Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement a Public Policy Report
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The State of Asian America: Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement A Public Policy Report Paul M. Ong Editor LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute 2008 I Volume V A publication of LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute LEAP Leadership Education for Asian Pacifies, Inc. 327 East Second Street, Suite 226 Los Angeles, CA 90012-4210 Copyright© 2008 by LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-0-615-24234-7 Cover design: Wesley Encina Layout: Michelle Sun ii Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement Table of Contents Preface viii MargaretAshida J.D. Hokoyama x IAcknowledgements Chapter 1 ~ Introduction - "Asian American Civic and Political Engagement" Paul Ong Megan Emiko Scott 1 5 IAppendix A: Concepts and Terms Related to Civic and Political Engagement 21 IAppendix 8: LEAP Survey of Community Stakeholders 26 IAppendix C: Asian American Population Projection by Nativity I. Levels of Participation Chapter 2 - "Political Participation and Civic Voluntarism" 31 Karthick Ramakrishnan Chapter 3 - ""Political and Civic Engagement of Immigrants" Pei-te Lien Chapter 4 - "Asian American College Students and Civic Engagement" Julie j. Park 75 Monica H. Lin Oiyan A. Poon Mitchell j. Chang Chapter 5 - ''Engaging Online" Jerry Kang Table of Contents iii II. Racial & Ethnic Identification Chapter 6 - ''Asian American Panethnicity: Challenges and Possibilities" 1191 Yen Le Espiritu Chapter 7 - ''The Usual Suspects: Asian Americans as Conditional Citizens'' 1371 Claire Jean Kim Chapter 8 • "Connectingthe Dots: Understanding the Importance of 165 Census Participation to Civic Engagement" Terry M. Ao Ill. Institutional Factors Chapter 9 - ncrowth and Diversity of Asian American Nonprofit 181 Organizations" Chi~kan Richard Hung Chapter 10 - ucivic Engagement as a Pathway to Partisanship Acquisition 207 for Asian Americans." Taeku Lee Chapter 11 - ''Organizing Asian Americans in to Labor Unions" 241 Marlene Kim 271 IReferences 3051 Contributors iv Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement list of Tables, Figures, and Graphs I. Karthick Ramakrishnan 34 ITable 7. Citizenship and Voting Rates in November 2004 39 ITable 2. Volunteerism Among Adult Residents, by Race!Ethnicity 40 I Table 3. Differences in Volunteerism Within the Asian American Population 42 I Table 4. Differences in Volunteerism by Organization Type II. Pei-te Lien 69 I Table 7. Percentage Distribution of Voting and Registration by Race and Nativity in November 2004 70 I Table 2. Percentage Distribution of Voter Registration and Voting by Race and Nativity in November Elections 7994-2004 71 I Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Voting and Registration Among Asian Americans in 2004 by Ethnicity 72 I Table 4. Percentage Share of the Voting-Age Persons, Citizens, and Voters by Race in November Elections, 7994-2004 Ill. julie Park et al. 82 I Figure 7. Percentage of Freshmen Reporting that Participating in a Program to Clean up the Environment is //Very Important" or '/Essentiat' 83 I Figure 2. Percentage of Asian American Freshmen Reporting that Influencing the Political Structure is ''Very Important'" or ''Esserytia/" by Gender 84 I Figure 3. Percentage of Asian American Freshmen Who Discussed Politics Frequently 86 I Figure 4. Percentage of Freshmen Ranking Themselves in the Top 10% in Leadership Ability 87 I Figure 5. Percentage of Asian American Freshmen Reporting that Becoming a Community Leader is /IVery Important'' or //Essential'' 89 I Table 7. Asian American and National Population College Student 90 I Figure 6. Percentage of Freshmen Reporting that Promoting Racial Under~ standing is ''Very Important" or ''Essential" List of Tables, Figures, and Graphs v IV. Chi-kan Richard Hung 1891 Figure 1. Asian American Population and Nonprofit Organizations in the Ten Largest Metropolitan Areas 2000 1891 Table 7. DistribuUon of Asian American Non profits by CMSA 1941 Table 2. Distribution of Asian American Non profits by Historical Period of Formation 2041 Table 3. Comparison of Means Among Different Categories of Asian American Nonprofit Organizations V. Taeku Lee 2141 Table 7. Patterns of Party Identification among Asian Americans 2151 Table 2. PoliticallncorporaUon: From Citizenship to Voting 2161 Table 3. Minority Representation in Elected Office, 2006 2191 Figure 1. Civic Engagement as a Pathway to Politics 2231 Table 4. Measures of Civic Engagement, by Party Identification 2241 Table 5. Measures of Civic Engagement, by Ethnicity!National Origin 2251 Table 6. Measures of Civic Engagement, by Generation and Years in the U.S. 2271 Table 7. Marginal Effects of Civic Engagement, on Party Identification 2321 Table 8. Strength of Panethnic Linked Fate, by Measures of Civic Engagement 2331 Table 9. Marginal Effects of Civic Engagement on Panethnic Linked Fate 2361 Table 70. Marginal Effects of Civic Engagement on Formal Political Incorporation vi Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement Preface The State of Asian America Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement Fifteen years ago, Leadership Education for Asian Pacifies, Inc. (LEAP) and the UCLA Asian American Studies Center published their first joint public policy effort, The State of Asian Pacific America: PoliCJj Issues to the Year 2020. With the inauguration of President Bill Clinton and the shift from a Republican to Democratic administra tion, 1993 marked a dramatic change in U.S. politics. Asian Ameri cans were then an emerging yet underrepresented and near "invisible" minority. The report's timely release provided significant data and policy perspectives on major issues and concerns affecting the Asian American population. It highlighted the increasing signif icance of this community, and the need for appropriate knowledge and understanding of its unique needs. The year 2008 marks yet another remarkable moment in Amer ican politics. Following an exciting and unprecedented primary sea son, the nation is poised on the brink of history, with the expected nomination of the first African American (defeating the first viable female candidate) for President of the United States. Given this dramatic backdrop, LEAP's fifth major publication, The State of Asian America: Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement, published in conjunction with the University of California AAPI Pol icy Multi-Campus Research Program (MRP), is particularly salient. The upcoming election has renewed public interest in political par ticipation, galvanizing women, young people and entire communities of color. Regardless of who wins the White House, change is sure to come. The issues that will define November's election-the econ omy, energy, education, healthcare, immigration, globalization, for eign policy, the environment, race, gender and ethnicity-are issues pertinent to all Americans, including Asians. Preface vii Is it safe to say that we are now part of the dialogue? Since 1993, the Asian American community has grown and ma tured tremendously. Due in large part to higher levels of civic en gagement, Asian American visibility has increased on all levels and in all sectors of society. This report discusses the extent and variety of ways in which Asian Americans are civically engaged-as individuals working to wards any collective, common good-from volunteers in religious, professional, political and community-based organizations to citizens exercising their right to vote. Linked by a constructed racial category, many have come to embrace the umbrella term" Asian American" as a means to establish a unified identity, and therefore a more power ful voice in the political arena. Still, institutional barriers continue to limit full Asian American participation, and creative solutions are necessary to overcome these challenges. As college students, grassroots activists, educators, journalists, entrepreneurs, politicians, artists, corporate executives, foreign and native born, transnational citizens, young and old, Asian Americans must continue to be involved and assert influence throughout the American landscape. Asian Americans must strive to shape policy and to inform politicians and the public alike about matters relevant to Asians. We hope this publication illustrates the nature and impact of Asian American civic engagement and offers meaningful and in sightful suggestions towards future empowerment. (Due to limited funding, this report focuses only on Asian American civic engage ment. In the future, every effort will be made to include Pacific Is lander communities.) The realization of this ambitious project is due to the vision of Professor Paul Ong of the UCLA School of Public Affairs and the UC AAPI Policy Multi-Campus Research Program. The catalyst and driving force behind this report, Professor Ong is the nation's leading expert on public policy issues facing the Asian and Pacific Islander population. We are extremely grateful for the leadership and com mitment that he provided to ensure the success of this endeavor. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the notable team of writ ers who contributed their expertise to this report. We also express viii Trajectory of Civic and Political Engagement our utmost gratitude to the faculty and staff of the UC AAPI Policy MRP and to the Board of Directors of LEAP for their unwavering sup port of our collaboration. Margaret Ashida Chair, Board of Directors Leadership Education for Asian Pacifies, Inc. (LEAP) J.D. Hokoyama President and CEO Leadership Education for Asian