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Innovation of Verbs in Hebrew

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Innovation of Verbs in Hebrew Innovation of Verbs in Hebrew Uzzi Ornan Hebrew University f Jerusalem Hebrew Linguistics Technion, I.I.T. Haifa Computer Science Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel [email protected] , [email protected] Absract 2 Empty squares for innovations Many squares in the array are actually In modern time a lot of empty. They may become full if new connections developed among words are needed to be introduced into various nations, and people the language. Usually it happens if a speaker became acquainted with several does not find a word that expresses his/her languages. New conceptions idea. He/She chooses a proper root, and by move from their origin in a looking for proper pattern, a new word is certain language to another produced and from here it shifts into the surrounding. Hebrew also dictionary (described in Figure 2 ). adopted many new words from foreign origin, but there is a 3 Verbal and nominal expressions difficulty to adopt foreign verbs in Hebrew, since a Hebrew verb Languages have both verbal and nominal must be in a certain pattern. This expressions. Speakers sometimes need both. short paper explains how a In order to express an idea which contains special device has developed in both a noun and a verb, it is possible to use a the Hebrew grammar to cope "general purpose" verb, which expresses a with this need. general meaning of doing, such as do , make , or act etc., and relate it to the noun. Here are some expressions in Hebrew: First, general purpose Hebrew verbs: 1 Hebrew words in array lip ˁol = to act, Most Hebrew words are arranged in a "root le-bacce ˁ =to perform, pattern array". Each line contains a root, la-ˁsot= to do, to make. which is a sequence of three or more consonants, and each column contains a And some examples of actual use: pattern built as a sequence of vowels, la-ˁśot ma`amaççim = to make efforts, sometimes accompanied by one consonant le-harim telepon = to pick up a or two. Each pattern also contains three or telephone, four slots in which the consonants of the lišloa ḥ mibraq = to send a telegram, root should enter ( Figure 1). la-ˁrok biqqur = to pay a visit. Thus a word appears in each square containing the consonants of the root interwoven into the pattern ( Figure 2). There 4 Same root for both are several thousands roots, and 100 – 120 patterns of nouns but only seven patterns of It is very common that both the verbal and verbs. Nouns may be of foreign origins, but the nominal expressions be of the same root, verbs should be in the seven patterns only. such as: 94 Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media, pages 94–97, Baltimore, Maryland USA, 27 June 2014. c 2014 Association for Computational Linguistics liktob miktab = to write a letter 6 Root is sequence of consonants (root: k't'b' ) lsapper sippur = to tell a story For example, a new instrument is invented (root: s'p'r '). somewhere in a foreign country and has been brought to the Hebrew speakers together Such use of expression is specially with its name: It is the telephone. We have significant in Hebrew for a need to add an mentioned it above in the first appearance in adjective to the noun while the real meaning the idiom le-harim telepon , but sometimes is to add an adverbial description to the verb. after that we find another word which E.g., by the nominal phrase "important conveys the same meaning, i.e., le-talpen = decision" such as in Hebrew : le-ha ḥli ṭ to phone. This verb may appear of course in ha ḥla ṭa ḥašuba (root: ḥ ' l ' ṭ ' ) = to decide various verbal structures, such as an important decision. Here both noun and verb are of the same root. Sometimes the tilpanti = I phoned, verbal expression itself includes the idea of talpenu elay = please phone me, etc. the nominal expression, such as, The verb appeared as a result of the le-habriq = lišlo ḥ mibraq (to telegraph, squeezing process. From telephone we got the or to send a telegram), sequence of consonants t l p n . and that was le-hištakker= lištot le-šokra (to drink up enough to add a new line in the root lines of to toxication), the root-pattern array. ( [p] and [f] relate to the le-hitraggez = le-habbi ˁ rogez ( to same phoneme /p/ even in Modern Hebrew.) express anger). 7 Squeezing is original procedure 5 Foreign nouns need "squeezing" This procedure of squeezing has been active But what about foreign nouns? Modern even in ancient times. It can be seen in the world offers a lot of contacts for speakers of Greek word which entered into Hebrew as various languages, and Hebrew also got well as to many languages – basis . We have a a lot of foreign nouns from many Hebrew verb based on the root b s s , which languages. These nouns are not included in was squeezed from basis in ancient time and the array. and what is more important, they is being used since Mishnaic Hebrew until do not have roots, while Hebrew modern time. speakers are used to connect nouns and verbs, preferably through common 8 Squeezing in Hebrew increased roots. A special procedure developed in In Modern time squeezing seems to increase. Hebrew grammar, which produces roots Many new ideas appeared in the wide world, from foreign nouns. This procedure is and Hebrew did not stay behind. Beside other "squeezing": We squeeze the noun and get 1 ways of innovation of new words from wide its vowels out . What remain is its world origin, we find a lot of new words, consonants only. especially verbs, which have been coined by This sequence of consonants is considered squeezing. See for example what happened to to be used as a new root. The new root is put English words such as compilation, debug, in a new line in the list of roots at the format, fax, discuss, Pascal, Pasteur, Rentgen. root-pattern array, and of course on the spot a They all passed through squeezing, even if lot of new empty squares appear along the some of them are not necessarily nouns. For line of the new root. Some of them are verbal example, patterns. Now one can choose a proper le-qampel = to compile (code), verbal pattern and here a new Hebrew le-dabbeg = to debug, verb appears. le-farmet = to format, le-faqses= to send a fax note le-dasqes = to discuss, to talk le-fasqel = run a Pascal code, 1 See, Ornan 1976 (in Hebrew), Ornan 1990 le-faster = pasterize, p. 88. le-rantgen = to X-ray. 95 9 Squeezing of Hebrew words References Next development of the squeezing Bat-El Outi, 1994. Stem Modification and Cluster procedure is that it began to work also on Transfer in Modern Hebrew. Natural Language Hebrew words. It happened whenever a and a LinguisticTheory 12, pp. 571-596 speaker feels that the old root does not satisfy his/her needs. A good example is Bolozky, Shmuel 1978. Word Formation Strategies the noun mispar which exists in the root- in the Hebrew Verb System, Denominative Verbs. pattern array, with the root s'p'r' and Afroasiatic Linguistics 5:3 pp. 111-136. pattern mi—a-. Its meaning is "a number", and the verb sapar means "to McCarthy, John. J., 1981. A Prosodic Theory of count". Now what happens when you Nonconcatenative Morphology. Linguistic Inquiry 12. pp. 373-418. need to express the idea of giving on) על יצירת שורשים חדשים .numbers to a bunch of pages or names in Ornan, Uzzi. 1976 a long queue. The verb sapar "count" is generating new roots). Leshonenu- la-ˁam , not proper. So the noun mispar has been Academy of Hebrew Language, Jerusalem, Vol squeezed and a new root, m ' s ' p ' r ' 27, pp 254-267. appeared in a new line at the array, How) תצורת המילה העברית כיצד .producing a new verb le-masper = to Ornan, Uzzi. 1983 give numbers. Another example is him ḥiz . do we build a Hebrew word). Bar-Asher et al. Its root m ḥ z squeezed from ma ḥze = (editors), Studies in Hebrew dedicated to Ze`ev stage play, a noun of root ḥ 'z'y' (The m Ben-Haiim , Magnes Press, Jerusalem, pp. 13-42. is from the pattern). The procedure is so Ornan, Uzzi. 1990. Machinery for Hebrew Word strong that even a sequence of two Formation, Martin Charles Golumbic (ed), adjacent words may be squeezed such Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Springer- as " ˁad ka`n " which means "up to the Verlag, pp . 75-93. present". This idiom was squeezed, and The Final) המילה האחרונה .we got a new root: ˁ 'd'k'n' , from Ornan, Uzzi. 2003 which a verb as well as an adjective Word ), University of Haifa pub, pp. 103-126. appeared: le-ˁadken et ha-ḥadašot = to update the news, or ha-ti``ur lo` m ˁudkan = the 2 description is not uptodate. 2 The squeezing procedure suggestion explains the connection between verbs and their origin much easier and nicer than the efforts done by Outi Bat-El, 1994. She speaks about "extracting", which is the exact "squeezing" described in Ornan, 1976 and Ornan, 1990 (without mentioning them), but tries to adopt it to another theory based on four elements (by McCarthy 1981) which includes adding vowels in a separate procedure, without including any formative consonant to a pattern, while the suggested approach here is based on two elements (pattern and root) only, and we include patterns which may contain consonants.
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