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Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture

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Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture 2nd Edition The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was established in 1983 under the Lomé Convention between the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) Group of States and the European Union Member States. Since 2000, it has operated within the framework of the ACP-EC Cotonou Agreement. CTA’s tasks are to develop and provide services that improve access to information for agricultural and rural development, and to strengthen the capacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilize information in this area. CTA’s programmes are designed to: provide a wide range of information products and services and enhance awareness of relevant information sources; promote the integrated use of appropriate communication channels and intensify contacts and information exchange (particularly intra-ACP); and develop ACP capacity to generate and manage agricultural information and to formulate ICM strategies, including those relevant to science and technology. CTA’s work incorporates new developments in methodologies and cross-cutting issues such as gender and social capital. CTA Postbus 380 6700 AJ Wageningen The Netherlands Website: www.cta.int Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture 2nd Edition Edited by Michel Luc IRD, Paris, France Richard A. Sikora University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany and John Bridge CABI Bioscience, Egham, UK CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture / edited by Michel Luc, Richard A. Sikora, John Bridge.-- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-727-9 (alk. paper) 1. Plant nematodes--Tropics. I. Luc, Michel. II. Sikora, Richard A. III. Bridge, John. IV. Title. SB998.N4P582 2005 632.6Ј257Ј0913--dc22 2004024550 ISBN 0 85199 727 9 Typeset in 9/11pt Melior by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors vii About the Editors xi Foreword xv Preface to 1st Edition xvii J.N. Sasser Acknowledgements xix Dedication xxi 1 Reflections on Nematology in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture 1 Michel Luc, John Bridge and Richard A. Sikora 2 Identification, Morphology and Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes 11 David J. Hunt, Michel Luc and Rosa H. Manzanilla-López (A revision of the chapter by M. Luc, D.J. Hunt and J.E. Machon) 3 Methods for Extraction, Processing and Detection of Plant and Soil Nematodes 53 David J. Hooper, Johannes Hallmann and Sergei Subbotin (A revision of the chapter by D.J. Hooper) 4 Nematode Parasites of Rice 87 John Bridge, Richard A. Plowright and Deliang Peng (A revision of the chapter by J. Bridge, M. Luc and R.A. Plowright) 5 Nematode Parasites of Cereals 131 Alex H. McDonald and Julie M. Nicol (A revision of the chapter by G. Swarup and C. Sosa-Moss) 6 Nematode Parasites of Solanum and Sweet Potatoes 193 Maria L. Scurrah, Björn Niere and John Bridge (A revision of part of the chapter by P. Jatala and J. Bridge) 7 Nematode Parasites of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops 221 John Bridge, Danny L. Coyne and Charles K. Kwoseh (A revision of part of the chapter by P. Jatala and J. Bridge) 8 Nematode Parasites of Food Legumes 259 Richard A. Sikora, Nicola Greco and João Flávo Veloso Silva (A revision of the chapter by R.A. Sikora and N. Greco) v vi Contents 9 Nematode Parasites of Vegetables 319 Richard A. Sikora and Emilio Fernández (A revision of the chapter by C. Netscher and R.A. Sikora) 10 Nematode Parasites of Peanut 393 Don W. Dickson and Dirk De Waele (A revision of the chapter by N.A. Minton and P. Baujard) 11 Nematode Parasites of Citrus 437 Larry W. Duncan (A revision of the chapter by L.W. Duncan and E. Cohn) 12 Nematode Parasites of Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Tree Crops 467 Fahiem E. El-Borai and Larry W. Duncan (A revision of the chapter by E. Cohn and L.W. Duncan) 13 Nematode Parasites of Coconut and other Palms 493 Reginald Griffith, Robin M. Giblin-Davis, P.K. Koshy and V.K. Sosamma (A revision of the chapter by R. Griffith and P.K. Koshy) 14 Nematode Parasites of Coffee and Cocoa 529 Vicente P. Campos and Luc Villain (A revision of part of the chapter by V.P. Campos, P. Sivapalan and N.C. Gnanapragasam) 15 Nematode Parasites of Tea 581 Nalini C. Gnanapragasam and Keerthi M. Mohotti (A revision of part of the chapter by V.P. Campos, P. Sivapalan and N.C. Gnanapragasam) 16 Nematode Parasites of Bananas and Plantains 611 Simon R. Gowen, Patrick Quénéhervé and Roger Fogain (A revision of the chapter by S.R. Gowen and P. Quénéhervé) 17 Nematode Parasites of Sugarcane 645 Patrice Cadet and Vaughan W. Spaull (A revision of the chapter by V.W. Spaull and P. Cadet) 18 Nematode Parasites of Tobacco 675 Charles S. Johnson, Jennifer Way and Kenneth R. Barker (A revision of the chapter by J.A. Shepherd and K.R. Barker) 19 Nematode Parasites of Pineapple 709 Brent S. Sipes, Edward P. Caswell-Chen, Jean-Louis Sarah and Walter J. Apt (A revision of the chapter by E.P. Caswell, J.-L. Sarah and W.J. Apt) 20 Nematode Parasites of Cotton and other Tropical Fibre Crops 733 James L. Starr, R.G. Carneiro and O. Ruano (A revision of the chapter by J.L. Starr and S.L.J. Page) 21 Nematode Parasites of Spices, Condiments and Medicinal Plants 751 P.K. Koshy, Santhosh J. Eapen and Rakesh Pandey (A revision of the chapter by P.K. Koshy and J. Bridge) 22 Management Practices: an Overview of Integrated Nematode 793 Management Technologies Richard A. Sikora, John Bridge and James L. Starr Appendix A Nematicides 827 Richard A. Sikora and Peter Marczok (A revision of the appendix by Peter S. Gooch) Appendix B Plant Parasitic Nematode Genera and Species Cited 831 Michel Luc and David J. Hunt Index 841 The colour plate section can be found following p. 10 Contributors Walter J. Apt, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Kenneth R. Barker, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616, USA; E-mail: [email protected] John Bridge, CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Patrice Cadet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 213 Rue La Fayette, 75480 Paris, Cedex 10, France. Present address: South African Sugar Association Experiment Station, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa; E-mail: [email protected] Vicente P. Campos, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 37, 37200-000 Lavras – MG, Brazil; E-mail: nema@ufla.br; dfp@ufla.br; vpcampos@ufla.br Rui Gomes Carneiro, IAPAR – Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 375, Caixa Postal 481, 86001-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; E-mail: [email protected] E.P. Caswell-Chen, Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Danny L. Coyne, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, c\o Lambourn & Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Dirk De Waele, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; E-mail: dirk.dewaele@agr. kuleuven.ac.be Don W. Dickson, Entomology and Nematology Department, Building 970, Natural Area Drive, PO Box 110620, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA; E-mail: dwd@ufl.edu Larry W. Duncan, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; E-mail: [email protected]fl.edu S.J. Eapen, Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut- 673 012, India vii viii Contributors Fahiem E. El-Borai, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, El Zagazig University, Egypt Emilio Fernández, Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal, Calle 110 #516, Entre BY5F Playa Miramar, Havana, Cuba; E-mail: [email protected] Roger Fogain, CARBAP (Centre Africain de Recherche sur Bananiers et Plantains), PO Box 832, Douala, Cameroon; E-mail: [email protected] Robin M. Giblin-Davis, Professor and Associate Center Director, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314, USA; E-mail: giblin@ufl.edu Nalini C. Gnanapragasam, 78/3 Temple Road, Hatton, Sri Lanka; E-mail: [email protected] Simon R. Gowen, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 2AT, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Nicola Greco, CNR, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Bari, Via G. Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-mail: nemang02@ area.ba.cnr.it Reginald Griffith, Coconut Research, Ministry of Food Production, Marine Exploitation, Central Experiment Station, Centeno, Via Arima PO, Trinidad, West Indies; E-mail: [email protected] Johannes Hallmann, Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Nematologie, Toppheideweg 88, D-48161 Münster, Germany; E-mail: [email protected] David J.
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