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31 T.Y.B.A. HISTORYPAPER - IV MEDIEVALINDIA (1000 – 1707 A.D.) © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Suhas Pednekar Vice-Chancellor UniversityofMumbai, Mumbai Dr. Kavita Laghate Anil R Bankar Professor cum Director, Associate Prof. of History & Asst. Director & Institute of Distance & Open Learning, Incharge StudyMaterial Section, UniversityofMumbai, Mumbai IDOL, University of Mumbai Program Co-ordinator : Anil R. Bankar Associate.Prof. of History andAsst. Director, IDOL, University of Mumbai. Course Writers : Dr. Bimal Malhotra, M.A., Ph. D. Head, Department of History, Wilson College, Mumbai. : Dr. Eugene J. D’Souza, M.A., Ph.D. Principal, Asmita College ofArts and Commerce for Women, Kannamwar Nagar-2, Vikhroli (E), Mumbai-400 083. \Re-Editor : Dr. Prakash M. Masram Asst. Professor, Dept. of History, UniversityofMumbai, Mumbai Editor : Dr.AjaykumarLokhande Dept. of History, K.V.Pendharkar College, Dombivli,Dist.Thane December 2019, T.Y.B.AHistory Paper- IV, Medieval India (1000-1707 A.D.) Published by : Director Incharge Institute of Distance and Open Learning , UniversityofMumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. ipin Enterprises DTP Composed : AshwiniTantia Arts Jogani Industrial Estate, Unit No. 2, GurukripaGround Chawl, Floor, M.C. Sitaram Chagla Mill Marg, Compound, Bamanwada, VileJ.R. Parle Boricha (E), Mumbai Marg, - 400 Mumbai 099. - 400 011 Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1. Socio-economic and political conditions of India on the eve of Turkish Invasion. 01 2. Delhi Sultanate-Foundation and Consolidation - I 15 3. Delhi Sultanate-Foundation and Consolidation - II 25 4. Delhi Sultanate-Expansion and Decline -I 36 5. Delhi Sultanate-Expansion and Decline II 47 6. Administrative System of the Delhi Sultanate - I 60 7. Administrative System of the Delhi Sultanate -II 71 8. Rise, Growth and Decline of the Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdoms. 81 9. Administration, Economy,Societyand Culture of Vijayanagar Empire. 98 10. Mughal Empire-Foundation, Struggle and Restoration -I 114 11. Mughal Empire-Foundation, Struggle and Restoration-II 136 12. Mughal Empire-Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline-I 149 13. Mughal Empire-Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline-II 163 14. Mughal Empire-Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline-III 184 15. Administration of the Mughals-I 203 16. Administration of the Mughals-II 214 17. Rise of the Maratha Power-I 225 18. Rise of the Maratha Power-II 236 19. Economic Conditions under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-I 245 20. Economic Conditions under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals -II 256 21. Social Conditions Under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-I 266 22. Social Conditions Under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-II 277 23. Religion during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal period-I 288 24. Religion during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal period-II 303 25. Culture during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-I 316 26. Culture during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-II 327 I Syllabus T.Y.B.A. History Paper – IV Medieval India (1000-1707 A.D.) (Old) 1. Socio-Economic and Political conditions of India on the eve of Turkish invasion. 2. Delhi Sultanate: (a) Foundation and Consolidation: Qutbuddin Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia and Balban (b) Expansion and Decline: Alauddin Khilji, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’ Sayyids and Lodis 3. Administrative System of the Delhi Sultanate: (a) Administrative and Military Reforms of Alauddin Khilji (b) Firuz Shah Tughlaq and his reforms (c) Central Government and Iqta System 4. Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdoms: (a) Rise, growth and decline of Vijayanagara and Bahamani Kingdoms (b) Administration, economy, society and culture of the Vijayanagara Empire 5. Mughal Empire – Foundation, Struggle and Restoration (1526-1556): (a) Babur (b) Humayun (c) Sher Shah – conquests and administration 6. Mughal Empire – Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline: (a) Akbar, (b) Jahangir and Shah Jahan (c) Aurangzeb 7. Administration of the Mughals: (a) Central and Provincial (b) Mansabdari System (c) Revenue II 8. Rise of the Maratha Power: (a) Shivaji and foundation of the Swarajya (b) Shivaji’s Administration (c) Sambhaji, Rajaram and Tarabai 9. Economic and Social Conditions under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals: (a) Agriculture, Industry, Trade, Commerce and Currency (b) Caste system, position of women and Slavery (c) Education and literature 10. Religions and Culture during the Sultanate and Mughals: (a) Religious trends – Bhakti movement, Sufism, Din-I-Ilahi and Sikkhism (b) Art – Painting, Calligraphy, Sculpture (c) Architecture 339 Suggested Readings 1. Banerjee AC-New History of Medieval India, New Delhi,S.Chand & Co., New Delhi,1990. 2. Chitnis K.N - Glimpses of Medieval Indian and Institutions, Poona, 1981. 3. Chitnis K.N -Socio-Economic History of Medieval India, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi,1990. 4. Chopra P.N., Puri B.N., Das M.N-A Social, Cultural and Economic History of India, Vol II. Macmillan India, Delhi,1974. 5. Lane Poole Stanley – Medieval India, London,1910 6. Majumdar R.C(ed)-The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol VI:The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay, 1967, Vol VII:The Moghul Empire, Bombay, 1974. 7. Mehta J.L – Advanced Study in the History Of Medieval India VolII, New Delhi sterling Publishers,1983. 8. Moreland W.H-From Akbar to Aurangzeb:Study in Economic History, London, 1923 9. Moreland E.H-India at the Death of Akbar:An Economic Study, London,1920 10. Pandy A.B.-Early Medievel India, Central Book Depot,Allahabad,1970 11. Pandy AB-Later Medieval India (1526-1761AD) Central Book Depot, Allahabad,1967. 12. Prasad Ishwari- History of Medieval India,Allahabad,1952. 13 Raychaudhuri T and Irfan Habib (ed)-The Cambridge Economic History of India, London,1982. 14. Richards J.F-The Moghul Empire, Cambridge,1994. 15. Sarkar Jadunath-Mughal Administration, Calcutta,1963. 16. Sarkar Jadunath-Shivaji and His Times, New Delhi,1973 17. Sharna S R-Mughal Empire in India,Agra,1971. 18. Sherwani H. K. and Joshi P.H.(ed) - History of Medieval Deccan (1295 - 1724 AD) VOl I, Huderabad, 1973m, Vol II, Hyderbad, 1974. 19. Srivastava A. L The Sultanate of Delhi (711 – 1526 AD), Agra, 1974. 20. Srivastava A. L - The Mughal Empire (1526 -1803 AD), Agra 1974 PREFACE It gives us great pleasure in associating ourselves with the writing of study material for the TYBA students of the Institute of Distance Education (IDE), University of Mumbai, in History, Paper 1V-Medieval India (1000-1707 AD). This study material is a comprehensive narration of the various topics that are included in the syllabus of Medieval India covering the period from 1000-1707 A.D. Medieval India covers a wide range of topics that have left their distinct mark on the history of Medieval India. These topics include political, social and economic conditions of India on the eve of the Turkish invasion, establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the expansion and consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate, the administrative structure of the Delhi Sultanate; polity, administration, and culture of the Vijayanagar Empire; establishment and expansion of the Mughal Empire; economy, society and culture of Medieval India, and the rise of the Maratha power under the leadership of Shivaji. We sincerely believe that this study material would be of immense help for the students of the Institute of Distance Education in understanding the subject and enabling them to answer the university examination. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Dr. S.D. Pawar, Director of the Institute of Distance Education, who was kind enough to assign us the task of writing this study material. Mumbai Dr. Bimal Malhotra Dr. Eugene J. D’Souza 1 1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF INDIA ON THE EVE OF THE TURKISH INVASION Unit Structure: 1.0 Objectives 1.1. Introduction: 1.2 Social Condition on the Eve of the Turkish Invasion 1.3 Economic Condition on the Eve of the Turkish Invasion 1.4 Political Condition on the Eve of the Turkish Invasion 1.5 Conclusion 1.6 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES: After studing this unit you will be able: To understand the Social condition on the eve of the Turkish invasion. To analyse the Economic Condition on the eve of the Turkish Invasion. To know the Political Condition on the eve of the Turkish Invasion. 1.1. INTRODUCTION: The invasion of the Turks at the turn of the eleventh century from Central Asia had far-reaching consequences on the history of India. The Turks established the politico-military control over major regions of the country and promoted the religion-Islam that they professed and introduced and nurtured the Islamic culture in all spheres. These factors led to the emergence of the Muslim community with a well-defined religion and its own socio-cultural moorings. Unlike the invaders of ancient India, the Turks and the Indian converts to Islam maintained their distinct religio-cultural identity. In order to understand the reasons behind the Turkish invasions and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, it is important to analyze the socio-economic and political conditions that prevailed in India on the eve of the Turkish invasion. 2 1.2 SOCIAL CONDITION OF INDIA ON THE EVE OF THE TURKISH INVASION 1.2.1 Division of the Society into Caste System: Since ancient times the Indian society was divided into four hierarchical castes with prescribed privileges and disabilities. The four major castes were: the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Sudras. The division of the society into castes and sub-castes had created sharp differences between different sections of the society. This in turn had weakened the society. The Brahmins and Kshatriyas commanded the highest respect in the society while the position of the Sudras and the Chandalas had become worse than before. The Smriti writers of the period ascribed exaggerated the privileges to the Brahmins. On the other hand the Sudras were condemned to rigorous social and religious disabilities.
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  • Kanyakumari District

    Kanyakumari District

    KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT 1 KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT 1. Introduction i) Geographical location of the district Kanyakumari is the Southern most West it is bound by Kerala. With an area of district of Tamil Nadu. The district lies 1672 sq.km it occupies 1.29% of the total between 77 o 15 ' and 77 o 36 ' of the Eastern area of Tamil Nadu. It ranks first in literacy Longitudes and 8 o 03 ' and 8 o 35 ' of the among the districts in Tamil Nadu. Northern Latitudes. The district is bound by Tirunelveli district on the North and the East. ii) Administrative profile The South eastern boundary is the Gulf of The administrative profile of Mannar. On the South and the South West, Kanyakumari district is given in the table the boundaries are the Indian Ocean and the below Arabian sea. On the west and North Name of the No. of revenue Sl. No. Name of taluk No. of firka division villages 1 Agastheeswaram 4 43 1 Nagercoil 2 Thovalai 3 24 3 Kalkulam 6 66 2 Padmanabhapuram 4 Vilavancode 5 55 Total 18 188 ii) 2 Meteorological information and alluvial soils are found at Based on the agro-climatic and Agastheeswaram and Thovalai blocks. topographic conditions, the district can be divided into three regions, namely: the ii) Agriculture and horticulture uplands, the middle and the low lands, which are suitable for growing a number of crops. Based on the agro-climatic and The proximity of equator, its topography and topographic conditions, the district can be other climate factors favour the growth of divided into three regions, namely:- various crops.
  • Kanyakumari District Statistical Handbook – 2016

    Kanyakumari District Statistical Handbook – 2016

    Kanyakumari District Statistical Handbook – 2016 Preface Salient Features District Profile 1. Area &Population 2. Climate & Rainfall 3. Agriculture 4. Irrigation 5. Animal Husbandary 6. Banking & Insurance 7. Co-Operative Societies 8. Civil Supplies 9. Communications 10. Electricity 11. Education 12. Fisheries 13. Handloom 14. Handicrafts 15. Health & Family Welfare 16. Housing 17. Industries 18. Factories 19. Local Bodies 20. Labour & Employment 21. Legal services 22. Libraries 23. Mining & Quarrying 24. Manufacturing 27. Non-Conventional 25. Medical Services 26. Motor Vehicles Energy 28. Police & Prison 29. Public Health 30. Printing & Publications 31. Prices Indices 32. Quality Control 33. Registration 36. Recreation & Cultural 34. Repair & Services 35. Restaurants & Hotels Services 39. Scientific Research 37. Social Welfare 38. Sanitary Services Services 40. Storage Facilities 41. Textiles 42. Trade & Commerce 43. Transport 44. Tourism 45. Vital Statistics 46. Voluntary Services 47. Waterworks & Supply 48. Rubber Study DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF STATISTICS KANNIYAKUMARI DISTRICT PREFACE The District Statistical Hand Book is prepared and published by our Department every year. This book provides useful data across various departments in Kanniyakumari District. It contains imperative and essential statistical data on different Socio-Economic aspects of the District in terms of statistical tables and graphical representations. This will be useful in getting a picture of Kanniyakumari’s current state and analyzing what improvements can be brought further. I would liketo thank the respectable District Collector Sh. SAJJANSINGH R CHAVAN, IAS for his cooperation in achieving the task of preparing the District Hand Book for the year 2015-16 and I humbly acknowledge his support with profound gratitude. The co-operation extended by the officers of this district, by supplying the information presented in this book is gratefully acknowledged.