DOCSLIB.ORG

Novel Application of PEG/SDS Interaction As a Wettability Modifier of Hydrophobic Carbonate Surfaces

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Novel Application of PEG/SDS Interaction As a Wettability Modifier of Hydrophobic Carbonate Surfaces Petroleum Science (2019) 16:318–327 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-018-0260-z (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,- volV) ORIGINAL PAPER Novel application of PEG/SDS interaction as a wettability modifier of hydrophobic carbonate surfaces 1 2 3 2 Nasim Heydari • Mahdi Asgari • Narjes Shojai Kaveh • Zahra Fakhroueian Received: 24 April 2018 / Published online: 10 October 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Wettability alteration of carbonate reservoirs from oil-wet to water-wet is an important method to increase the efficiency of oil recovery. Interaction between surfactants and polymers can enhance the effectiveness of surfactants in EOR applica- tions. In this study, the interaction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with an ionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), is evaluated on an oil-wet carbonate rock surface by using contact angle measurements. The results reveal that wettability alteration of carbonate rocks is achieved through PEG/SDS interaction on the rock surface above a critical aggregation concentration (CAC). The behaviour of PEG/SDS aqueous solutions is evaluated using surface and interfacial tension measurements. Furthermore, the effect of PEG and SDS concentrations and impact of electrolyte addition on PEG/SDS interaction are investigated. It is shown that electrolyte (NaCl) can effectively decrease the CAC values and accordingly initiate the wettability alteration of rocks. Moreover, in a constant SDS concentration, the addition of NaCl leads to a reduction in the contact angle, which can also be obtained by increasing the aging time, temperature and pre-adsorption of PEG on the rock surface. Keywords Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) Á Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Á Wettability alteration Á Contact angle Á Critical aggregation concentration Á Carbonate surface 1 Introduction 2000, 2003; Zhang et al. 2006). These molecules may act as ‘‘anchors’’ for the other polar molecules adsorbing onto The recovery of oil in naturally fractured carbonate reser- the surface mostly by hydrophobic and dipole/dipole voirs is low in general and can be improved significantly by interaction in a co-operative process. Unless the injected the alteration of the wettability of carbonates from oil-wet water contains surface-active wettability-modifying conditions to water-wet conditions (Jarrahian et al. 2012; chemicals, no spontaneous imbibition of water can take Karimi et al. 2012; Nazari Moghaddam et al. 2015). It has place under these conditions due to a negative capillary been found that fatty acids and carboxylates from the crude pressure (Standnes and Austad 2003). oil are strongly adsorbed onto the carbonate minerals and For this purpose, chemicals such as surfactants have make the surface more oil-wet (Gomari et al. 2006; Jar- been widely considered before (Babadagli and Boluk 2005; rahian et al. 2012; Salehi 2009; Standnes and Austad Golabi et al. 2012; Hirasaki and Zhang 2004; Jarrahian et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2016; Salehi 2009; Standnes and Austad 2000, 2003). Surfactant molecules contain at least Edited by Yan-Hua Sun one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic group; therefore, they can lower the interfacial tensions and alter wetting & Nasim Heydari [email protected] properties. SDS is one of the most popular surfactants. Due to the presence of the sulphate group, this surfactant is 1 School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science sensitive to temperature (Chegenizadeh et al. 2016). Thus, and Technology, Tehran, Iran SDS performance is more effective in reservoirs with lower 2 School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, temperature. For instance, in China 13 field cases have University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran been studied with the highest reservoir temperature of 3 Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University 86 °C (Olajire 2014). It has been confirmed that an anionic of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 123 Petroleum Science (2019) 16:318–327 319 surfactant such as SDS cannot change the wetting condi- (Osterloh and Jante Jr 1992). In addition, the polymer tions towards strongly water-wet (Jarrahian et al. 2012; interaction with surfactant can decrease the alkalinity in Salehi 2009; Standnes and Austad 2000). As an anionic ASP flooding in order to reduce the scaling problems of the surfactant, SDS adsorption to the rock surface, through rock minerals. hydrophobic interaction between its tail (hydrophobic part) Polymers are susceptible to mechanical degradation at and the adsorbed acid molecule on the surface, changes the high temperatures, and this occurs at lower temperatures in wettability of rock to neutral-wet condition. Among non- the case of high salinities, and this characteristic puts ionic, cationic and anionic surfactants, the ability of certain restrictions to their use in high-temperature reser- modifying the wetting properties to more water-wet voirs. PEG has been mentioned as being water soluble, salt decreases in the order: cationic [ non-ionic [ anionic tolerant and in some cases, thermo-responsive. Thus, the (Jarrahian et al. 2012; Standnes and Austad 2000). The use of PEG in the preparation of surface-active polymers cationic monomers interact with negatively charged has recently experienced a great interest (Raffa et al. 2016). adsorbed materials, mostly carboxylic groups, by electro- Osterloh and Jante Jr (1992) used a high salinity brine of static forces and desorb them from the rock surface by 190,000 mg/L TDS, to verify whether the PEG addition forming an ion pair (Gupta and Mohanty 2008; Jarrahian can improve the cost-effectiveness of surfactant/polymer et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2016; Salehi 2009; Standnes and flooding. da Silva et al. (2004) studied the effect of tem- Austad 2000). Pillai et al. (2018) investigated the ability of perature in the SDS/PEG interaction within the range of a series of synthetized ionic liquids to alter the wettability 15–65 °C and observed that temperature variations are not of an oil-wet quartz surface. Wettability alteration was so significant as to influence the intensity of the interaction achieved by ion-pair formation through the interaction of PEG with SDS. In order to determine the cloud-point between the positively charged head groups of the ionic curve of the solutions of PEG in t-butyl acetate and in liquid and the carboxylic acid groups from crude oil (Pillai water, Saeki et al. (1976) examined the thermal degrada- et al. 2018). Adsorption of non-ionic surfactant on the rock tion of PEG. They confirmed that no thermal degradation surface through the polarization of p electrons and ion was observed for a solution of PEG in water in the range of exchange releases stearic acid from the surface. The acid is 40–240 °C. then adsorbed on the surface as a new layer through Jones (1967) showed that by changing SDS concentra- hydrophobic interaction between its non-polar part and the tion, the surface tension behaviour falls into three distinct tail of the adsorbed surfactants (Jarrahian et al. 2012). regions with two transition points. The first one is the point In addition, Dutkiewicz and Jakubowska (2002) have at which binding of surfactant aggregation to the polymer studied the influence of the type and concentration of chain starts and often known as critical aggregation con- electrolytes on the values of the critical micelle concen- centration (CAC). The second transition point is the critical tration (CMC) and the degree of electrolytic micelle dis- micelle concentration (CMC). Between CAC and CMC, sociation of aqueous solutions of SDS. They found that surface tension plots go through a plateau till all binding electrolyte cations cause a decrease in the CMC in the sites on the polymer chain are occupied and then start to ? ? ? 2? order: Na \ NH4 \ K \ Mg , and that the anions fall again; this point is referred to as the polymer saturation enhance the degree of electrolytic micelle dissociation in point (PSP). It is confirmed that the surface tension at CAC - - - the order: F [ ClO4 [ Cl . NaCl has the minimum is dependent on polymer concentration (Dey et al. 2015; effect on the electrolytic micelle dissociation of SDS Jones 1967); however, the surfactant concentration at this solution. point is independent of polymer concentration (Dai and Surface activity of the surfactants can be increased by Tam 2001; Jones 1967; Moroi et al. 1977). It is worthwhile surfactant/polymer interaction, resulting in a reduction in to mention that in several studies a minimum point was interfacial tension between the oil and the injected fluid observed in the surface tension isotherm due to the pres- and also wettability alteration by formation of a multilayer ence of dodecanol as an impurity in the SDS used (Dey (Karimi et al. 2012). Water-soluble polymers often interact et al. 2015; Lin et al. 1999; Umlong and Ismail 2007). with surfactants in aqueous solutions, and due to the It has been known that the driving force of the polymer– importance of applications of such mixtures, there is a surfactant complex formation is the interaction between great interest in a better understanding of the nature of the anionic head groups of the surfactant aggregation and the interaction and the behaviour of polymer/surfactant mix- ethylene oxide group of polymer (de Alvarenga et al. tures in the solution as well as at the interfaces (Penfold 2004), and both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions et al. 2006; Purcell et al. 1998). For this purpose, poly- are playing a role in the formation of the polymer–sur- ethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) factant complex (Dey et al. 2015). The well-known struc- are the most studied systems. Using PEG reduces the ture for these complexes is the necklace model, in which chromatographic separation of surfactant components the SDS aggregations are bound to the polymer chain like 123 320 Petroleum Science (2019) 16:318–327 pearls of a collar (de Alvarenga et al. 2004; da Silva et al. (SDS), with a purity of 90%, and polyethylene glycol 2004; Jiang and Han 2000).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemicals Used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2
    Chemicals used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2 Acetic Acid (Glacial, 56%) Glycol Ether PMA Acetone Glycol Ether PNB Acrylic Acid Glycol Ether PNP Activated Carbon Glycol Ether TPM Adipic Acid Glycols Aloe Vera Grease Aluminum Stearate Gum Arabic Aluminum Sulfate Heat Transfer Fluids Amino Acid Heptane Ammonium Acetate Hexane Ammonium Bicarbonate Hydrazine Hydrate Ammonium Bifluoride Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) Ammonium Chloride Hydrogen Peroxide Ammonium Citrate Hydroquinone Ammonium Hydroxide Hydroxylamine Sulfate Ammonium Laureth Sulfate Ice Melter Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Imidazole Ammonium Nitrate Isobutyl Acetate Ammonium Persulfate Isobutyl Alcohol Ammonium Silicofluoride Calcium Stearate Dipropylene Glycol Isopropanolamine Ammonium Sulfate Carboxymethylcellulose Disodium Phosphate Isopropyl Acetate Antifoams Caustic Potash D'Limonene Isopropyl Alcohol Antifreeze Caustic Soda (All Grades) Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid Isopropyl Myristate Antimicrobials Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) (DDBSA) Isopropyl Palmitate Antimony Oxide Cetyl Alcohol Dowfrost Itaconic Acid Aqua Ammonia Cetyl Palmitate Dowfrost HD Jojoba Oil Ascorbic Acid Chlorine, Granular Dowtherm SR-1 Keratin Barium Carbonate Chloroform Dowtherm 4000 Lactic Acid Barium Chloride Chromic Acid EDTA Lanolin Beeswax Citric Acid (Dry and Liquid) EDTA Plus Lauric Acid Bentonite Coal Epsom Salt Lauryl Alcohol Benzaldehyde Cocamide DEA Ethyl Acetate Lecithin Benzoic Acid Copper Nitrate Ethyl Alcohol (Denatured) Lime Benzyl Alcohol Copper Sulfate Ethylene Glycol Linoleic Acid Bicarbonate
    [Show full text]
  • Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 3350
    Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 3350 Polyethylene glycol is a laxative sold under the trade names MiraLAX®, ClearLax®, GaviLAX®, GlycoLax® and Purelax®. You do not need a doctor’s prescription to buy PEG 3350. It is available over-the-counter. PEG 3350 is an osmotic laxative, which means it increases the water content of stool and is effective in treating or preventing constipation. The body cannot absorb or digest this laxative. PEG 3350 is typically taken once a day by mouth, but the dose may be adjusted higher. It comes as a powder which you will have to mix with liquid. How do I prepare the medication? The standard dose is 17 grams of powder mixed into 8 ounces of liquid. The bottle has a measuring cap that is marked with a line. 1. Pour the powder into the cap up to the marked line. 2. Add the powder in the cap to a full glass (8 ounces) of water, juice, soda, coffee or tea. o If you are over 65, have kidney disease or have liver disease, please only use water. 3. Mix powder well and drink the solution. How do I take PEG 3350? You can take this medication on a full or empty stomach. PEG 3350 doesn’t have any known drug interactions but you should not take other medications at the same time that you take PEG 3350. Other medications may not be digested and absorbed as well. Always drink plenty of decaffeinated liquids with this medication. Michigan Bowel Control Program -1- What are possible side effects? Call your doctor immediately if you have any of the following side-effects: diarrhea severe bloating difficulty breathing painful swelling of the itching of the skin stomach hives vomiting skin rash Other side-effects that usually do not require immediate medical attention are: bloating cramps lower abdominal (stomach) nausea discomfort passing extra gas Some of these symptoms will decrease over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Jbscreen Membrane 1 (PEG 400 to PEG 2000 MME Based) Cat.-No.: CS-301L
    JBScreen Membrane 1 (PEG 400 to PEG 2000 MME based) Cat.-No.: CS-301L No. Precipitant Precipitant 2 Buffer Additive A1 15 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 400 15 % w/v Glycerol 100 mM HEPES; pH 7.5 200 mM Calcium chloride A2 20 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 400 100 mM Sodium chloride 100 mM tri-Sodium citrate; pH 5.6 20 mM Magnesium chloride A3 25 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 400 none 50 mM Sodium acetate; pH 4.6 50 mM Magnesium acetate A4 30 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 400 50 mM Sodium sulfate 50 mM TRIS; pH 8.5 50 mM Lithium sulfate A5 48 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 400 none 100 mM HEPES; pH 7.5 200 mM Calcium chloride A6 20 % w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550 none 10 mM TRIS; pH 7.5 none A7 30 % w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550 none 50 mM TRIS; pH 8.5 100 mM Magnesium chloride A8 35 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 600 none none none A9 28 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000 10 % w/v Glycerol 100 mM TRICINE; pH 8.0 350 mM Sodium chloride A10 10 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500 5 % w/v Ethanol none 100 mM Magnesium chloride, 100 mM Sodium chloride A11 30 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500 none none none A12 5 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 2,000 none none none B1 10 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 2,000 none 100 mM TRIS; pH 8.5 500 mM Magnesium chloride B2 15 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 2,000 none none none B3 15 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 2,000 none none 100 mM Lithium chloride B4 15 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 2,000 none 100 mM Sodium Phosphate; pH 6.2 20 mM tri-Sodium citrate B5 15 % w/v Polyethylene glycol 2,000 none 100 mM Sodium Phosphate; pH 6.8 500 mM
    [Show full text]
  • Crest ® Pro-Health™ Advanced Sensitive & Enamel Shield
    CREST PRO-HEALTH ADVANCED SENSITIVE AND ENAMEL SHIELD- stannous fluoride paste, dentifrice The Procter & Gamble Manufacturing Company Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies. ---------- Crest ® Pro-Health™ Advanced Sensitive & Enamel Shield Drug Facts Active ingredient Stannous fluoride 0.454% (0.16% w/v fluoride ion) Purposes Anticavity, antigingivitis, antisensitivity toothpaste Uses aids in the prevention of cavities helps prevent gingivitis helps interfere with the harmful effects of plaque associated with gingivitis helps control plaque bacteria that contribute to the development of gingivitis builds increasing protection against painful sensitivity of the teeth to cold, heat, acids, sweets or contact Warnings When using this product do not use for sensitivity longer than four weeks unless recommended by a dentist. Stop use and ask a dentist if the sensitivity problem persists or worsens. Sensitive teeth may indicate a serious problem that may need prompt care. Keep out of reach of children. If more than used for brushing is accidentally swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. Directions adults and children 12 yrs. & older: apply at least a 1-inch strip of the product onto a soft bristle toothbrush. Brush teeth thoroughly for at least 1 minute twice a day (morning and evening) or as recommended by a dentist. Make sure to brush all sensitive
    [Show full text]
  • Polyethylene Glycols: Carefully the Calibration Table of the Molecular Weight Distribution Introduce 25.0 Ml of the Phthalic Anhydride Solution Into a Software
    Accessed from 128.83.63.20 by nEwp0rt1 on Tue Nov 29 23:26:06 EST 2011 NF 30 Official Monographs / Polyethylene 1901 pump Mobile phase through the column at this flow rate NMT 112.5% of the labeled nominal value if the labeled for at least 1 h before the first injection. Check the flow nominal value is more than 7000. It may contain a suitable gravimetrically, and adjust it if necessary. Reduce the flow antioxidant. rate to about 0.1 mL/min when the system is not in use.] Injection size: 50 µL ASSAY System suitability • AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT Sample: Standard solution Phthalic anhydride solution: Place 49.0 g of phthalic anhy- Chromatograph five replicate injections of the Standard dride into an amber bottle, and dissolve in 300 mL of pyri- solution, allowing 15 min between injections, and record dine from a freshly opened bottle or pyridine that has been the retention times of the components of the Standard freshly distilled over phthalic anhydride. Shake vigorously solution. until completely dissolved. Add 7 g of imidazole, swirl care- Insert the average retention time along with the molecular fully to dissolve, and allow to stand for 16 h before using. weight of each component in the Standard solution into Sample solution for liquid Polyethylene Glycols: Carefully the calibration table of the molecular weight distribution introduce 25.0 mL of the Phthalic anhydride solution into a software. Check the regression results for a cubic fit of the dry, heat-resistant pressure bottle. Add an amount of the calibration points, and obtain a correlation coefficient, R, specimen equivalent to its expected average molecular for the line.
    [Show full text]
  • Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Caused by Drug Excipients: a Literature Review Caballero ML, Quirce S
    REVIEWS Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Caused by Drug Excipients: A Literature Review Caballero ML, Quirce S Department of Allergy, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2020; Vol. 30(2): 86-100 doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0476 Abstract The European Medicines Agency defines excipients as the constituents of a pharmaceutical form apart from the active substance. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IHRs) caused by excipients contained in the formulation of medications have been described. However, there are no data on the prevalence of IHRs due to drug excipients. Clinical manifestations of allergy to excipients can range from skin disorders to life-threatening systemic reactions. The aim of this study was to review the literature on allergy to pharmaceutical excipients and to record the IHRs described with various types of medications, specifically reactions due to the excipients contained in their formulations. The cases reported were sorted alphabetically by type of medication and excipient in order to obtain a list of the excipients most frequently involved for each type of medication. Key words: Allergy. Drug immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Excipient. Pharmaceutical excipients. Resumen La Agencia Europea de Medicamentos define los excipientes como los componentes de una forma farmacéutica diferenciados del principio activo. Se han descrito reacciones de hipersensibilidad inmediata causadas por los excipientes contenidos en la formulación de medicamentos. Sin embargo, no hay datos sobre la prevalencia de dichas reacciones. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la alergia a los excipientes pueden ir desde trastornos de la piel hasta reacciones sistémicas que ponen en peligro la vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la alergia a los excipientes farmacéuticos y recopilar las reacciones inmediatas descritas con diferentes tipos de medicamento, debido solo a excipientes contenidos en sus formulaciones.
    [Show full text]
  • Amended Safety Assessment of PEG Propylene Glycol Derivatives As Used in Cosmetics
    Amended Safety Assessment of PEG Propylene Glycol Derivatives as Used in Cosmetics Status: Final Amended Report Release Date: January 18, 2017 Panel Meeting Date: December 5-6, 2016 The 2016 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Director is Lillian J. Gill, D.P.A. This report was prepared by Lillian C. Becker, Scientific Analyst/Writer. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20036-4702 ph 202.331.0651 fax 202.331.0088 [email protected] ABSTRACT This is an amended safety assessment of PEG propylene glycol derivatives as used in cosmetics. These seven ingredients mostly function as surfactants and skin-conditioning agents. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed relevant data related to these ingredients. Because there were little data on these ingredients, the Panel relied on other CIR reports on related ingredients, the moieties, and component parts of these ingredients for read across and informational purposes. The Panel agreed that the caveat from the previous safety assessment, i.e., that ingredients containing PEGs should not be used on damaged skin, should be removed. The Panel concluded that these PEG propylene glycol derivatives are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Effect of Polyethylene Glycol and Sorbitol on Two Banana Varieties Viz
    Published online: May 9. 2021 ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online) journals.ansfoundation.org Research Article In vitro effect of polyethylene glycol and sorbitol on two banana varieties viz. Grand naine and Nalla bontha to study drought stress Ashu Singh Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Article Info University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110 (U.P.), India https://doi.org/10.31018/ Pradeep Kumar Shukla jans.v13i2.2579 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University Received: February 19, 2021 of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj-211007 (U.P.), India Revised: April 30, 2021 Accepted: May 7, 2021 R. S. Sengar Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110 (U.P.), India Pragati Mishra* Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj-211007 (U.P.), India *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] How to Cite Singh, A. et al. (2021). In vitro effect of polyethylene glycol and sorbitol on two banana varieties viz. Grand naine and Nalla bontha to study drought stress. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 482 - 490. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2579 Abstract Water stress is one of the foremost categories of stress damaging plants’ overall growth and development. The aim of the present study was to explore and demonstrate stress-induced drought to calibrate changes in stress parameters of two banana plant varieties viz. Grand naine (G9) and Nalla bontha were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) media supple- mented with stress inducers -Poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and sorbitol.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 1/41
    Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 ATC code ATC group / Active substance (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit DDD/1000/ day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 167,8985 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0738 A01AB09 Miconazole (O) 7088 g 0,2 g 0,0738 A01AB12 Hexetidine (O) 1951200 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+ Benzocaine (dental) 30200 pieces A01AB82 Demeclocycline+ Triamcinolone (dental) 680 g A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+ Thymol (dental) 3094 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+ Cetylpyridinium chloride (gingival) 227150 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+ Cetrimide (O) 30900 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate (O) 864720 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+ Chamomille extract (O) 370080 g A01AD90 Lidocaine+ Paraformaldehyde (dental) 405 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 47,1312 A02A ANTACIDS 1,0133 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 1,0133 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 811120 pieces 10 pieces 0,1689 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 3101974 ml 50 ml 0,1292 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+ Magnesium carbonate (O) 3434232 pieces 10 pieces 0,7152 DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 46,1179 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 2,3855 A02BA02 Ranitidine (O) 340327,5 g 0,3 g 2,3624 A02BA02 Ranitidine (P) 3318,25 g 0,3 g 0,0230 A02BC Proton pump inhibitors 43,7324 A02BC01 Omeprazole
    [Show full text]
  • Material Safety Data Sheet Product
    Initial Preparation Date: 06/08/2011 Last Revision Date: 09/29/2011 Effective Date: 01/28/2013 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET PRODUCT IDENTITY: PEAK DOT 3 BRAKE FLUID 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT & COMPANY INFORMATION Product Code: PBF012D3, PBF032D3 OLD WORLD INDUSTRIES, LLC 4065 COMMERCIAL AVENUE NORTHBROOK, ILLINOIS 60062 Phone: (847) 559-2000 Emergency Phone: 1-800-424-9300 (CHEMTREC) 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Material CAS # % by Wt PEL (OSHA) TLV (ACGIH) Ethanol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)- 112-50-5 10 - 30 No PEL No TLV Polyethylene glycol methyl ether 9004-74-4 10 - 30 No PEL No TLV Ethanol, 2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)- 112-35-6 10 - 30 No PEL No TLV Ethanol, 2-(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy)- 143-22-6 5 - 10 No PEL No TLV Tetraethylene glycol 112-60-7 1 - 5 No PEL No TLV Polyethylenglykolmonobutylether 9004-77-7 1 - 5 No PEL No TLV Triethylene glycol 112-27-6 1 - 5 No PEL No TLV Hexaethylene glycol 2615-15-8 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Polyethylene glycol 25322-68-3 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Diethylene glycol 111-46-6 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)- 112-34-5 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Pentaethylene glycol 4792-15-8 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Trisodium phosphate 7601-54-9 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 7558-80-7 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Phosphoric acid, monopotassium salt 7778-77-0 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV 2-Propanol, 1,1''-iminodi- 110-97-4 0.1 - 1 No PEL No TLV Components not listed are not physical or health hazards as defined in 29 CFR 1910.1200 (Hazard Communication Standard).
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation, Characterization and Optimization of Ibuprofen Ointment Intended for Topical and Systemic Delivery
    Aukunuru et al Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, December 2007; 6 (4): 855-860 © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. All rights reserved. Available online at http://www.tjpr.org Research Article Preparation, Characterization and Optimization of Ibuprofen Ointment Intended for Topical and Systemic Delivery J Aukunuru1*, C Bonepally and V Guduri Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Ramnagar, Hanamkonda, Warangal, AP, India-506001 1Technology Consultants, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Delivery Technologies, Warangal, 506001 Abstract Purpose: To develop an ibuprofen ointment with a potential for both topical and systemic delivery of the drug. Method: A co-solvency technique with a trial and error approach was used to develop a 10% ibioprofen ointment in petrolatum base, with the entire drug dissolved in the base. An insertion cell was used to evaluate drug release from the formulations. Further, factorial design multiple regression (FDMRA) analysis, a statistical optimization technique, was used in the optimization of the final formulation. Result: The desired ibuprofen ointments were developed. Release depended on vehicle and proportion of co-solvents. Best fit equations for optimization purposes including various fluxes (initial, steady-state and total) and diffusion coefficient as dependent variables and the concentrations of co-solvents as independent variables were obtained using SAS programme. Dependent variables strongly depended (p<0.05) on the independent variables and followed the polynomial equations generated. Conclusion: The ointments consisting of petrolatum base (80%), PEG 400 (6%) and propylene glycol (4%) and ibuprofen (10%) and that consisting of petrolatum base (75%), PEG 400 (6%), propylene glycol (4%), menthol (5%) and ibuprofen (10%) can be used for topical and systemic delivery of the active, ingredient respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (P3265)
    Polyethylene glycol Product Number P 3265 Store at Room Temperature Product Description Precautions and Disclaimer General formula: H(OCH2CH2)nOH, For Laboratory Use Only. Not for drug, household or average value of n = 7.3 other uses. Average Molecular Weight: 400 (380-420) CAS Number: 25322-68-3 Preparation Instructions Melting Point: 4 - 8 °C PEG is soluble in water (100 mg/ml). PEGs are also Density: 1.1254 g/cm3 (20 °C); 1.0930 g/cm3 (60 °C) soluble in many polar solvents such as acetone, Viscosity: 7.3 centistokes (210 °F) alcohols, and chlorinated solvents. They are insoluble Refractive Index: 1.465 (20 °C) in nonpolar solvents such as hydrocarbons. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a condensation polymer Storage/Stability of ethylene oxide and water. PEG's are susceptible to Aqueous PEG solutions are stable at room oxidative degradation in the presence of air. temperature. The PEG bonds are not hydrolyzed Minimizing the exposure of PEG to elevated under these conditions. PEG can be dissolved in warm temperatures and/or exposure to oxygen, or addition water at 80-90 C with no adverse affects. Sterile of an antioxidant can limit the amount of degradation. filtration of the solution is recommended using a 0.45 µm filter, initially. Although autoclaving of PEG in saline solutions has been reported, it is not PEG has been used in many different applications. A 3 single-step method is described for the activation of recommended. PEG for binding to polypeptides and proteins.1 PEG has been used in the precipitation of proteins,2as a References fusing agent in enhancing the effect of macrophages 1.
    [Show full text]