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Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S27-S34 S27
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
journal homepage: www.apjtb.com
Document heading doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1069 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Ethno botanical and Phytophrmacological potential of Abrus precatorius L.: A review
Narendra Garaniya*, Atul Bapodra M. D. Science College, Porbandar, Saurastra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT
Peer reviewer Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as a single drug or in combination in health care Mr. Narendra H Garaniya delivery system. Medicinal plants can be importantAbrus precatorius source of previously unknown chemical Tel: 097254 56394 substances with potential therapeutic effects. L. is commonly known as Gunja E-mail: narendra.biochem@gmail. or Jequirity and abundantly found all throughout the plains of India, from Himalaya down to com Southern India and Ceylon. This plant is having medicinal potential to cure various diseases. Comments The roots, leaves and seeds of this plant are used for different medicinal purpose. It principally contains flavonoids, triterpene glycosides, abrin and alkaloids. The plant have been reported This is a valuable research work in for neuromuscular effects, neuro-protective, abortifacient, antiepileptic, anti-viral, anti- which authors Abrushave demonstratedprecatorius the malarial, antifertility, nephroprotective, immunomodulator,etc immunostimulatory properties, anti- importance of plant inflammatory activity, antidiabetic effect, . As this is a potentialAbrus medicinalprecatorius plant, present as it contains various phytochemicals review reveals chemical constituents of leaf, root and seeds of . The plant is due to which this plant is very much considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against applicable to cure various diseases. various diseases and also for the development of industrial products. This article also makes data strengthen regarding this plant which can leads KEYWORDS other research to proper direction in Abrus precatorius the field of research. , Abrin, Alkaloids, Isoflavanoquinones, Ethnobotanical Details on Page S31
1. Introduction traditional healers, for its basic health care needs[3]. Herbal medicines are in great demand in the developed as well Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to as developing countries for primary healthcare because of combat diseases, from the dawn of civilization[1]. India is their wide biological and medicinal activities, higher safety one of the largest producers of herbs and herbal products. margins and lesser costs[4]. Nature around us provided everything of necessity of The present review attempt is to strengthen the mankind. The large resources of vegetables, medicinal data regarding active potent compounds present in Abrus precatorius A. precatorius plants have been used continuously for the treatment of ( ) and compile updated various diseases[2]. Medicinal plants can be important information on pharmacognostic characteristics, traditional source of previously unknown chemical substances with uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of the potential therapeutic effects. The world health organization plant and its various applications all over the world. This ’ has estimated that over 75% of the world s population still information may leads to some valuable research in the relies on plant derived medicines, usually obtained from field of medicine and phytopharmacology.
*Corresponding author: Narendra Garaniya, M. D. Science College, Porbandar, Article history: Saurastra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India; At. Damanagar, Police Quarter, Station Received 1 Jan 2014 Road, Damanagar, Taluka: Lathi, Dist: Amreli-365220, Gujarat, India. Received in revised form 8 Jan, 2nd revised form 12 Jan, 3rd revised form 20 Jan 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 20 Feb 2014 Tel: 097254 56394 Available online 5 April 2014 Narendra Garaniya and Atul Bapodra /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S27-S34 S28 2. Plant profiles medicinally[5,14]. A. precatorius Ethnobotanical use: is traditionally used A. precatorius Table 1 presents plant profile:[5,6,8,9] to treat tetanus, and to prevent rabies. The plant is used Table 1 Abrus precatorius in some traditional medicine to treat scratches and sores plant profile. Kingdom Plantae and wounds caused by dogs, cats and mice, and are also Division Magnoliophyta used with other ingredients to treat leucoderma. The leaves Order Fabales of the herb are used to cure fever, cough and cold. The Family Fabaceae Plant taxonomy Subfamily Faboideae roots are used to treat jaundice and haemoglobinuric bile. Tribe Abreae Paste of roots is used to cure abdominal pains, tumors and Genus Abrus Abrus precatorius also for abortion. Root is chewed as a snake bite remedy. Species Jequirity (English), Gumchi, Chanothi (Gujarati), Gunchi, Hot water extract of fresh root is an anti-malarial and Gunja, Gaunchi, Rati (Hindi), Gunja (Marathi), Mulati anti-convulsant. Decoction of dried root is used to treat (Punjab), Gunja (Sanskrit), Guruginia (Telugu), Ghunchi Common names (Urdu), Kunch, Koonch, Chunhali (Bengali), Gurugunji bronchitis and hepatitis. For graying of hair, a paste of ( ) ( ) A. precatorius Kannada , Shangir Kashmiri , Kunni, Gundumani D (Malyalam), Gunchi, Chashami -Khurosa (Persian). leaves and seeds is applied. ry seeds of Common name I Rosary pea (Egypt), Crab's eye (Nepal), Jequirity are used to cure worm infection. n veterinary medicine, a c c o r d i n g (Philippines), Precatory bean (USA), Saga (Indonesia), Gunchi to different it is used in the treatment of fractures. Seeds have also (Pakistan), Rati gedi (Nepal), Weglis (Indonesia). countries the potential of good insecticide and antimicrobial 2.1. Plant description activity. Various African tribes use powdered seeds as oral contraceptives. Abrus seeds are also taken for tuberculosis A. precatorius is a woody twinning plant with characteristic and painful swellings[8]. In the Ayurvedic medicine leaves A. precatorius toxic red seeds with black mark at the base (Figure 1)[10,11]. of are laxative, expectorant and aphrodisiac Leaves resemble tamarind leaves having 20-40 leaflets. medicines and are used in urticaria, eczema, stomatitis, It is native to India, at altitudes up to 1 200 m on the outer conjunctivitis, alopecia areata, migraine, lymphomas/ Himalayas but now found in all tropical countries[12]. It is a leukemia and dysmenorrhoea[15]. Seeds are said to be beautiful, much-branched, slender, perennial, deciduous, purgative, emetic, tonic, antiphlogistic, aphrodisiac and woody, prickly twining or climbing herb. Stem cylindrical, anti-ophthalmic. Seed of this plant are very beautiful wrinkled, bark smooth-textured, brown. Leaves stipulate, and they attract children. These seed are used to make pinnately compound; leaflets 7-24 pairs, 0.6-2.5 cm伊0.4-1.2 Necklaces and other ornaments. Leaves and seeds are cm, turgid, oblong, obtuse, truncate at both ends, appressed nutritious as boiled seeds are eaten in certain parts of India. hairy. Flowers in auxiliary racemes, shorter than leaves, It is said that cooking destroys the poison of seeds[16,17] pink or pinkish-white. Pods 1.5-5.0 cm 伊0.8-1.5 cm, turgid, Seeds have uniform weight of 1/10th of a gram, hence used oblong, appressed hairy, with a sharp deflexed beak, silky- as weighing unit[18]. textured, 3 to 5-seeded[13]. 2.5. Chemical constituents 2.2. Habitat
Several groups of secondary compounds have been A. precatorius is found in South Africa, China, Islands, isolated from this species, including alkaloids[19], etc West Indies, India, Brazil, . Plant found all throughout steroids and other triterpenoids[20,21], isoflavanoquinones, the plains of India, from Himalaya down to Southern India anthocyanins, starch, tannin[22-24], protein, flavanoids[25], and Ceylon[5,6]. phenolic compound, fixed oil, amino acid[26] and the flavones luteolin, abrectorin, orientin, isoorientin and 2.3. Phenology desmethoxycentaureidin 7-0-rutinoside[27].
2.5.1. Leaves Flowers in winter; fruits ripen in summer[6]. Several compounds like abrine, trigonelline[28], 2.4. Parts used abruslactone A, hemiphloin [29], abrusoside A [30], abrusoside B, abrusoside C, abrusoside D[31], arabinose, The roots, leaves and seeds of the plant are used galactose, xylose[32], choline, hypaphorine, precatorine [19], Narendra Garaniya and Atul Bapodra /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S27-S34 S29
Figure 1. A. precatorius flower, pod and fruits[114]. β glycyrrhizin[33], montanyl alcohol[34], inositol, D monomethyl ll[50], abrus-saponins I and II, abrisapogenol, -amyrin, A. precatorius ether, pinitol[35] are identified in the leaves of . arachidyl alcohol, brassicasterol, decan-1-ol, docos-13- enoic acid, docosan-1-ol, docosane, N, dodecan-1-ol, 2.5.2. Root dotriacontane, N, eicos-11-enoic acid, eicosane, N, elaidic Abrus is rich in various chemical constituents such alcohol, heneicosan-1-ol, lignoceric acid, heneicosane, as abrol, abrasine, precasine and precol[36,37] present N, heptacosan-1-ol, heptadecan-1-ol, hexacosane, N, in the roots. Protein, abraline, abricin, abrusgenic- hexacosan-1-ol, hexadec-9-enoic acid, hexadecane, acid, abrusgenic-acid-methyl-ester, abruslactone, N, hexadecan-1-ol, nonacosane, N, nonadecan-1-ol, abrussic-acid, anthocyanins, calcium, campesterol, octacosan-1-ol, octacosane, N, octadeca-9,12-dienoic cycloartenol, delphinidin, gallic-acid, trigonelline, acid, octadecane, n, octanoic acid, pentacosan-1- hypaphorine[19,28], choline, N, N dimethyl-tryptophan, ol, pentacosane, N, pentatriacontane, N, pentadecan- N, Ndimethyl- tryptophan-metho-cation-methyl-ester, 1-ol[34,51], squalene, abricin, abridin[52], abrulin[53], â P coumaroylgalloyl glucodelphinidin, pectin, pentosans, cycloartenol, campesterol, cholesterol and -sitosterol phosphorus, delphinidin, gallic-acid, picatorine, have all been found in the seeds. Alkaloids and nitrogen polygalacturonic-acids, precatorine[19], polysaccharide[38], compounds- methyl ester of N, N-dimethyltryptophan isoflavonoids and quinones-abruquinones A, B, C, D, E, metho cation (I) and precatorine (II), hypaphorine, F[39], O, G, abruslactone a, abrusgenic acid-methanol- trigonelline[28], choline [19], flavonoids and triterpenoids, solvate[21,40], arabinose, galactose, xylose[29] are present steroids, saponins, flavones, flavonol glycosides, in the root. Triterpenoids and saponins[21], glycyrrhizin[33] reducing sugars, phenolic compounds glycosides[54- and oleanolic acid are found in the root and abrusosides A, 57], and precatorine are present in the seeds and leaves. B, C, D[30,31] and E[41] in the aerial parts. Carbohydrates- Lectin[58-60], flavonoids and anthocyanins-abrectorin, Galactose, arabinose, and xylose 25 are also present in dimethoxycentaureidin-7-0-rutinoside, precatorins I, the aerial parts. New 7,5-dihydroxy-6,49-dimethoxy II[19], and III, abrectorin, centaureidin, demethoxy 7-O- A. isoflavone 7-O-b-D- galactopyranoside (1) from the roots beta-drutinoside, luteolin, orientin, iso, orientin[27], A. precatorius precatorius of are reported by V.K. Saxena, D.N. Sharma, plant growth inhibitor[61], and xyloglucosyl- 1999[42]. delophinidin have been isolated from the seeds. A new β β triterpinoid saponin 3-O- -D-glucopyranosyl-(1濚2)- - 2.5.3. Seed D-glucopyranosyl subprogenin D together with six known Seeds are rich in several essential amino acids like terpinoids[62]. C-glucosylscutelarein 6,7-dimethylether ’ ” serine, Abrusin, Abrusin-2 -0-apioside, hederagenin, (abrusin) and its 2 -O-apioside have been identified as A. precatorius kaikasaponin III, sophoradiol, sophoradiol-22-0- minor components in the seeds of . Both acetate, tryptophan[43], trimethyl[44], alanine[45], amyrin, are new natural products and are the first examples of alpha, ursolic acid[46], valine[44,45], and methyl ester. flavone-cglycosides containing a trioxygenated A-ring. ” They contain poisonous protein, a fat-splitting enzyme, Abrusin 2 -0-apioside is the only known apioside of a aglucoside abrussic acid, haemagglutinin, albuminous flavone-cglycoside[63]. Seed of this plant also contain substance named abrin[47] and a quantity of ureas[5]. calcim, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, Seeds are poisonous and contain principle compound, manganese, zinc, iron, copper, cellulose and muscilase[7] abrine[19], abrin A, abrin B[48], abrin C[49], abrin l, abrin ll, Cystalline abrin contained 4-9 per cent of neutral sugar abrin lll, abrus agglutinin APA-l, Abrus agglutinin APA- in addition to 9-3 residues of glucosamine per mole of Narendra Garaniya and Atul Bapodra /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S27-S34 S30 abrin (molecular weight 65 000). The neutral sugars consist phytochemicals which makes this plant very important and i.e. of mannose, xylose and fucose in ratios of 2.08:1.00:0.94[64]. versatile for its large number of medicinal properties Tetracos-15-enoic acid, tetracosan-1-ol, tetracosane, N, antidiabetic, neuro-protective, anti-microbial, analgesic ’ tetradecan-1-ol, tetradecanoic acid, tetratriacontane, N, and many more. For present review, I couldn t find very triacosan-1-ol, triacontane, N, tricosane, N, tridecan-1- latest articles and most of the review this article are very ol, tritriacontan-1-ol, tritriacontane, N, undecan-1-ol[34], old. This may indicate that extensive research yet to be anthocyanins[65], arabinose[32], arachidic acid, behenic done in this very potent medicinal plant. Hence extensive acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid: stearic acid (Begum), research should be done to exploit the therapeutic utility oleic acid[34,66,67], aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, to fight against various dieses. Above collected literature A. precatorius glutamine, glycine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine[68], conclude that is quite promising as a callistephin, chrysanthemin, delphin, pelargonidin-3,5- multipurpose medicinal agent as it is having very potential diglucoside[69], heneicosane,7,9,15-trimethyl, pentacosanoic pharmacognostical and pharmacological applications. acid, cholanic acid, 5-beta[51,70], cystine, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, leucine, tyrosine[43], delphinidin Conflict of interest statement glycoside[71], delphinidin, (para-coumaroyl-galloyl) glucoside, delphinidin-3-sambubioside[32], docosadienoic acid, docosenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, eicosenoic acid, Authors do not have any conflict of interest. eicosatrienoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, lignoceric acid, octadecadienoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, octadecenoic Acknowledgements acid, pentadecanoic acid[72,73], docosatetraenoic acid, docosatrienoic acid, myristic acid[72,73,67], galactose, xylose [32], gallic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid[74], p-sterone[75], Authors are grateful to Dr. B.A. Golakia (Prof. & Head, rhamnose, N-N-dimethyl metho-cation[43] have been found Dept. of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, in the seed of this plant. Junagadh, Gujarat) and Dr. Rohan Pandya (Research Associate, Gujarat State Biotech Mission [GSBTM], 2.6. Pharmacological activities Gandhinagar, Gujart) and Dr. Jigna R. Pandya (Research Fellow-GSBTM, Gandhinagar-Gujarat) who shared their A. precatorius Various parts of are having different valuable knowledge and other friends Mr. H. R. Ramani, Mr. pharmacological activity. This plant is having anti-diabetic A. O. Sanghani and Mr. A. G. Khunt, who provided advice [76], anti-oxidative[77], neuroprotective, anti-viral[78], and necessary help during the period of the study. neuromuscular, anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, immune- modulating, abortifacient[11,79], anti-implantation[52,80], Comments anti-helmintic, anti-depression[8], memory enhancing 13, anti-serotonin 14, diuretic[8,81], anti-microbial[82- Background 86,42,74,76] anti-yeast[8,87,88], anti-inflammatory[8,11,89,90], anti-arthritic and analgesic[11,90-92], anti-cancer[11, 93-98], The present review attempt is to strengthen the data A. precatorius anti fertility[8,52,87,99-104], anti-spermatogenic[101,105], anti regarding active potent compounds present in estrogenic[74], anti-malarial[8,106], anti-allergic[90,107], anti- and compile updated information on pharmacognostic asthmatics[108], anti-cataract[109], anti-insecticide[110], anti- characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry and toxicity activity[111-113]. pharmacological actions of the plant and its various applications all over the world. This information may leads to some valuable research in the field of medicine and 3. Conclusion phytopharmacology.
Research frontiers There are many drugs have entered the international A. precatorius market through exploration of ethnopharmacology and The present review reveal that is a unique traditional medicine. The present review reveal that source of many potential phytochemicals which makes this A. precatorius is a unique source of many potential plant very important and versatile for its large number of Narendra Garaniya and Atul Bapodra /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S27-S34 S31 medicinal properties. This plant is having antidiabetic, RK. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem Azadirachta indica Curr Sci 82 neuro-protective, anti-microbial, analgesic and many ( ). 2002; (11): 1336-1345. more potential activity. As various phytochemicals have [2] M azumdar KP. Pharmaceutical science in homoeopathy and been found in this plant and henceforth it is having various pharmacodynamics. New Delhi: B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; 2001. í é potential activity, this article reveals that still research are [3] M art n-Herrera D, Abdala S, Benjumea D, Guti rrez-Luis i.e. Withania aristata J yet to be done on its practical applications on clinical J. Diuretic activity of some Ait. fraction. Ethnopharmacol 117 bases. 2008; : 496-499. Lawsonia inermis [4] C haudhary G, Goyal S, Poonia P. Linnaeus: a Related reports Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res phytopharmacological review. 2010; 2 As this is a review article, authours have extensively (2): 91-98. Indian materia medica Vol-I review several article which says about the potential [5] N adkarni KM. . Mumbai: Popular application of this plant. More that hundred articles have Prakashan; 1994, p. 4-7. Indian medicinal plant Vol I. been used as reference for same. [6] K irtikar KR, Basu BD. 2nd ed. Dehradun: International Book Distributors; 2005. Innovations and breakthroughs [7] P rathyusha P, Subramanium MS, Sivakumar R. Pharmacognostical A. precatorius Abrus precatorius Indian commonly known as jequirity, is a medicinal studies on white and red forms of Linn. J Nat Prod Resour 1 plant used in various ayurvedic formulations used to 2010; (4): 476-480. Abrus treat various diseases. In the present study, authors have [8] A ttal AR, Otari KV, Shete RV, Upasani CD, Nandgude TD. precatorius J Pharm demonstrated the applicability of this plant as it is having Linnaeus: a phytopharmacological review. Res 3 several potential phytochemicals and henceforth clinical 2010; (11): 2585-2587. Medicinal plants of the world: Volume 1 chemical applications. Beauty of this review is that it covers almost [9] R oss IA. constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses all the applications and chemical constituent of this plant . New York: and by reviewing this article someone can use this article as Humana Press; 2003. guidance for further research i.e. it gives a proper direction [10] M ensah AY, Bonsu AS, Fleischer TC. Investigation of the Abrus precatorius Int J Pharmaceut Sci to the research. bronchodilator activity of . Rev Res 6 2011; (2): 9. Applications Ayurvedic Pharmacology and therapeutic uses of [11] G ogte VM. A. medicinal plants (Dravyagunavignyam) From the literature survey it has been found that . India: Bharatiya Vidya precatorius is very valuable medicinal plant for its chemical Bhavan; 2000, p. 600-601. constiuents. This scientific study support and suggest the [12] A charya D. Medicinal plants for curing common ailments in India. Positive Health use of this plant as an alternative medicine in the field of 2004; (102): 28-30. A. A colour atlas of poisonous plants medicine. This article also strengthen data regarding [13] F rohne D, Pfander HJ. . London: precatorius and it may help research for further advance Wolfe Publishing Ltd.; 1983, p. 291. Medicinal plants: chemistry and properties research in the field of phytopharmacology. [14] D aniel M. . Jodhpur: Science Publishers; 2006, p. 118-119. Peer review Arya-Bhishekh, Sasty Sahitya, Ahmedabad [15] P ade SD. . 1957; p. This is a valuable research work in which authors have 232-233. Hindi. A. precatorius demonstrated the importance of plant as it [16] R ajaram N, Janardhanan K. The chemical composition and Abrus precatorius Plant contains various phytochemicals due to which this plant is nutritional potential of the trible pulse, L. Foods Hum Nutr 42 very much applicable to cure various diseases. This article 1992; (4): 285-290. also make data strengthen regarding this plant which can [17] P andey VN. Leaf protein content and yield of some Indian Plant Foods Hum Nutr 46 leads other research to proper direction in the field of legumes. 1994; (4): 313-322. ® research. [18] T ropilab Inc. Message from the president. Florida, USA: ® Tropilab Inc. 2004. [Online] Available from: http://www.tropilab. com/companyprofile.html. [Accessed on 20 Octorber, 2013]. References Abrus precatorius Phytochemistry [19] G hosal S, Dutta SK. Alakloids of . 10 1971; : 195-198. [1] B andyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee [20] G upta NC, Singh B, Bhakuni DS. Steroids and triterpenes from Narendra Garaniya and Atul Bapodra /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S27-S34 S32 Alangium lamarckii Allamanda cathartica Abrus precatorius 3: , , and 1966; 203. Holoptelea integrifolia Phytochemisrry 8 Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained . 1969; : 791-792. [37] W illaman JJ, Li HL. alkaloids [21] C hang HM, Chiang TC, Mak TCW. Isolation and structure . USA: Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department elucidation of abruslactone A: a new oleanene-type triterpene of Agriculture; 1970, p. 1-286. 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