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Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela Arriaza, Bernardo; Ogalde, Juan; Chacama, Juan; Standen, Vivien; Huaman, Luis; Villanueva, Fiorella; Aravena, Natalia; Méndez-Quiros, Pablo; Tapia, Pedro MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL RESIDUES FROM CERRO ESMERALDA BURIAL IN NORTHERN CHILE: STATE AND DEATH RITUAL IMPLICATIONS Interciencia, vol. 41, núm. 12, diciembre, 2016, pp. 844-850 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33948806008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL RESIDUES FROM CERRO ESMERALDA BURIAL IN NORTHERN CHILE: STATE AND DEATH RITUAL IMPLICATIONS Bernardo Arriaza, Juan Ogalde, Juan Chacama, Vivien Standen, Luis Huaman, Fiorella Villanueva, Natalia Aravena, Pablo Méndez-Quiros and Pedro Tapia SUMMARY In this paper we examine five offerings from a funeral clude festucodeae, dicotyledons, and graminoids. These re- context found at Cerro Esmeralda, an Inca burial ground in sults and this context suggest the consumption of high-qual- the Iquique coast of northern Chile. We focus on the iden- ity chicha in the Inca regional funeral setting. Several pos- tification of utilized plants, and investigate the consump- sible interpretive scenarios are suggested, including the use tion of chicha during this mortuary ritual. We brushed and of various types of plants to optimize the maize fermenting scraped aríbalo vessels and chuspa bags with sterile lab process; ritualistic consumption of chicha to feast with the tools and collected and analyzed micro-samples for starch dead (comer con el muerto); ancient anthropogenic contam- and phytoliths. We identified Zea mays starch, Cucurbita ination of the vessels due to different types of daily uses; sp./Lagenaria sp., Phaseolus sp., and a few grains of Mani- and, finally, as social and ritual activities associated with hot starch. The identified phytoliths that were present in- all these possible scenarios. Introduction [1653], Betanzos 1996 [1557], Capacocha site has been with coca leaves and edible Sarmiento de Gamboa, 2007 characterized as having the products (e.g., jerky, corn). During the Tawantinsuyu or [1572]). Their ethnohistorical following inhumation archae- Along with the mentioned fea- Inca Empire, chicha (corn accounts correlate with ar- ological features: a) the sacri- tures, the fermented maize beer) consumption, politics, chaeological records (Mostny, fice of one or several children drink called chicha was pre- and human sacrifices were 1957; Reinhard, 1999, 2005; of both sexes; b) burials in an pared for this ritual (Moli- intimately intertwined with Chávez, 2001; Ceruti, 2003a, important Andean mountain na, 1943; Guamán Poma, reciprocity, alliances, and hos- b; Cummins, 2004; Bray peak or special regional place; 1980; Cobo, 1990; Betanzos, pitality, which were key com- et al., 2005; Bray, 2009). c) large and lavish ceramic 1996; Ceruti, 2003a, b, 2015; ponents of the Inca state’s These human sacrifices were grave goods (aríbalos among Cummins, 2004; Bray et al., goals of conquest, control, performed in commemoration others); d) fine clothes/gar- 2005; Sarmiento de Gamboa, and expansion (Morris, 1974; of historical events in the life ments (cumbi among others); 2007; Bray, 2009; Reinhard Morris and Thompson, 1985; of the Inca emperor or in re- e) miniature Spondylus sp., and Ceruti, 2010; Wilson Dillehay, 2003; Morris and sponse to natural catastro- silver and gold anthropomor- et al., 2013). Covey, 2003; Bray, 2009; phes, whereas the provinces phic figurines decorated with Today, about 18 of these Morris et al., 2011). One of of the Tawantinsuyu were so- exotic feathers and clothes in sites have been discovered, these types of human sacrific- cially and politically linked to addition to miniature camelids many showing the presence of es was the Capacocha rituals the Cusco capital through this made of the same type of aríbalos or vessels to store and described by several chroni- practice of human sacrifice metals; f) exotic goods such transport chicha. Capacocha clers of the Andean region (Cobo, 1990; Ceruti, 2003b; as feathers, cinnabar pigment, sites from the high Andean (Molina 1943 [1575], Guamán Reinhard and Ceruti, 2010; and Spondylus shells; g) food mountains, 6000masl, include Poma 1980 [1615], Cobo 1990 Andrushko et al., 2011). A offerings such as chuspa bags Cerro Ampato in the Colca KEYWORDS / Chicha Drinks / Chile / Human Sacrifice / Mummies / Starch / Received: 03/08/2016. Modified: 11/13/2016. Accepted: 11/14/2016. Bernardo Arriaza. Ph.D. in Phy- lica del Norte, Chile. Ph.D. Luis Huaman. Ph.D. candida- pacá, Chile. Research Assis- sical Antropology, Arizona student, Universidad de Tara- te in Botany, Universidad tant, Universidad de Tarapacá, State University, USA. Resear- pacá, Chile. Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Chile. cher, Universidad de Tarapacá Juan Chacama. Ph.D. candidate (UPCH), Perú. Professor, Pablo Méndez-Quiros. Master (UTA), Chile. Address: Insti- in Ethnohistory, Universidad de (UPCH), Perú. candidate, Universitat Auto- tuto de Alta Investigación, Chile. Professor, Universidad Fiorella Villanueva. B.S. in Bio- noma de Barcelona, Spain. Universidad de Tarapacá. Ca- de Tarapacá, Chile. logy, Universidad Nacional Pedro Tapia. Ph.D. in Geos- lle Antofagasta 1520. Arica, Vivien Standen. Ph.D. in Phy- Federico Villarreal, Chile. ciences, University of Nebras- Chile. e-mail: barriazaarica@ sical Anthropology, Univer- Research Assistant, UPCH, ka, USA. Research Associate, gmail.com sidad Nacional Autónoma de Perú. UPCH, Perú. Juan Pablo Ogalde. M.A. in An- México. Professor, Universidad Natalia Aravena. Medical Tech- thropology, Universidad Cató- de Tarapacá, Chile. nologist, Universidad de Tara- 844 0378-1844/14/07/468-08 $ 3.00/0 DECEMBER 2016, VOL. 41 Nº 12 ANÁLISIS MICROSCÓPICO DE RESIDUOS VEGETALES DEL SITIO DE CERRO ESMERALDA, NORTE DE CHILE: ESTADO E IMPLICACIONES ACERCA DEL RITUAL FUNERARIO Bernardo Arriaza, Juan Ogalde, Juan Chacama, Vivien Standen, Luis Huaman, Fiorella Villanueva, Natalia Aravena, Pablo Méndez-Quiros y Pedro Tapia RESUMEN En este trabajo se estudian cinco ofrendas del contexto fú- los principales hallazgos incluyen la presencia de festucodies, nebre Inca de Cerro Esmeralda, Iquique, costa norte de Chile, dicotiledóneas y gramíneas. Estos datos y su contexto sugie- con el propósito de contribuir a identificar los tipos de plantas ren el consumo de chicha de buena calidad en un escenario utilizadas y en particular ahondar en el estudio del consumo Inca regional. Se presentan varios escenarios de interpretación de chichas asociado a este ritual mortuorio. Utilizando técni- como por ejemplo el uso de diferentes materias primas vegeta- cas de raspado y cepillado con elementos estériles se extra- les para optimizar la fermentación, un uso ritualístico de ‘co- jeron muestras de sedimentos de jarras y chuspas ofrendadas mer con el muerto’, posible contaminación antrópica ancestral para análisis de almidones y fitolitos. Se logró identificar al- de las vasijas durante varios usos cotidianos y, por último, ac- midones de Zea mays, Cucurbita sp./Lagenaria sp., Phaseolus tividades sociales y rituales asociada al conjunto de estos pro- sp. y un grano de posible Manihot. En cuanto a los fitolitos, bables escenarios. ANÁLISE MICROSCÓPICO DE RESÍDUOS VEGETAIS DA ÁREA DE CERRO ESMERALDA, NORTE DO CHILE: ESTADO E IMPLICAÇÕES SOBRE O RITUAL FUNERÁRIO Bernardo Arriaza, Juan Ogalde, Juan Chacama, Vivien Standen, Luis Huaman, Fiorella Villanueva, Natalia Aravena, Pablo Méndez-Quiros e Pedro Tapia RESUMO Neste trabalho são estudadas cinco oferendas do contexto possível Manihot. Quanto aos fitólitos, as principais descober- fúnebre Inca de Cerro Esmeralda, Iquique, costa norte do Chi- tas incluem a presença de festucoides, dicotiledóneas e gramí- le, com o propósito de contribuir para identificar os tipos de neas. Estes dados e seu contexto sugerem o consumo de chicha plantas utilizadas e em particular aprofundar o estudo do con- de boa qualidade em um cenário Inca regional. Se apresentam sumo de “chicha” (bebida típica da região), associado a este vários cenários de interpretação como por exemplo o uso de ritual mortuário. Utilizando técnicas de raspagem e escovado diferentes matérias primas vegetais para otimizar a fermenta- com elementos estéreis se extraíram amostras de sedimentos ção, um uso ritualístico de ‘comer com o morto’, possível con- de jarras e “chuspas” (bolsas de lã) oferendadas para análise taminação antrópica ancestral dos recipientes durante vários de amidos e fitólitos. Se conseguiu identificar amidos de Zea usos cotidianos e, por último, atividades sociais e rituais asso- mays, Cucurbita sp./Lagenaria sp., Phaseolus sp. e um grão de ciada ao conjunto destes prováveis cenários. Canyon region of southernPeru near the modern city of its lower elevation, the burial 1999) show evidence of trau- (Bray et al., 2005; Reinhard, Iquique in northern Chile. represents a Capacocha and ma; but others may have died 2005; Reinhard and Ceruti, Here, two young girls of 9 and can be considered a special of hypothermia assisted by 2010); the mummies of Cerro 18-20 years of age were found burial, with all the parapher- imbibing special drinks, chicha Llullaillaco in northwestern
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    $' GONIGYT (OMSK5N WACONAL DE INVSTIGCI . CIENTÍflCA Y TECNOIÓGICA - 3 •- GOBIERNO DE CHILE - '1P Km i COMISION NACIONAL DL INVLS 1 RAC ION CIENCIA Y ILCNOLOUIA VERSION OFICIAL FECHA: 17/03/2010 PROYECTO REGULAR N°1070575 INVESTIGADOR RESPONSABLE: BERNARDO TOMAS ARRIAZA TORRES FONDO NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO CIENTIFICO Y TECNOLOGICO (FONDECYT) Bernarda Morín 551. Providencia - casilla 297-y. Santiago 21 Teletbno: 435 43 50 FAX 365 4435 Email: infon-nes.fondec,,,t'Cí INFORME FINAL PROYECTO FONDECYT REGULAR N° PROYECTO: 1070575 DURACIÓN: 3 años AÑO ETAPA: 2009 TÍTULO PROYECTO: BIOARQUEOLOGIA DE POBLACIONES ChINChORRO. NORTE DE CHILE: ESTUDIO DE LAS CONDICIONES DE SALUD EN AMBIENTES ECOTOXICOS. MEDIANTE El, ANAI,ISIS ARSENICAL Y OSTEOPATOLOGICO EN RESTOS MOMIFICADOS Y ESQUEI,ETALES. DISCIPLINA PRINCIPAL: ARQUEOLOGIA GRUPO DE ESTUDIO: ANTROP. Y ARQUE INVESTIGADOR(A) RESPONSABLE: BERNARDO TOMAS ARRIAZA TORRES DIRECCIÓN: COMUNA: Anca CIUDAD: ARICA REGIÓN: XV REGION FONO: 0 EMAIL: INFORME OBJETIVOS Cumplimiento de los Objetivos planteados en el Proyecto. Recuerde que los objetivos del proyecto no se refieren a listar actividades desarrolladas sino a los objetivos desarrollados No OBJETIVOS CUMPLIMIENTO FUNDAMENTO Cuantiticar los niveles de arsénico en la lolAl actualidad en los sitios de la Capilla (Anca). desembocadura de Lluta. Caleta Vitor y Camarones en agua. plantas. animales (lobos marinos, mariscos y peces). 2 Realizar experimentos de diagénesis en los valles TOTAL en estudio, enterrando restos de camélidos (piel, hueso y carne a una profundidad de un metro). 3 Cuantificar los niveles de arsénico en los sitios TOTAl, arqueológicos arcaicos de A rica y Camarones. 4 Recopilar antecedentes clínicos del poblado y TOTAL Comuna de Camarones.
  • Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice

    Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 439428, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/439428 Review Article Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice Maria Constanza Ceruti Instituto de Investigaciones de Alta Montana,˜ Universidad Catolica´ de Salta, Campus Castanares,˜ 4400 Salta, Argentina Correspondence should be addressed to Maria Constanza Ceruti; [email protected] Received 22 December 2014; Accepted 5 April 2015 Academic Editor: Andreas G. Nerlich Copyright © 2015 Maria Constanza Ceruti. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study will focus on frozen mummies of sacrificial victims from mounts Llullaillaco (6739 m), Quehuar (6130 m), ElToro (6160 m), and the Aconcagua massif. These finds provide bioarchaeological data from mountaintop sites that has been recovered in scientifically controlled excavations in the northwest of Argentina, which was once part of the southern province of the Inca Empire. Numerous interdisciplinary studies have been conducted on the Llullaillaco mummies, including radiological evaluations by conventional X-rays and CT scans, which provided information about condition and pathology of the bones and internal organ, as well as dental studies oriented to the estimation of the ages of the three children at the time of death. Ancient DNA studies and hair analysis were also performed in cooperation with the George Mason University, the University of Bradford, and the Laboratory of Biological Anthropology at the University of Copenhagen. Ethnohistorical sources reveal interesting aspects related to the commemorative, expiatory, propitiatory, and dedicatory aspects of human sacrifice performed under Inca rule.