DOCSLIB.ORG

STUDIES on the COPULATORY BEHAVIOUR of the FREE-LIVING NEMATODE PANAGRELLUS REDIVIVUS (GOODEY, 1945). by C.L. DUGGAL M.Sc. (Hons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
STUDIES on the COPULATORY BEHAVIOUR of the FREE-LIVING NEMATODE PANAGRELLUS REDIVIVUS (GOODEY, 1945). by C.L. DUGGAL M.Sc. (Hons STUDIES ON THE COPULATORY BEHAVIOUR OF THE FREE-LIVING NEMATODE PANAGRELLUS REDIVIVUS (GOODEY, 1945). by C.L. DUGGAL M.Sc. (Hons. School) Panjab University A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London Imperial College Field Station, Ashurst Lodge, Sunninghill, Ascot, Berkshire. September 1977 2 AtSTRACT The copulatory behaviour of Panagrellus redivivus is described in detail and an attempt is made to relate copulation with the age and reproductive state of the nematodes. Male P. redivivus show both pre- and post-insemination coiling around the female and they use their spicules for probing and for opening the female gonopore. Morphological studies on the spicules have been made at both the light microscope level and the scanning electron microscope level in order to understand their functional importance during copulation. The process of insemination has been studied in some detail and the morphological changes occurring in the sperm during their migration from the seminal vesicle to the seminal receptacle have been recorded. It was found that during migration the sperm formed long chains by attaching themselves anterio-posteriorly, each sperm producing pseudopodial-like projections. The frequency of copulation in the male nematodes and its influence on the number of sperm produced and on the nematode life- span was examined, and compared with the development and longevity of aging virgin males. The number of sperm shed into the uterus of the female at the time of copulation was found to increase with increasing intervals between copulations. Similar observations were also made on the life-span and oocyte production in copulated and virgin females. The phenomenon 3 of sex attraction was studied in relation to oocyte development in the female's reproductive tracts and was investigated using 4th stage larval females, and virgin and non-virgin females of varying age and reproductive states. Virgin females were found to be attractive to and respondent towards the adult males whereas copulated females neither attracted nor responded to adult males. The timing of the first copulation of the newly moulted female was studied in relation to the number of available males. The possible effects of age on the first copulation of a virgin female was also noted. Further copulation in inseminated females was studied in relation to storage of the oocytes and the number of sperm present from the previous copulation. It was found that large numbers of sperm can delay further copulation considerably but that aged sperm in the seminal receptacle did not prevent further copulation. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks are due primarily to my supervisors, Professor N.A. Croll for suggesting the problem; Dr. A.A.F. Evans for his continual interest and advice; and Dr. D.J. Wright for his constant help, advice, and encouragement throughout this work. My appreciations are due to Professor T.R.E. Southwood for providing work space and facilities at the Field Station. My thanks are also due to Mrs. A.J. Budd for typing this manuscript and all those at Imperial College Field Station who have helped me in so many ways. Finally, my special thanks go to the Government of India for providing me with a scholarship during the tenure of this work. CONTENTS Page Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 4 Contents 5 Introduction 10 General copulatory behaviour and physiology in nematodes 10 Sex attraction in nematodes 16 Female copulatory activity in nematodes 18 Males copulatory activity in nematodes 22 Sex ratio in nematodes 25 Conclusions 27 Section I - The experimental animal and its culture 30 in the laboratory I.A. Panagrellus redivivus (Goodey, T., 1945), 30 Order Rhabditida (Oerley, 1880), Family Panagrelaimidae (Thorne, 1937) I.B. Monoxenic culture 30 I.C. Preparation of agar plates 31 I.D. Observation on P. redivivus at low magnification 32 I.E. Observation on P. redivivus at high magnification 32 I.F. Scanning electron microscopy 34 1.Tail region of adult male P. redivivus 34 2. Sperm 34 Section II - Observations on the general reproductive 36 biology of P. redivivus II.A. The male reproductive system 36 6 Page II.B. Male accessory reproductive organs 40 1.The spicules 40 2. The gubernaculum 40 3. Caudal papillae 43 II.C. The female reproductive system 43 II.D. General copulatory behaviour of P. redivivus 45 1. Pre-insemination coiling of the male 45 2. Penetration 49 3. Insemination 49 4. Insemination in the post-vulvar uterine sac 51 5. Post-insemination coiling of the male and its 52 attachment to the female II.E. Maturation of sperm in the female 53 1.Introduction 53 2. Experimental procedure 55 3. Observations 56 Section III - Copulatory behaviour of male P. redivivus 66 III.A. Post-moulting copulatory behaviour of adult 66 male P. redivivus 1.Experimental procedure 66 2. Results 66 III.B. The rate of copulation, the number of sperm 68 transferred and the life span of normally copulating males 1.Experimental procedure 68 2. Results 68 7 Page III.C. Development and life span of virgin male 71 1.Experimental procedure 71 2. Results 72 III.D. Effect of short isolation periods on the 73 copulatory behaviour of•male P. redivivus 1.Experimental procedure 73 2. Results 73 2a. The duration of pre-insemination coiling 76 2b. The number of sperm transferred per copulation 76 2c.Duration of post-insemination coiling 79 and attachment III.E. Effect of long isolation periods on the 80 libido of male P. redivivus 1.Experimental procedure 80 2. Results- 81 Section IV - Development and life span in female P. redivivus 83 IV.A.1. Introduction 83 2. Experimental procedure 83 3.Results 84 3a.Development in virgin females 84 3b.Development in copulated female 92 3c.Mortality of virgin and copulated females 93 Section V - Sex attraction in P. redivivus 95 V.A. Introduction 95 V.B. Test apparatus for sex attraction experiments 95 and experimental procedure 8 Page V.C. Results 98 1.Response of virgin females and adult males 98 towards E. coli 2. Homosexual attraction and response of virgin 100 females and adult males 3. Attraction and response of fourth-stage larval 100 females to adult males 4. Attraction and response of normally copulating 102 females to adult males 5. Attraction and response of aging virgin females 102 to adult males P. redivivus Section VI - Copulatory behaviour of females P. redivivus 107 VI.A. Time of first copulation in female 107 1.Introduction 107 2. Experimental procedure 107 3. Results 108 VI.B. The effect of aging on the first copulation 110 of the virgin female 1.Introduction 110 2. Experimental procedure 110 3.Results 111 VI.C. Factors influencing the second copulation 111 1. Introduction 111 2. Experimental procedure 114 2a. The influence of male copulatory activity on 114 the copulatory behaviour of once-copulated females 9 Page 2b.Number and aging of sperm in the uterus 114 2c. Number and aging of oocytes in the female 115 3. Results 115 3a.The influence of male copulatory activity 115 on the copulatory behaviour of once-copulated females 3b.The number and aging of sperm in the uterus 117 3c.The number and aging of oocytes in the females 121 VI.D. The third copulation of female P. redivivus 124 1. Experimental procedure 124 2. Results 124 VI.E. Behaviour of sperm of P. redivivus in vitro in the 126 presence of oocytes 1.Introduction 126 2. Experimental procedure 126 3.Results 126 General Discussion 127 Copulatory behaviour and the role of the spicules and 127 caudal papillae during copulation Functional maturation of sperm in nematodes 129 Copulatory behaviour of male nematodes 133 Sexual development of adult female nematodes 135 Sex attraction in nematodes 138 Copulatory behaviour of female nematodes 142 Conclusions 146 References 149 Appendices 158 10 INTRODUCTIO N The reproductive physiology of nematodes has recently been reviewed by Anya (1976) and Lee and Atkinson (1976). It is apparent that little is known about the factors influencing copulation in nematodes and that the process of copulation itself has been described in relatively few species. General copulatory behaviour and physiology in nematodes In most of the nematode species examined the male coiled its tail around the vulval region of the female using its specialised copulatory muscles to form a loop through which the female moved forwards and backwards several times prior to copulation (Greet, 1964; Chin and Taylor, 1969; Trudgill, 1976). In a few species, however, the male appeared to move the ventral surface of its cloacal region backwards and forwards over the cuticular surface of the female until it located the vulval opening (Fisher, 1972; Chuang, 1962; Anderson and Darling, 1964; Jones, 1966; Sommerville and Weinstein, 1964; Somers, Shorey and Gaston, 1977). At copulation the anterior end of the male and female Nematospiroides dubius were found to point in opposite directions (Sommerville and Weinstein, 1964), whereas in Cylindrocorpus spp. they were at right angles (Chin and Taylor, 1969). During copulation the head of the male and female of Ditylenchus destructor were never seen to be parallel (Anderson and Darling, 1964). 11 During pre-insemination coiling or probing of the male in Rhabditis teres (Chuang, 1962), Pelodera teres (Jones, 1966), Cylindrocorpus spp. (Chin and Taylor, 1969), Rhabditis pellio (Somers, Shorey and Gaston, 1977), the spicules were periodically protruded to make contact with the cuticle of the female. Such a periodic extension of the spicules has not been observed in other species of nematode. Mueller (1930) reported that during copulation in Ascaris lumbricoides the spicules were withdrawn into their sheaths and he thought that they played no part in insemination. However, this was based on fixed worms found in the coital position and more recent work on the copulatory behaviour of living specimens of several nematode species has shown that the spicules remained inside the vagina during the whole process of insemination, no matter how long this process took (Chuang, 1962; Greet, 1964; Anderson and Darling, 1964; Jones, 1966, Sommerville and Weinstein, 1964; Fisher, 1972; Chin and Taylor, 1969; Trudgill, 1976; Somers, Shorey and Gaston, 1977).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Description and Identification of Four Species of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Forage Legumes
    5 Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 17, No.1, PP. 51-64 (2018) Description and Identification of Four Species of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Associated with Forage Legumes * * Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad ; Mohamed F.M. Eissa ; Abd-Elmoneim Y. ** *** **** El-Gindi ; Grover C. Smart ; and Ahmed El-bahrawy . * Plant Pathology Department, National Research Centre. ** Department of Agricultural Zoology and Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt. *** Department of Entomology and Nematology, IFAS, University of Florida, USA. **** Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy. Abstract Four species of plant parasitic nematodes were present in soil samples planted with forage legumes at Alachua County, Florida, USA. The detected species Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Criconemella ornate, Hoplolaimus galeatus, and Paratrichodorus minor were described in the present study. They belong to orders Rhabditida (Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Criconemella ornate, and Hoplolaimus galeatus) and Triplonchida (Paratrichodorus minor) and to taxonomical families Dolichodoridae (Belonolaimus longicaudatus), Hoplolaimidae (Hoplolaimus galeatus) Criconematidae (Criconemella ornate), and Trichodoridae (Paratrichodorus minor). The identification of the present specimens was based on the classical taxonomy, following morphological and morphometrical characters in the species specific identification keys. Keywords: Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Criconemella ornate, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Paratrichodorus minor, morphology,
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Expression in Halicephalobus Mephisto
    © COPYRIGHT by Deborah Jane Weinstein 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN HALICEPHALOBUS MEPHISTO (THE DEVIL WORM) BY Deborah Jane Weinstein ABSTRACT The nematode Halicephalobus mephisto was discovered in an isolated aquifer, 1.3km below ground. H. mephisto thrives under extreme conditions including elevated heat (37.2°C) and minimal oxygen, classifying it as an extremophile. H. mephisto is a vital discovery for evolution and adaptation, with particular interest in its thermophilic abilities. Here we report the full transcriptome and genome of H. mephisto. In the process we identified a unique adaptation: over amplification of AIG1 and Hsp70 genes, with 168 and 142 domains respectively. Hsp70 was over-expressed under elevated heat conditions, along with ARMET and Bax inhibitor-1, suggesting these genes help H. mephisto to survive elevated heat. AIG1 was not upregulated in elevated heat suggesting its use for non-heat abiotic stressors such as hypoxia. This paper sheds light on the genomic adaptations that have evolved in H. mephisto to survive its challenging environment. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............................................................................................. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Plasticity, Ecology, and Evolutionary Radiation of Nematodes of Diplogastridae
    Developmental Plasticity, Ecology, and Evolutionary Radiation of Nematodes of Diplogastridae Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Vladislav Susoy aus Berezniki, Russland Tübingen 2015 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 5 November 2015 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ralf J. Sommer 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Heinz-R. Köhler 3. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Hinrich Schulenburg Acknowledgements I am deeply appreciative of the many people who have supported my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisors, Professor Ralf J. Sommer and Dr. Matthias Herrmann for giving me the opportunity to pursue various research projects as well as for their insightful scientific advice, support, and encouragement. I am also very grateful to Matthias for introducing me to nematology and for doing an excellent job of organizing fieldwork in Germany, Arizona and on La Réunion. I would like to thank the members of my examination committee: Professor Heinz-R. Köhler and Professor Hinrich Schulenburg for evaluating this dissertation and Dr. Felicity Jones, Professor Karl Forchhammer, and Professor Rolf Reuter for being my examiners. I consider myself fortunate for having had Dr. Erik J. Ragsdale as a colleague for several years, and more than that to count him as a friend. We have had exciting collaborations and great discussions and I would like to thank you, Erik, for your attention, inspiration, and thoughtful feedback. I also want to thank Erik and Orlando de Lange for reading over drafts of this dissertation and spelling out some nuances of English writing.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Nematology Volume 48 March 2016 Number 1
    JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY VOLUME 48 MARCH 2016 NUMBER 1 Journal of Nematology 48(1):1–6. 2016. Ó The Society of Nematologists 2016. Occurrence of Panagrellus (Rhabditida: Panagrolaimidae) Nematodes in a Morphologically Aberrant Adult Specimen of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) 1 1 2* 1 1 1 MANUELA CAMEROTA, GIUSEPPE MAZZA, LYNN K. CARTA, FRANCESCO PAOLI, GIULIA TORRINI, CLAUDIA BENVENUTI, 1 1 1 BEATRICE CARLETTI, VALERIA FRANCARDI, AND PIO FEDERICO ROVERSI Abstract: An aberrant specimen of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) also known as red palm weevil (RPW), the most economically important insect pest of palms in the world, was found among a batch of conspecifics reared for research purposes. A morphological analysis of this weevil revealed the presence of nematodes associated with a structured cuticle defect of the thorax. These nematodes were not able to be cultured, but were characterized by molecular analysis using 28S and 18S ribosomal DNA and shown to belong to the family Panagrolaimidae (Rhabditida), within a clade of Panagrellus. While most nematodes in the insect were juveniles, a single male adult was partially characterized by light microscopy. Morphometrics showed similarities to a species described from Germany. Excluding the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), only five other genera of entomophilic or saprophytic rhabditid nematodes are associated with this weevil. This is the first report of panagrolaimid nematodes associated with this invasive pest. Possible mechanisms of nematode-insect association are discussed. Key words: insect thorax defect, invasive species, nematode phoresy, physiological ecology, saprophagous nematode, sour paste nematode. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the RPW, is currently con- with RPW, and consider their possible effects as bio- sidered as the most damaging pest of palm species in control agents (Mazza et al., 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Nematodes 37
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Investigating the Neural Circuit for Carbon Dioxide Avoidance Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/70m1v28x Author Carrillo, Mayra Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Investigating the Neural Circuit for Carbon Dioxide Avoidance Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics by Mayra Alejandra Carrillo 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Investigating the Neural Circuit for Carbon Dioxide Avoidance Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans by Mayra Alejandra Carrillo Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Elissa A. Hallem, Chair Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a byproduct of oxidative metabolism that can be sensed by different species including mammals, insects, and nematodes and can lead to both physiological and behavioral responses. In the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans the behavioral response can be either avoidance or neutral to CO2, indicating that the behavior is flexible. In this thesis, I investigated the neural basis of behavioral flexibility. We found that the CO2 circuit can be modulated by diverse sensory neurons that respond to ambient oxygen (O2), temperature, and food odor. Additionally, we identified two interneurons downstream of the CO2- sensing BAG neurons, AIY and RIG, that have opposing roles in CO2-evoked responses. A decrease in AIY activity and an increase in RIG activity promote appropriate avoidance behavior to CO2 levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Nematodes of Grains CP
    INDUSTRY BIOSECURITY PLAN FOR THE GRAINS INDUSTRY Generic Contingency Plan Exotic nematodes affecting the grains industry Specific examples detailed in this plan: Maize cyst nematode (Heterodera zeae), Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and Chickpea cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri) Plant Health Australia August 2013 Disclaimer The scientific and technical content of this document is current to the date published and all efforts have been made to obtain relevant and published information on these pests. New information will be included as it becomes available, or when the document is reviewed. The material contained in this publication is produced for general information only. It is not intended as professional advice on any particular matter. No person should act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained in this publication without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice. Plant Health Australia and all persons acting for Plant Health Australia in preparing this publication, expressly disclaim all and any liability to any persons in respect of anything done by any such person in reliance, whether in whole or in part, on this publication. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of Plant Health Australia. Further information For further information regarding this contingency plan, contact Plant Health Australia through the details below. Address: Level 1, 1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Fax: +61 2 6260 4321 Email: [email protected] Website: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au An electronic copy of this plan is available from the web site listed above. © Plant Health Australia Limited 2013 Copyright in this publication is owned by Plant Health Australia Limited, except when content has been provided by other contributors, in which case copyright may be owned by another person.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Comparison and Taxonomic Utility of Copulatory Structures of Selected Nematode Species 1
    Journal of Nematology 19(3):314-323. 1987. © The Society of Nematologists 1987. Morphological Comparison and Taxonomic Utility of Copulatory Structures of Selected Nematode Species 1 ABDALLAH RAMMAH ~ AND HEDWIG HIRSCHMANN 3 Abstract: Spicules of 9 Meloidoffyne, 2 Heterodera, 3 Globodera, and 12 other plant-parasitic, insect- parasitic, and free-living nematodes were excised and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gubernacula of some of the species were also excised, and their structure was determined. The two spicules of all species examined were symmetrically identical in morphology. The spicule typically consisted of three parts: head, shaft, and blade with dorsal and ventral vela. The spicular nerve entered through the cytoplasmic core opening on the lateral outer surface of the spicule head and generally communicated with the exterior through one or two pores at the spicule tip. Spicules ofXiphinema sp. and Aporcelaimellus sp. were not composed of three typical parts, were less sclerotized, and lacked a cytoplasmic core opening and distal pores. Spicules of Aphelenchoides spp. had heads expanded into apex and rostrum and had very arcuate blades with thick dorsal and ventral edges (limbs). Gubernaculum shapes were stable within a species, but differed among species examined. The accessory structures of Hoplolaimus galeatus consisted of a tongue-shaped gubernaculum with two titillae at its distal end and a plate-like capitulum terminating distally in two flat, wing-like structures. A comparison of spicules of several species of Meloidogyne by SEM and light microscopy revealed no striking morphological differences. Key words: spicule, gubernaculum, capitulum, titillae, scanning electron microscopy, light mi- croscopy, Aphelenchoides, Aporcelaimel~us, Belonolaimus, Dolichodorus, Globodera, Heterorhabditis, Het- erodera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Mesorhabditis, PanagreUus, Tylenchorhynchus, Xiphinema.
    [Show full text]
  • Tylenchorhynchus Nudus and Other Nematodes Associated with Turf in South Dakota
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1969 Tylenchorhynchus Nudus and Other Nematodes Associated with Turf in South Dakota James D. Smolik Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Smolik, James D., "Tylenchorhynchus Nudus and Other Nematodes Associated with Turf in South Dakota" (1969). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3609. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/3609 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TYLENCHORHYNCHUS NUDUS AND OTHER NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH TURF IN SOUTH DAKOTA ,.,..,.....1 BY JAMES D. SMOLIK A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science, Major in Plant Pathology, South Dakota State University :souTH DAKOTA STATE ·U IVERSITY LJB RY TYLENCHORHYNCHUS NUDUS AND OTHER NNvlATODES ASSOCIATED WITH TURF IN SOUTH DAKOTA This thesis is approved as a creditable and inde­ pendent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Science, and is acceptable as meeting the thesis requirements for this degree, but without implying that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. Thesis Adviser Date Head, �lant Pathology Dept. Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank Dr. R. B. Malek for suggesting the thesis problem and for his constructive criticisms during the course of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Some Vulval Appendages in Nematode Taxonomy
    Comp. Parasitol. 76(2), 2009, pp. 191–209 Evaluation of Some Vulval Appendages in Nematode Taxonomy 1,5 1 2 3 4 LYNN K. CARTA, ZAFAR A. HANDOO, ERIC P. HOBERG, ERIC F. ERBE, AND WILLIAM P. WERGIN 1 Nematology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) and 2 United States National Parasite Collection, and Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: A survey of the nature and phylogenetic distribution of nematode vulval appendages revealed 3 major classes based on composition, position, and orientation that included membranes, flaps, and epiptygmata. Minor classes included cuticular inflations, protruding vulvar appendages of extruded gonadal tissues, vulval ridges, and peri-vulval pits. Vulval membranes were found in Mermithida, Triplonchida, Chromadorida, Rhabditidae, Panagrolaimidae, Tylenchida, and Trichostrongylidae. Vulval flaps were found in Desmodoroidea, Mermithida, Oxyuroidea, Tylenchida, Rhabditida, and Trichostrongyloidea. Epiptygmata were present within Aphelenchida, Tylenchida, Rhabditida, including the diverged Steinernematidae, and Enoplida. Within the Rhabditida, vulval ridges occurred in Cervidellus, peri-vulval pits in Strongyloides, cuticular inflations in Trichostrongylidae, and vulval cuticular sacs in Myolaimus and Deleyia. Vulval membranes have been confused with persistent copulatory sacs deposited by males, and some putative appendages may be artifactual. Vulval appendages occurred almost exclusively in commensal or parasitic nematode taxa. Appendages were discussed based on their relative taxonomic reliability, ecological associations, and distribution in the context of recent 18S ribosomal DNA molecular phylogenetic trees for the nematodes.
    [Show full text]
  • Baujardia Mirabilis Gen. N., Sp. N. from Pitcher Plants and Its
    Nematology,2003,V ol.5(3), 405-420 Baujardia mirabilis gen. n., sp. n.from pitcher plants andits phylogenetic position withinPanagrolaimidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) 1; 2 1 Wim BERT ¤, Irma TANDINGAN DE LEY , Rita VAN DRIESSCHE , Hendrik SEGERS 3 and Paul DE LEY 2 1 Departmentof Biology,Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium 2 Departmentof Nematology,University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,USA 3 FreshwaterLaboratory, Royal Belgium Institute for Natural Sciences, V autierstraat29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Received:16 September2002; revised: 13 January2003 Acceptedfor publication:13 January2003 Summary – Measurements,line drawings and scanning electromicrographs are provided of Baujardiamirabilis gen.n., sp. n., isolated frompitcher uidof Nepenthesmirabilis fromThailand. The new genus differs from all known nematodes in having two opposing andoffset spermatheca-like pouches at the junction of oviduct and uterus. It also differs from most known Rhabditida in having four cephalicsetae instead of papillae.Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rDNA sequencedata robustly places the new genus within Panagrolaimidaeas asistertaxon to Panagrellus .Theseunusual nematodes resemble Panagrellus inbodysize (1.8-2.7 mm infemales, 1.3-1.9mm inmales) and in the monodelphic, prodelphic female reproductive system with thickened vaginal walls and prominent postvulvalsac. However, they differ from Panagrellus inthecharacters mentioned above, in their comparatively longer stegostom and intheshape of themale spicules. Because of its aberrant
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Wheat Nematodes from Cultivars in South Africa
    Characterization of wheat nematodes from cultivars in South Africa SQN Lamula orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-8327 Thesis accepted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences at the North- West University Supervisor: Prof T Tsilo Co-supervisor: Prof MMO Thekisoe Assistant promoter: Dr A Mbatyoti Graduation: May 2020 28728556 DEDICATION To my grandmother Dlalisile Dlada, mother Nokuthula Bongi Dladla, aunt, Dumisile Dladla, and the rest of my family. i ACKNWOLEDGEMENTS To the almighty GOD for the strength, ability, knowledge, opportunity and perseverance you have given me from the beginning of this project till this day. My sincere gratitude goes to my promotors and mentors: Firstly, Prof. Oriel Thekisoe for the unrelenting support that he has given me for a long time. Under your guidance, leadership and patience, has lead me to acquire more knowledge about academics and also life in general. Secondly, Prof. Toi Tsilo for the undying patience, believing in me and providing the opportunity and encouraging me to be a better hard working person. Without either of you, the completion of this project would have not been possible. Dr. Antoinette Swart and Dr. Mariette Marais for their assistance and guidance in identifying nematode species detected in this project. Mr. Timmy Baloyi with his technical and logistics support for the project. Henzel Saul and his team (HA Hatting, C Miles and M da Graca) for their immense contribution in accessing and obtaining samples from commercial farmers in Western Cape. Mofalali Makuoane, Richard Taylor and Teboho Oliphant for assisting in sample collection from other provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae)
    Nematol. medito(1991), 19: 305-309 Istituto di Nematologia Agrria, C.N.R., 70126 Bari, ltalyl Instituto de Agronomia y Proteccion Vegetai, C.S.I.C., 14080, Cordoba, Sfain2 Centro de Investigaciony Desarrollo Agrario, 18080, Granada, Spain SEM OBSERVATIONS ON TWO SPECIES OF HOPLOLAIMUSDADAY, 1905 (NEMATODA: HOPLOLAIMIDAE) by N. VOVLAS1, P. CASTILLO2 and A. GOMEZ BARCINA3' Summary. The main morphometricaI characteristics of Hoplolaimus galeatus(Cobb 1913) Thorne 1935 and H. stephanusSher, 1963 are amplified and supplemented with scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, made on two bisexuaI American populations collected in naturaI habitats tram Pensacola,Florida and Raleigh, North Carolina, respectively. In both specieslip region is hemisphericaI in profile, set off tram the body by a distinct constriction, having 4-6 annuIi and an oraI discoAnterior cephalic annuIi are marked by six longitudinaI striae (two deep dorsaI and ventraI grooves and 4 shallower lateraI), but the basaI annulus is divided into (26-36 in H. galeatus;30-36 in H. stephanus)irregular blocks. The lateraI fidds in both specieshave 4 incisures with outer and inner bands areolated. The main diagnostic features and measurementsof both speciesare compared with all previous data. The description and morphology £or most o£ the 24 spe- ration of nematodes tram scanning electron microscopy cies assigned to the genus Hoplolaimus Daday, 1905 are (SEM). These specimenswere coated with gold and ob- based on light microscope (1M) observations with the ex- served with a ]EOL 50A stereoscanat 5-10 kV accelerat- ception o£ H. aerolaimoidesSiddiqi, 1972 (Abrantes et al., ing voltage. 1987; Siddiqi, 1986), H. capensisVan den Berg et Heyns, Abbreviations used are defined in Siddiqi, 1986.
    [Show full text]