaá in different ways: some dlstance the continuación de ciclos, Como podemos deceased's body from the llving by the ver, no existe una respuesta única a la pre• process of cremation, by burylng ¡t, or by gunta ¿qué es la muerte? La muerte es un abandoning it to let nature take care of proPlema biológico, filosófico, religioso y thlngs, while others preserve the dead social. De tal manera que cada sociedad through mummificatíon (Figs. 1-3). trata a sus muertos en forma distinta. Tan• In many Westernized Judeo-Christlan to así, que en una pueden destruir el cuer• cultures, biological death is not discussed po, cremándolo, enterránáolo, o incluso openly; it is almost considered taboo, aPandonarlo. En otra, en cambio, pueáen whlch seems strange considerlng that tratar de preservarlo, momificándolo (Figs. death ¡s a part of our daily life. We créate 1 a 3). euphemlsms like "he passed away" or Actualmente, en nuestra cultura oc• "ethnic cleansing" for mass murder. cidental Judeo-Cristiana, la muerte bioló• Generally speaking, people don't die in the gica no se discute abiertamente, es casi famlly into whlch they were born. Today, un tabú; situación un tanto ilógica sí pen• very often the responslbillty for taking care samos que la muerte es parte áe nuestra of the elderly and dylng is turned over to existencia diaria. En general, la muerte se hospltals and social workers.
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