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Linguistic Variation and Change in a North-East Border Town: a Sociolinguistic Study of Darlington

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Linguistic Variation and Change in a North-East Border Town: a Sociolinguistic Study of Darlington CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by OpenGrey Repository Linguistic variation and change in a North-East border town: a sociolinguistic study of Darlington John Atkinson Doctor of Philosophy School of Education Communication and Language Sciences The University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne July 2011 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................... i Introduction - Motivation for the present study........................................................... 1 - Aims of the study.................................................................................. 2 - Structure of the study............................................................................ 3 Chapter One: Linguistic variation – Community and the individual 1.0 Introduction: choice of sociolinguistic community-based approach........ 6 1.1 Macro-based level analysis: the ‘speech community’.............................. 9 1.1.1 Macro-level analyst constructs: age, sex, ethnicity and ‘class’.......................................................................................... 9 1.1.2 Intra-community variable: sex.................................................... 9 1.1.3 Intra-community variable: age................................................... 14 1.1.4 Intra-community variable: ethnicity.......................................... 19 1.1.5 Intra-community variable: social class...................................... 20 1.2 Micro-level community-based approaches............................................ 24 1.2.1 Micro-level approach: social networks...................................... 24 1.2.2 Micro-level approach: Community of Practice......................... 30 1.2.3 Eckert’s ‘Jocks versus Burnouts’ study in Detroit.................... 31 1.3 Language ideology................................................................................ 36 1.4 Conclusions........................................................................................... 38 1.5 Theoretical issues of language variation and change............................ 39 1.5.0 Variation: the variant as a linguistic unit.................................. 39 1.5.1 Variant and change: dialect contact.......................................... 42 Chapter Two: Historical and geographical background of Darlington 2.0 Introduction........................................................................................... 48 2.1 Location of Darlington.......................................................................... 49 2.2 History and population growth of Darlington....................................... 50 2.3 Lack of sociolinguistic survey.............................................................. 53 2.4 The shifting identity of Darlington: the shoehorned state.................... 54 2.5 Perceptual boundary map-labelling task............................................... 59 2.5.1 Conclusions............................................................................... 62 Chapter Three: Methodology and study design 3.0 Introduction............................................................................................ 64 3.1 Study design........................................................................................... 64 3.1.1 Sex.............................................................................................. 65 3.1.2 Age............................................................................................. 65 3.1.3 Social ‘class’.............................................................................. 66 3.1.4 Details of subject selection........................................................ 70 3.2 Design of the data set............................................................................. 72 3.2.1 Sequence of fieldwork................................................................ 74 3.2.2 Style............................................................................................ 74 3.2.3 Transcription............................................................................... 77 3.2.4 Re-transcription.......................................................................... 79 3.2.5 Statistical analysis...................................................................... 80 3.3 Identities questionnaire (IDQ)................................................................ 81 3.3.1 Aims and objectives.................................................................... 81 3.3.2 Method and structure.................................................................. 82 Chapter Four: Linguistic variable selection 4.0 Introduction........................................................................................... 85 4.1 Pilot study............................................................................................. 85 4.1.1 Selection of linguistic variables................................................ 86 4.1.2 Vowel systems of SED areas surrounding Darlington............. 88 4.1.3 Consonantal system of SED areas surrounding Darlington...... 90 4.1.4 Other contemporary North-Eastern sociolinguistic studies...... 90 4.1.5 Subject subset selection............................................................ 94 4.1.6 Transcription details: reading word list................................... 94 4.1.7 Conversation............................................................................ 95 4.1.8 Transition problems from RWL to conversation..................... 96 4.1.9 Analysis of phonological variables: eliminated variables....... 97 4.1.10 Analysis of phonological variables: retained variables........... 98 4.1.11 Summary of pilot study........................................................... 104 4.2 Review of linguistic variables: vocalic variables................................ 110 4.2.1 The vowels of FACE and GOAT............................................ 110 4.2.2 FACE and GOAT in Tyneside English................................... 113 4.2.3 FACE and GOAT in Durham and Teesside English.............. 114 4.3 Consonantal variables......................................................................... 120 4.3.1 Word-initial (h)....................................................................... 120 4.4 (t) variability in the North-East of England........................................ 125 Chapter Five: Results 5.0 Introduction......................................................................................... 129 5.1.0 FACE variants..................................................................................... 131 5.1.1 FACE vowel – Free conversation style.................................. 132 5.1.2 FACE vowel – Reading word list style................................... 135 5.1.3 Effect of speaking style........................................................... 138 5.1.4 Effect of following context.................................................... 141 5.2.0 GOAT variants................................................................................... 142 5.2.1 GOAT vowel – free conversation style.................................. 143 5.2.2 GOAT vowel: reading word list style..................................... 148 5.2.3 Effect of following context........................................................ 149 5.2.4 Effect of speaking style: distribution of closing diphthongs - style differences…………………………………………… 153 5.2.6 Effect of speaking style: distribution of peripheral monophthongs – style differences…………………………... 154 5.2.7 FACE and GOAT vowels: style comparison of monophthongs/diphthongs................................................. 151 5.2.8 Peripheral monophthong [e:] and [o:]..................................... 157 5.2.9 Closing diphthongs [e ] and [o ]............................................ 158 5.2.10 Reading word list style......................................................... 159 5.3.0 Word-initial (h).................................................................................. 161 5.3.1 Overall distribution of word-initial [h,Ø] – Formal style....... 162 5.3.2 Overall distribution of variants of (h): FC............................. 165 5.3.3 Overall distribution of tokens: unstressed personal pronouns 168 5.3.4 Overall distribution [h,Ø]: unstressed auxiliaries.................. 171 5.3.5 Overall distribution [h,Ø]: stressed items.............................. 174 5.3.6 Comparison of [h] across the three lexical environments...... 176 5.3.7 Style differences for word-initial (h)..................................... 178 5.4.0 Variants of (t)..................................................................................... 180 5.4.1 (t) word final........................................................................... 182 5.4.2 Conversational material for pre-pausal (t): overall distribution............................................................................. 182 5.4.3 Style differences for pre-pausal (t)........................................ 185 5.4.4 Conversational material for turn-final (t): overall distribution............................................................................ 186 5.4.5 Conversational material for word-final pre-vocalic (t): overall distribution............................................................... 189 5.5.0 (t) word medial................................................................................. 194 5.5.1 Word medial intervocalic (t)...............................................
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