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STATE and DEATH RITUAL IMPLICATIONS Interciencia, Vol Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela Arriaza, Bernardo; Ogalde, Juan; Chacama, Juan; Standen, Vivien; Huaman, Luis; Villanueva, Fiorella; Aravena, Natalia; Méndez-Quiros, Pablo; Tapia, Pedro MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL RESIDUES FROM CERRO ESMERALDA BURIAL IN NORTHERN CHILE: STATE AND DEATH RITUAL IMPLICATIONS Interciencia, vol. 41, núm. 12, diciembre, 2016, pp. 844-850 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33948806008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL RESIDUES FROM CERRO ESMERALDA BURIAL IN NORTHERN CHILE: STATE AND DEATH RITUAL IMPLICATIONS Bernardo Arriaza, Juan Ogalde, Juan Chacama, Vivien Standen, Luis Huaman, Fiorella Villanueva, Natalia Aravena, Pablo Méndez-Quiros and Pedro Tapia SUMMARY In this paper we examine five offerings from a funeral clude festucodeae, dicotyledons, and graminoids. These re- context found at Cerro Esmeralda, an Inca burial ground in sults and this context suggest the consumption of high-qual- the Iquique coast of northern Chile. We focus on the iden- ity chicha in the Inca regional funeral setting. Several pos- tification of utilized plants, and investigate the consump- sible interpretive scenarios are suggested, including the use tion of chicha during this mortuary ritual. We brushed and of various types of plants to optimize the maize fermenting scraped aríbalo vessels and chuspa bags with sterile lab process; ritualistic consumption of chicha to feast with the tools and collected and analyzed micro-samples for starch dead (comer con el muerto); ancient anthropogenic contam- and phytoliths. We identified Zea mays starch, Cucurbita ination of the vessels due to different types of daily uses; sp./Lagenaria sp., Phaseolus sp., and a few grains of Mani- and, finally, as social and ritual activities associated with hot starch. The identified phytoliths that were present in- all these possible scenarios. Introduction [1653], Betanzos 1996 [1557], Capacocha site has been with coca leaves and edible Sarmiento de Gamboa, 2007 characterized as having the products (e.g., jerky, corn). During the Tawantinsuyu or [1572]). Their ethnohistorical following inhumation archae- Along with the mentioned fea- Inca Empire, chicha (corn accounts correlate with ar- ological features: a) the sacri- tures, the fermented maize beer) consumption, politics, chaeological records (Mostny, fice of one or several children drink called chicha was pre- and human sacrifices were 1957; Reinhard, 1999, 2005; of both sexes; b) burials in an pared for this ritual (Moli- intimately intertwined with Chávez, 2001; Ceruti, 2003a, important Andean mountain na, 1943; Guamán Poma, reciprocity, alliances, and hos- b; Cummins, 2004; Bray peak or special regional place; 1980; Cobo, 1990; Betanzos, pitality, which were key com- et al., 2005; Bray, 2009). c) large and lavish ceramic 1996; Ceruti, 2003a, b, 2015; ponents of the Inca state’s These human sacrifices were grave goods (aríbalos among Cummins, 2004; Bray et al., goals of conquest, control, performed in commemoration others); d) fine clothes/gar- 2005; Sarmiento de Gamboa, and expansion (Morris, 1974; of historical events in the life ments (cumbi among others); 2007; Bray, 2009; Reinhard Morris and Thompson, 1985; of the Inca emperor or in re- e) miniature Spondylus sp., and Ceruti, 2010; Wilson Dillehay, 2003; Morris and sponse to natural catastro- silver and gold anthropomor- et al., 2013). Covey, 2003; Bray, 2009; phes, whereas the provinces phic figurines decorated with Today, about 18 of these Morris et al., 2011). One of of the Tawantinsuyu were so- exotic feathers and clothes in sites have been discovered, these types of human sacrific- cially and politically linked to addition to miniature camelids many showing the presence of es was the Capacocha rituals the Cusco capital through this made of the same type of aríbalos or vessels to store and described by several chroni- practice of human sacrifice metals; f) exotic goods such transport chicha. Capacocha clers of the Andean region (Cobo, 1990; Ceruti, 2003b; as feathers, cinnabar pigment, sites from the high Andean (Molina 1943 [1575], Guamán Reinhard and Ceruti, 2010; and Spondylus shells; g) food mountains, 6000masl, include Poma 1980 [1615], Cobo 1990 Andrushko et al., 2011). A offerings such as chuspa bags Cerro Ampato in the Colca KEYWORDS / Chicha Drinks / Chile / Human Sacrifice / Mummies / Starch / Received: 03/08/2016. Modified: 11/13/2016. Accepted: 11/14/2016. Bernardo Arriaza. Ph.D. in Phy- lica del Norte, Chile. Ph.D. Luis Huaman. Ph.D. candida- pacá, Chile. Research Assis- sical Antropology, Arizona student, Universidad de Tara- te in Botany, Universidad tant, Universidad de Tarapacá, State University, USA. Resear- pacá, Chile. Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Chile. cher, Universidad de Tarapacá Juan Chacama. Ph.D. candidate (UPCH), Perú. Professor, Pablo Méndez-Quiros. Master (UTA), Chile. Address: Insti- in Ethnohistory, Universidad de (UPCH), Perú. candidate, Universitat Auto- tuto de Alta Investigación, Chile. Professor, Universidad Fiorella Villanueva. B.S. in Bio- noma de Barcelona, Spain. Universidad de Tarapacá. Ca- de Tarapacá, Chile. logy, Universidad Nacional Pedro Tapia. Ph.D. in Geos- lle Antofagasta 1520. Arica, Vivien Standen. Ph.D. in Phy- Federico Villarreal, Chile. ciences, University of Nebras- Chile. e-mail: barriazaarica@ sical Anthropology, Univer- Research Assistant, UPCH, ka, USA. Research Associate, gmail.com sidad Nacional Autónoma de Perú. UPCH, Perú. Juan Pablo Ogalde. M.A. in An- México. Professor, Universidad Natalia Aravena. Medical Tech- thropology, Universidad Cató- de Tarapacá, Chile. nologist, Universidad de Tara- 844 0378-1844/14/07/468-08 $ 3.00/0 DECEMBER 2016, VOL. 41 Nº 12 ANÁLISIS MICROSCÓPICO DE RESIDUOS VEGETALES DEL SITIO DE CERRO ESMERALDA, NORTE DE CHILE: ESTADO E IMPLICACIONES ACERCA DEL RITUAL FUNERARIO Bernardo Arriaza, Juan Ogalde, Juan Chacama, Vivien Standen, Luis Huaman, Fiorella Villanueva, Natalia Aravena, Pablo Méndez-Quiros y Pedro Tapia RESUMEN En este trabajo se estudian cinco ofrendas del contexto fú- los principales hallazgos incluyen la presencia de festucodies, nebre Inca de Cerro Esmeralda, Iquique, costa norte de Chile, dicotiledóneas y gramíneas. Estos datos y su contexto sugie- con el propósito de contribuir a identificar los tipos de plantas ren el consumo de chicha de buena calidad en un escenario utilizadas y en particular ahondar en el estudio del consumo Inca regional. Se presentan varios escenarios de interpretación de chichas asociado a este ritual mortuorio. Utilizando técni- como por ejemplo el uso de diferentes materias primas vegeta- cas de raspado y cepillado con elementos estériles se extra- les para optimizar la fermentación, un uso ritualístico de ‘co- jeron muestras de sedimentos de jarras y chuspas ofrendadas mer con el muerto’, posible contaminación antrópica ancestral para análisis de almidones y fitolitos. Se logró identificar al- de las vasijas durante varios usos cotidianos y, por último, ac- midones de Zea mays, Cucurbita sp./Lagenaria sp., Phaseolus tividades sociales y rituales asociada al conjunto de estos pro- sp. y un grano de posible Manihot. En cuanto a los fitolitos, bables escenarios. ANÁLISE MICROSCÓPICO DE RESÍDUOS VEGETAIS DA ÁREA DE CERRO ESMERALDA, NORTE DO CHILE: ESTADO E IMPLICAÇÕES SOBRE O RITUAL FUNERÁRIO Bernardo Arriaza, Juan Ogalde, Juan Chacama, Vivien Standen, Luis Huaman, Fiorella Villanueva, Natalia Aravena, Pablo Méndez-Quiros e Pedro Tapia RESUMO Neste trabalho são estudadas cinco oferendas do contexto possível Manihot. Quanto aos fitólitos, as principais descober- fúnebre Inca de Cerro Esmeralda, Iquique, costa norte do Chi- tas incluem a presença de festucoides, dicotiledóneas e gramí- le, com o propósito de contribuir para identificar os tipos de neas. Estes dados e seu contexto sugerem o consumo de chicha plantas utilizadas e em particular aprofundar o estudo do con- de boa qualidade em um cenário Inca regional. Se apresentam sumo de “chicha” (bebida típica da região), associado a este vários cenários de interpretação como por exemplo o uso de ritual mortuário. Utilizando técnicas de raspagem e escovado diferentes matérias primas vegetais para otimizar a fermenta- com elementos estéreis se extraíram amostras de sedimentos ção, um uso ritualístico de ‘comer com o morto’, possível con- de jarras e “chuspas” (bolsas de lã) oferendadas para análise taminação antrópica ancestral dos recipientes durante vários de amidos e fitólitos. Se conseguiu identificar amidos de Zea usos cotidianos e, por último, atividades sociais e rituais asso- mays, Cucurbita sp./Lagenaria sp., Phaseolus sp. e um grão de ciada ao conjunto destes prováveis cenários. Canyon region of southernPeru near the modern city of its lower elevation, the burial 1999) show evidence of trau- (Bray et al., 2005; Reinhard, Iquique in northern Chile. represents a Capacocha and ma; but others may have died 2005; Reinhard and Ceruti, Here, two young girls of 9 and can be considered a special of hypothermia assisted by 2010); the mummies of Cerro 18-20 years of age were found burial, with all the parapher- imbibing special drinks, chicha Llullaillaco in northwestern
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