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Song of Songs the Old Testament Library SONG OF SONGS THE OLD TESTAMENT LIBRARY Editorial Advisory Board JAMES L. MAYS CAROL A. NEWSOM DAVID L. PETERSEN J. Cheryl Exum Song of Songs A Commentary WESTMINSTER JOHN KNOX PRESS LOUISVILLE • KENTUCKY © 2005 J. Cheryl Exum All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permis• sion in writing from the publisher. For information, address Westminster John Knox Press, 100 Witherspoon Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1396. Research for this commentary was supported in part by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Board (now the Arts and Humanities Research Coun• cil) in the United Kingdom. "my love". Copyright 1923, 1951, © 1991 by the Trustees for the E. E. Cum- mings Trust. Copyright © 1976 by George James Firmage, from Complete Poems: 1904-1962 by E. E. Cummings, edited by George J. Firmage. Used by permission of Liveright Publishing Corporation. "Bella" ["Beauty"] is copyright © Brian Cole, 1994; used by permission. Book design by Jennifer K. Cox First edition Published by Westminster John Knox Press Louisville, Kentucky This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39.48 standard. © PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14—10 987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-664-22190-4 CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Select Bibliography xi Introduction 1 1 A Love Poem 1 2 Love and Death 2 3 Controlling Poetic Strategies 3 The Illusion of Immediacy 3 Conjuring 6 The Invitation to the Reader 7 The Lovers as Representing All Lovers 8 Blurring Distinctions between Anticipation and Enjoyment of Love 9 Love Forever in Progress: Repetition and Resistance to Closure 11 4 Gendered Love-Talk and the Relation of the Sexes 13 Different Ways of Speaking about Love 14 Lovesick and Awestruck 15 Speaking Metaphorically about the Female and Male Body 17 Erotic Look or Voyeuristic Gaze? 22 The Song and Conventional Gender Relations 25 5 Poetic Composition and Style 28 Text and Translation 28 A Masterpiece of Pure Poetry 30 One Poem or Many? 33 Literary Arrangement and Its Significance 37 Lyric Poetry and Reading for the Plot 42 Fantasy, Reality, and Poetic Imagination 45 vi Contents 6 The Song of Songs and Its World 47 Literary Context: Ancient Near Eastern Love Poetry 47 Historical-Cultural Context 63 Social World 67 A Book of the Bible 70 7 The Song of Songs and Its Readers 73 Allegorical Interpretation 73 The Dramatic Theory 78 Wedding Songs 79 Cultic Interpretation 79 Feminist Criticism 80 Privileging the Reader 82 COMMENTARY 1:1 Superscription 89 1:2-4 The Voice of Desire 91 1:5-2:7 A Dialogue about Love 97 2:8-3:5 The Woman's First Long Speech 119 3:6-11 The Woman's First Long Speech, A Continuation 138 4:1-5:1 The Man's First Long Speech 151 5:2-6:3 The Woman's Second Long Speech 183 6:4-7:9 [10 H] The Man's Second Long Speech 210 7:10-13 The Woman's Reply 240 [11-14 H] 8:1-14 A Dialogue about Love 242 ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992 AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures AnBib Analecta biblica ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by James B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. with Supplement. Princeton, 1969 AO AT Alter Orient und Altes Testament ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch BAR Biblical Archaeology Review BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BBB Bonner biblische Beiträge BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907 BBET Beiträge zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Edited by K. Elliger and W. Rudolph. Stuttgart, 1983 Bib Biblica Biblnt Biblical Interpretation BibOr Biblica et orientalia BSac Bibliotheca Sacra BKAT Biblischer Kommentar: Altes Testament BN Biblische Notizen BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BZ Biblische Zeitschrift CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly COS The Context of Scripture. Edited by W. W. Hallo. 3 vols. Leiden, 1997- DCH The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Edited by David J. A. Clines. Sheffield, 1993- DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Abbreviations EncJud Encyclopaedia Judaica ETL Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament FOTL Forms of the Old Testament Literature GCT Gender, Culture, Theory GKC Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Revised and translated by A. E. Cowley. Oxford, 1910 HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden, 1994-1999 HAR Hebrew Annual Review HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament HThKAT Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament IB Interpreter's Bible JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JB Jerusalem Bible JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies Joüon-Muraoka Joüon, R A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by T. Muraoka. 2 vols. Subsidia biblica 14/1-2. Rome, 1991 JPOS Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society JPS Jewish Publication Society Version JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series JSS Journal of Semitic Studies JTS Journal of Theological Studies KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament KHAT Kurzer Hand-Kommentar zum Alten Testament KJV King James Version LXX Septuagint MT Masoretic Text NAB New American Bible NCB New Century Bible NEB New English Bible NIB The New Interpreter's Bible Abbreviations ix NICOT New International Commentary on the Old Testament NIV New International Version NIVAC New International Version Application Commentary NJB New Jerusalem Bible NJPS New Jewish Publication Society Version NRSV New Revised Standard Version OBO Orbis biblicus et orientalis PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly REB Revised English Bible RSV Revised Standard Version SBB Stuttgarter biblische Beiträge SBLWAW Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World SEA Svensk exegetisk ârsbok VT Vetus Testamentum WBC Word Biblical Commentary ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ZBAT Zürcher Bibelkommentare: Altes Testament SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Commentaries in Series Bergant, Dianne. The Song of Songs. Berit Olam. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001. Budde, Karl. Das Hohelied. KHAT 17. Freiburg im Breisgau: Mohr, 1898. Carr, G. Lloyd. The Song of Solomon: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press, 1984. Delitzsch, F. Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon. Translated by James Martin. Commentary on the Old Testament VI. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980 [1872]. Garrett, Duane. Song of Songs. WBC 23B. Nashville: Word, 2004. Gerleman, Gillis. Ruth. Das Hohelied. BKAT 18. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neu- kirchener Verlag, 1965. Haller, Max. Ruth, Hoheslied, Klagelieder, Esther. HAT 18. Tübingen: Mohr, 1940. Harper, Andrew. The Song of Solomon with Introduction and Notes. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907. Keel, Othmar. The Song of Songs. Translated by Frederick J. Gaiser. Min• neapolis: Fortress Press, 1994 [German original: Das Hohelied. ZBAT 18. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag, 1986]. Krinetzki, Günter (=Leo). Kommentar zum Hohenlied: Bildsprache und theo• logische Botschaft. BBET 16. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1981. [All references to Krinetzki are to the 1964 monograph below unless otherwise noted.] . Hoheslied. Neue Echter Bibel. Würzburg: Echter Verlag, 1980. Longman, III, Tremper. The Song of Songs. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001. Meek, Theophile J. "The Song of Songs: Introduction and Exegesis." IB 5 (1956): 91-148. Müller, Hans-Peter. Das Hohelied. ATD 16/2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992. xii Select Bibliography Murphy, Roland E. The Song of Songs: A Commentary on the Book of Canti• cles or the Song of Songs. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990. Pope, Marvin H. Song of Songs: A New Translation with Introduction and Com• mentary. AB 7C. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977. Provan, Iain W. Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zonder- van, 2001. Ringgren, Helmer. Das Hohe Lied. ATD 16. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1967. Rudolph, Wilhelm. Das Buch Ruth, Das Hohe Lied, Die Klagelieder. KAT XVII, 1-3. Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1962. Snaith, John G. The Song of Songs. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993. Weems, Renita J. "The Song of Songs: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflec• tions." NIB 5 (1997): 361^134. Würthwein, Ernst. Ruth, Das Hohe Lied, Esther. HAT 18. Tübingen: Mohr, 1969. Zakovitch, Yair. Das Hohelied. HThKAT. Freiburg: Herder, 2004.* Books and Monographs Abu-Lughod, Lila. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Alexander, Philip S. The Targum of Canticles: Translated, with a Critical Intro• duction, Apparatus, and Notes. Aramaic Bible 17A. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2003. Ayo, Nicholas. Sacred Marriage: The Wisdom of the Song of Songs. Words by Nicholas Ayo and paintings by Meinrad Craighead. New York: Continuum, 1997. Black, Fiona C. "The Grotesque Body in the Song of Songs." Ph.D. disserta• tion, University of Sheffield, 1999 [=1999a]. Bloch, Ariel, and Chana Bloch. The Song of Songs: A New Translation with an Introduction and Commentary. New York: Random House, 1995. Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973. Brenner, Athalya. The Intercourse of Knowledge: On Gendering Desire and 'Sexuality' in the Hebrew Bible. Biblical Interpretation Series 26. Leiden: Brill, 1997. Brenner, Athalya, and Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes.
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