The Mughal Kings

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CHAPTER - 4 THE MUGHAL KINGS

Babur (1526-30) 15.In 1581 introduced Dah- sala system 1.Belonged to Cheghati section of the Turkish (important role of Todar Mal) race 16.Akbar’s empire was divided into 12 subas 2.Originally from Farghana (Trans – ociana). Born (1575). Later the number rose upto 15 (1605) in 1483 in the family of Taimur Jehangir (1605-27) 3.Was invited by mahmud Khan Lodi AND 1.Popular known as ‘Salim’ born at Lahore Ranasanga. in1569. • Founded a new capital city Fatehpur Sikri 2.Promulgated twelve edicts / ordinances for the (1572-80) which contains edifices of high general welfare and better government to mark quality like Buland Darwaja, Diwani-i- his coronation. Capital city was at Agra Khas, Turkish Sultan’s Palace, Panch Mahal etc. Agra and also Lahore served as 3.Lost the province if Kandhar to Persia. his capital cities. 4.Married Mehrunnisa (daughter of Mirza Ghiya • Akbar designed his mausoleum himself Beg) later known as Nuramahal& Nurjahan. which was constructed by Jahangir at 5.Formation of Junta( Clique) comprising Sikandara Nurjehan , her father Mirza Ghiyas Beg 4.A skilled musician and player of (Itimaud- Daula) her brother Asaf Khan ‘Naqqara’(Kettled drum) Jehangir’s eldest son and son-in-law of Asaf 5.Some of the great musicians like Tansen, Khan Khurram which practically played a Baba Ramdas and Baba Haridas adorned his decisive role in running the government for court many years. 6.The mode of calligraphy favourite to Akbar was 6.Coup of Mohabat Khan Took place that captured ‘ Nastaliq’. Jehangir & Nurjahan in Lahore. 7.Some of the prominent painters who wre in 7.Coming of two English emissaries of king court of Akbar were Khawaja Abdus Samad. James of England, Captain Hawkin and Sir Dasawanta & Basawan. Thomas Roy for favourable trade concessions. 8.Made Persian translation of Mahabharta As a result of their efforts English factories were known as ‘Razm –Naman’. Also got Ramayana set up at Agra , Surat , Ahmadabad & Broach . Translated into Persian. 8.Wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-I-Jehangari in 9.Muzaffar Khan , Todarmal & Shah Mansur were Persian. three most notable wazir of his time. 9.He was buried at Shahadara near Lahore (Died 10.Compiled a code of education regulations. near Lahore while returning from Kashmir). 11.Prohibited polygamy. 10.Mughal Painting reached its climax during his 12.Assumed the title of Zul –i- ilahi (Shadow of reign, great progress was made in portrait god). painting & paintings of animals, Mansure was 13.Introduced Gaz-i-ilahi, of 41 digits a new yard the greatest name in this field. for land measurement (89 inches in length) 11.He himself was accomplished in pain….. he in1588. claimed that he cold distinguish the work of 14.In 1573 introduced Kirori experiment. different artists done in a single painting.

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12.Introduced ‘Du- Aspah’ & Sih-Aspah system 6.He developed the Persian version of the (literally tropper with 2 or 3 horses)in Upanishads. Manasabadri system. 7.His famous works are 13.Ordered the abolition of inhuman coropal • Sufiant –ul- Auliya: Biographies of sufi punishments like the cutting of nose and ears saints of the culprits. • Sakinat –ul- Auliya : Biographies of his two 14.Ordered the preparation of a Zanjir-i-Adl the preceptors Miyan Mir & Mullah Shah. cham of justice made of pure gold . to hear public • Hasant –ul- Arifin : Contains his religious grievances against the highhandedness and ideas. oppression of government officers. • Majma –ul- Baharain : Contains his 15.Executed Guru Arjun Dev with charge of giving religious ideas( Meaning: Confluenceof two help to the prince Khusrao after his revolt oceans) in1606. • Sirr-I- Akbar : Translation of 552 Shahjahan .Upanishads. 1.Real name Khurram. Born in 1592 . Died in • Risala-I- Haq Numa 1666. Aurangzeb (1657-1707) 2.Witnessed a war of succession among his four 1.Adopted the title of Alamgir (Conqueror of the sons. Later on impressed till death by world), Padshah (Emperor0 and Ghazi (Holy Aurangzeb. Warrior0. 3.Made greatest contribution to architecture, 2.Confronted a number of rebellions. introduced large scale use of marble , pietra dura and added elegance and sophistication in • Jats under Gokala Rajaram and Churaman buildings. successively. 4.Built magnificient edifices like the Red Fort ( • Satnamis (Mudiyas0 by the followers of Red Stone ), the Jma Masjid ( Red Stone), the Birbhan Taj Mahal (Marble ),and the Moti Masjid ( • Sikhs, after humilitation and Marble )at Agra. imprisionment of Shambhaji 5.Ousted the Portuguese from Hugli and • Rjaput by Rathors of Marwar after the death occupiedit in 1632. of Jaswant Singh, on account of Aurangzeb’s refulas to recongnise Ajit 6.Foreign travelers Brenier (French) Travenier Singh (Posthumous son of Jaswant Singh) (French) and Manucci (Italian ) visited his as the legal heir. court. • Bundelas led by Champat Rai & Chhatrasal 7.His court historian was Abdul Hamid Lahori . 3.Reimposed Jizya in 1670. 8.Got built the Peacock throne Takht-i- Taus (1628-35) and Taj Mahal (1632-56) 4.Abolished Rahdari (Inland transit duties) Pandari (Octroi0 and Abwab (Miscellaneous 9.Introduced scale of 1/3.1/4&1/5 in Mansabadri taxes). system. 5.Discontinued the practice of inscbing the Dara Shikoh Kalima (Muhammadan confession of faith) on 1.He was the eldest son of Shahjahan andf his the coins. most favoured nominee for the throne. 6.Abolished the celebrations of the Nauroz (New 2.He was liberal and possessed moderate views. year’ Day), Sati (1163), Jhorakha-darshan, music and singing. 3.He was a devotee of Qadiri order of Sufis. 7.Discontinued the ceremony of weighing the 4.He was disciple of Miyan Mir and then his emperor (Tuladan) on his birthdays. successor Mulla Shah Badaksni. 8.Executed Shambhaji (son of Shivaji) in 1690 5.He received the tittle of Shai–I- Buland Iqbal 9.A proficient player of veena. from Shahjahan.

10.Forbade singing at court. Jinsi Heavy Artillery. 11.Reimposed Pilgrims Tax. She-Bandi Soldiers belonging to infantry. 12.Forbade the cultivation of ‘Bhang” They wee more like the civil 13.Built Pearl Mosque (Moti Masjid) inside the red police. Fort at Delhi Silehdars Cavalrymen who brought their 14.He was regarded as a ‘Zinda Pir’ (a living saint) own horses and arms. They 15.Appointed a board of ulemas to compile a digest were paid higher salaries than on law which came to be known as Fatwa-i- bargirs. Alamgiri. POLITICO-ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS 16.Appointed ‘Muhtasibs’. Subah The Departments of Mughal State 1.The largest unit equivalent to province. Diwan-I-Ala 2.The head was known as Nazim or Subedar of 1.Finance Minister of the state. Sipahsalar. 2.Looked after the revenue and expenditure of 3.Other functionaries at this level were: Diwan the state (Finance), Bakshi (Defence), Sadr (religious affairs) and Qazi (justice). Mir Bakshi Sarkar Minister in charge of military establishment. 1.The unit was equivalent to district. Sadr-Us- Sudr 2.Headed by Faujdar or Shiqdar or Shiqdar- 1.Also known as sadr-i-Jehan. I_Shiqdaran. He was overall incharge of law & 2.Head of ecclesiastical department. order. 3.Looked after religious affairs of the state. 3.Assessment & collection of revenue was looked QAZI-UL-QUZZAT after by Amalguzar. 1.Constituted the second highest judicial 4.The head of the district treasury was authority after the king Khazandar. 2.Supervised and control entire judicial set-up 5.Bitikchis functioned as writers and record of the state keepers. KHAN-I-SAMAN Pargana 1.Also known as Mikr-saman. 1.The administrative unit next to sarkar. 2.Head of royal household 2.Headed by Shiqdar, who was in charge of law & order. 3.In charge of royal Korkhanas. 3.The revenue official at this level was Amil. The organization of army 4.The head of the treasury was Fotadar. Ahdis Known as gentleman troopers who were directly recruited Village and paid by the state. 1.Village affairs were looked after by the Ahsham Soldiers belonging to infantry. Panchayat. 2.Lambardar was the head of the Panchayat. Bargirs Soldiers belonging to cavalry. They were mounted and 3.There was a Chowkidar. equipped by the state. Translations of Different Book During the Dasti Light Artillery Mughals Dhakhilis Known as supplementary Atharvaveda Translated into Persian by troopers. They were recruited haji Ibrahim Sarhindi. by the State and paid from the Babarnamah Translated into Persian by State treasury, Abdur Rahim Khana.

Lilawati Translated into Persian by Shalimar Bagh Laid out by Jehangir at Faizi. Srinagar. Mahabharata Translated into Persian by Nisat Bagh Laid out by Asaf Khan at Abudul Qadir Badayuni, Srinagar. Naqib Khan and Shaikh Sultan. It is known as Shalimar Garden Laid out by Shahjehan near Razm nama in this form. Lahore. Nal Damayanti Translated into Persian by Hayat Baksh Laid out by Shahjehan faizi inside the red Fort. Pancha Tantra Translated into Persian by Shalimar Bagh Laid out by Shahjehan in Abul/Fazi. The book is Delhi known as Anwer-I-Suhalli Wazir Bagh Laid out by Dara in in Persian form. Kashmir. Rajatarangini Translated into Persian by Chahar Burji BaghLaid out by zeb-un-nisa Mulla Shah Muhammad. near Lahore. Crops & Ramayana Translated into Persian by Industries Distribution Abdul Qadir Badayuni, Sind Cooon, silk, wooden article, Naquib Khan and Shaikh ivory, bangles, saltpeter, Sultan. mattresses. Mughal Painting Gujarat Silk weaving, velvet Humayun Brought Abdul Samad and Needlework, Embroidery. saiyyad Ali to Delhi. Jewellery, Furniture, Weapons, Gold 7 Silver Akbar Established royal embroidery. Karkhana for painting. Delhi/Agra Paper, Glassware, Copper & Tlazam Nama and Trikh-i- Brass utensils. Khandane Timuria were painted. Avadh Saltpetre Europen painting was Bihar Glass vessels, Wooden introduced by portugese articles. Jehangir He, himself was a painter. Bengal Muslin, Cotton, Silk, Embroidered quilts. Sent Bisan Dara to Russia. Agra Bayana Indigo (Costlier) Mansoor was the greatest painter of his time Ahmedabad Sarkhej Indigo He loved paintings on Varieties of cloth animal and birds. 1.Pat A coarser kind of cotton cloth Shahjahan Badsah name Illustrated used by the poor. Used lavish gold. 2.Kirpas (Calico) A superior variety of cotton cloth than Pat Aurangjeb He was antagonistic 3.Sirinbaft A variety of mullsim towards miniature painting. 4.Salahati A variety of muslin obtained from Sylhet Mughal Gardens 5.Devgiri A fine & expensive variety of Hasht Bahist Laid out by Babar at a Agra, muslin obtained from now known as Ram Bagh. Devagiri

6.Patola A Kid of silk Fatwa Ruling 7.Chitrapat Painted or printed cloth. Gaz-i-Ilahi New yard for land 8 Tafetas Silk embroidered with gold. measurement, consisting 9.Toti Matting cloth for wrapping of 41 digist (approx 33 merchandise. inches0, introduced by 10.Tatband Jute cloth Akbar. Terminologies in Use During Mughal Hasil Actual collection from land Ahadis Efficient troops which were Hundi Bill of exchange not placed under the control Jagirdars Revenue assignees of emperor Later on it has important role in the Jama Estimated revenue of Jagir decline of the mughal which was equal to the pay empire. given to the mansabdar. Ain-i-Dahsala A system where the Jama Dami Assessed revenue in terms average produce of different of luxury goods. crops as well as the average Karoris seniors revenue collectors prices prevailing over the who collected crores of last ten years were rupees from the people of calculated 9introduced by the crown lands. Akbar) Khalisa The land where revenue Al-tamgha Jagirs given to Mulsim was reserved for the nobles (Introduced by Sultan’s treasury . Hahangir) Khan Commander of ten Amalguzar Head of the revenue thousand horsemen or establishment at local level more. Amir Commander of hundred Khud-Kashta/ Owners of land in the Batai/Bhaoli Crop sharing official documents Ghalla-Bakshi alik-I-Zamin or resident cultivators. Biswa 1/20 part of a bigha Khutb A sermon, recited in mosques on Fridays Charas Method for lifting water wherein the name of ruler from wells in a leather was included bucket and drawn over by yhoke of oxen Kotwal Police chief Chehra Muster roll that was also Madad-I-Maash/ Grants of land to men of called Hulia learning for Dagh Branding of horses Sayughal their subsistence for life time. Dam/Palse/FulusChief copper coin of 323.5grains (21Grams) Mahzar Religious decree issued by (40DAM=1 Rupee). Akbar Dasturs Cash revenue rates. Malik Commander of thousand horsemen Dhenkil Wooden scoop, used for lifting water from wells into Millat The muslim brotherhood field channels. (Entire Muslim Population)

Muhatsibs Public censors determined the position of a Mughal mansabdar in the Nauroz The new years day of the hierarchy as well as the Zoroastrian calendar introduced by Akbar. personal day. (Aurangzeb banned it) Zortalab Area where there was objection made by the Paikasht/ Peasents who cultivated zamindars. land in villages Pahikasht other then their own. Later Mughals Bahadur Shah (1702-12) Qabulliat Paper to be signed by pessants. A mark of 1.Aurangzeb died in 1707. He had surviving sons- acceptance of state’s Price Muzzam, Muhammad Azam and Kam demand of land revenue. baksh. Qanungo Head of the patwaris who 2.Price Muzzam succeeded the throne by as the field officer defeating Azam at Jajau (1707) and Kam Baksh constituted the land at Hyderabad (1709) and adopting the title revenue establishment at Bahadur Shah. pargana level. 3.Adopted pacific polices. Qanungo Head of the patwaris who 4.Reserved some of the religious policies of as the field officer Aurangzeb. constituted the land revenue establishment. 5.Guru Govind Singh was given high mansab and had peace with the Sikhs. Rupee Rounded silver coin of 172 6.Sahu, son of Sambhaji (Karasha) was released grains (captured by Aurangzeb) After which there Saqlya Sophisticated device for began a civil war between Sahu and Tara Bai lifting water by Persian for Maratha Thoren. wheel. 7.Known on Shah-i-Bekhaber Sawar A Mughal rank that Jahander Shah (1712-13) determine the number of cavarley-men. 1.Parctice of revenue farming of ‘Ijara’ was started Shiq An Administrative division (District0 during Delhi 2.Abdulah Khan was made the Wazir and Sultanate 3.Hussain Ali the Mir Bakhi known as Sayyid brothers known as King Maker. Sipah salar Commander of less than one hundred soldiers. Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) Taqavi Advance loans to peasant 1.Chin Qulich Khan or Nizam-ul-Mulk was made governor of the six provinces of Deccan. Tuyul Term used for jagirs 2.Banda Bahadur, the Sikh leader, was defeated Waqf Grants for religious and captured and put to death at Delhi 1716. educational institutions 3.Sayyid brothers adopted tolerant polices towards Waquianavis News writer Hindus. Watan Jagirs Jagirs which were 4.Jizya was finally abolished assigned to zamindars in 5.Pilgrimage taxes were also abolished . their homelands 6.Sayyid brothers virtually became king-makers. Zat A Mughal rank that 7.Farruksiya was killed by sayyid brothers.

Muhammad Shah (1719-48) 3.Signed treaty of Allahabad (1765) with the East 1.Rose to Mughal throne by the Sayyid brothers India Company by which. after death of Rafi-ud-Daulah. • Allahabad and Kara (taken from A wadh) was 2.Original name was Raushan Akhtar, but took given to Shah Alam II. the title of Muhammad Shah after he became • Granted Diwani Right (right to collect land the Mughal emperor. revenue) of Bengal. Bihar and Orissa for a 3.Nizam-u-mulk was made Wazir in 1722. He fixed annual payment of Rs. 26 lakhs. carried out many administrative reforms, but 4.Lived for long at Allahabad as pensioner of East dissatisfied over the infighting at the court, left India Company for deccan, where he founded the state of 5.1761 Abdali gave disastrous defeat to the Third Hyderabad after defeating Mughal governor of Battle of Panipat Deccan, Mubariz Khan in the battle of Shakr- Khed (1724) 6.Brought to Delhi by Marathas (Mahadji Scindia) in 1772 and declared them to be the protector 4.Musrshid Quli Khan was governor and subedar of the Mughal court. of Bengal. 7.1803 taken to prisoner and confined to the Red 5.Burhan-ul-Mulk Saadat Khan was made Fort after Marathas were defeated by Lord Lake. subedar of A sadh, also followed similar course and established his rule over there. Bahadur Shah II (1837-62) 6.Thus Bengal and Bihar, Awadh and Decean 1.The leaders of the 1857 revolts declared him were lost to the Mughals. However, they never to be the ‘emperor of India’ fought the British in name. threw the over lordship of the Mughal Emperor. 2.After the 1857 revolt was suppressed. He was 7.Jat leder Bharat Singh-Founded a Jat state of deposed (1858), tried for waging war against the Bharatpur. He himself as “Feudatory” of Jai British and deported to Rangoon (Burma) where Singh Sawai of Amber, who was appointed he died in 1862. faujdar of Mathura region byh Farrukh Siyar to contain the Jat movement. 3.His wife Zeenat Mahal participated in the revolt of 1857. 8.Rohilla Chiefs (Afghans) founded an independent state of “Rohilkhand”. 9.Found of Luxurious style of living, and hence called “Rangilla” 10.1739-Attack of Nadir Shah. • Mughal army fought at the Battle of Karnal but was defeated • Nadir Shah marched to Delhi and plundered it, meanwhile, Saadat Khan poisoned himself to death. • Nadir Shah collected huge war booty, and took away the famous Koh-i-noor diamond, the Peacock Throne and large number of books on music. Ahmad Shah (1748-54) 1.Nawab of A wadh Safdar Jang became the Wazir of Mughal emperor. Shah Alam II 1759-1806) Ali Gauhar 1.Due to his conflict with the wazir, Fled to awadh. 2.Defeated by the British alongwith Awadh and Bengla at the Battle of Buxure 91764)

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