DOCSLIB.ORG

WOMEN and MEN in the INFORMAL ECONOMY : a Statistical Picture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WOMEN and MEN in the INFORMAL ECONOMY : a Statistical Picture WOMEN AND MEN IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY : A statistical picture EMPLOYMENT SECTOR INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2002 First published 2002 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Conve n t i o n . Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0)20 7631 5500; email: [email protected]], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 [Fa x: (+1) (978) 750 4470; email: [email protected]] or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. ISBN 92-2-113103-3 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are avai l a b l e free of charge from the above address. Printed in France BRI/SAD PREFACE The purpose of this report is to provide a statistical H a r vard Unive r s i t y, and Joann Vanek, recently picture, using the available data, of the informal retired from the United Nations Statistics Divi s i o n . economy worldwide. The statistics and indicators Jacques Charmes, University of Ve r s a i l l e s , presented in this book are designed to give a wide prepared the international data on employment in audience of users a better understanding of the and contribution of the informal economy. size, components and characteristics of the M a rgarita Guerrero, United Nations Statistical informal economy. Such information is essential Institute for Asia and the Pacific, provided statis- in formulating policies and programmes at national tical advice in all aspects of the project including and international levels to promote decent condi- table design and preparation of the final tables. tions of work as well as contribute to poverty erad- Françoise Carré, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced ication. S t u d y, and Joaquín Herranz, Massachusetts The statistics in the report were analysed and Institute of Te c h n o l o g y, prepared the report on presented according to a new conceptual frame- non-standard work in developed countries. T h e work for the informal economy proposed in the country case studies were prepared by Debbie report on Decent Work and the Informal Economy B u d l e n d e r, the Community A g e n cy for Social for general discussion at the 90th Session of the E n q u i r y, and Peter Buwembo and Nozipho International Labour Conference, Geneva June Shabala, Statistics South Africa (South A f r i c a ); 2002. The resulting analysis shows the feasibility Rodrigo Negrete, National Institute of Statistics, and usefulness of the framework as a basis for the G e o g r a p hy and Information and Mercedes d evelopment of statistics and for policy analysis. Pedrero, National Autonomous University of N o t a b l y, in the three countries featured as case M exico (Mex i c o ) ; and Jeemol Unni, Gujarat studies, the main elements in the framework were Institute of Development Research (India). already being implemented in their most recent Technical advice was also provided by Richard s u r veys. How eve r, the report also clearly show s A n ke r, Ralf Hussmanns, Eivind Hoffmann and that much still needs to be done to develop and Adriana Mata of the ILO and Grace Bediako of the harmonise statistics on all components of employ- United Nations Statistics Division. Production ment in the informal economy. assistance was provided by Joanna Jackson, ILO, Women and Men in the Informal Economy was and Marais Canali, Harvard Unive r s i t y; and written by a team of consultants working with the a d m i n i s t r a t ive assistance was provided by Task Force and team members of the International Sasithorn Santiwongsakul, ILO. Labour Office responsible for preparation of the This report was prepared under the supervision report on Decent Work and the Informal Economy. of Lin Lean Lim and funded by the Gender The co-authors of the report and co-directors of the Promotion Programme (GENPROM). project that produced it were Martha Chen, TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Boxes . 6 Main Findings . 7 The Informal Economy . 9 Informal workers . 9 The Informal Sector . 9 The Informal Economy . 11 Why Improve Statistics on the Informal Economy? . 13 User-Producer Collaboration to Improve Statistics on the Informal Economy . 14 Statistics on the Informal Economy . 17 Introduction . 17 Developing Countries . 17 Informal Employment . 17 Self-employment . 22 Informal Sector and Gross Domestic Product . 24 The Informal Economy in Developed Countries . 26 Part-time Work . 27 Temporary Employment . 28 Self-employment . 29 Illustrative Case Studies . 33 Country Case studies . 33 India . 33 Mexico . 36 South Africa . 40 Sub-Group Case Studies . 43 Home-Based Work . 42 Street Vendors . 49 Improved Statistics for Policy Making . 57 Why are statistics crucial ? . 57 Objectives for Future Work . 58 Plan of Action . 58 Annexes . 60 LIST OF TABLES AND BOXES Chapter 1 Box: 1993 ICLS definition of the informal sector . 11 Box: A conceptual framework: the informal economy . 13 Chapter 2 Developing countries . 17 Box: Estimating informal employment . 18 Box: Estimating informal sector contribution to GDP . 25 Table 2.1: Informal employment in non-agricultural employment, by sex 1994/2000 . 19 Table 2.2: Wage and self-employment in non-agricultural informal employment, by sex 1994/2000 . 20 Table 2.3: Components of informal employment as percentage of non-agricultural employment, 1997/2000 . 21 Table 2.4: Women’s share of employment in the informal economy, 1997/2000 . 22 Table 2.5: Self-employment as percentage of non-agricultural employment . 22 Table 2.6: Share of women and men in non-agricultural self-employment . 23 Table 2.7: Percentage distribution of non-agricultural self-employment by sector, 1990/2000 . 23 Table 2.8: Contribution of informal sector to GDP in selected developing countries . 24 Table 2.9: Contribution of women and men in non-agricultural informal sector employment to GDP in selected developing countries . 25 Developed countries . 26 Box Measuring employment in the informal economy in developed countries . 26 Table 2.10: Part-time employment by sex, 1990/1998 . 28 Chapter 3 India . 33 Box: Estimating employment in the informal economy in India . 35 Table 3.1: Composition of employment in the informal economy in India, 2000 . 34 Mexico . 36 Box: Estimating informal employment and contribution of informal economy to GDP . 37 Table 3.2: Informal economy in Mexico, 1998: Employment and contribution to GDP . 37 Table 3.3: Composition of employment in the informal economy: Mexico . 38 South Africa . 40 Box: The formal and informal sectors as parts of a continuum . 41 Box: Domestic workers . 42 Table 3.4: Composition of employment in the informal economy in South Africa, 2000 . 40 Home-based workers . 43 Box: Self-employed, homeworkers, and employees . 45 Box: Homeworkers in global value chains . 46 Box: Recent shifts in homework in Chile . 47 Box: Working at home in India . 48 Table 3.5: Home-based workers in fourteen developing countries: Number, share of non-agricultural employment, proportion women . 47 Street vendors . 49 Box: Typology of street vendors . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Joola Dynamics Between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau Jordi Tomàs (CEA-ISCTE) Paper Presented at ABORNE Fifth Annual Conference, Lisbon, September 22Th, 2011
    THIS IS REALLY A PRELIMINARY DRAFT. NOT FOR CITATION OR CIRCULATION WITHOUT AUTHOR’S PERMISSION, PLEASE An international border or just a territorial limit? Joola dynamics between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau Jordi Tomàs (CEA-ISCTE) Paper presented at ABORNE Fifth Annual Conference, Lisbon, September 22th, 2011. Introduction This paper aims to present an ongoing research about the dynamics of Joola population in the border between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (more specifically from the Atlantic Ocean to the Niambalang river). We would like to tell you about how Joola Ajamaat (near the main town of Susanna, Guinea-Bissau) and Joola Huluf (near the main town of Oussouye, Senegal) define the border and, especially, how they use this border in their daily lives1. As most borderland regions in the Upper Guinea Coast, this international border separates two areas that have been economically and politically marginalised within their respective national contexts (Senegal and Guinea-Bissau) in colonial and postcolonial times. Moreover, from 1982 –that is, for almost 30 years– this border area has suffered the conflict between the separatist MFDC (Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance) and the Senegalese army (and, in the last few years, the Bissau-Guinean army as well). Despite this situation, the links between the population on both sides are still alive, as we will show later on. After a short historical presentation, we would like to focus on three main subjects. First, to show concrete examples of everyday life gathered during our fieldwork. Secondly, to see how the conflict have affected the relationship between the Joola from both sides of 1 This paper has been made possible thanks to a postdoctoral scholarship granted by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia).
    [Show full text]
  • Governance of Protected Areas from Understanding to Action
    Governance of Protected Areas From understanding to action Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, Nigel Dudley, Tilman Jaeger, Barbara Lassen, Neema Pathak Broome, Adrian Phillips and Trevor Sandwith Developing capacity for a protected planet Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No.20 IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, non- governmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means,
    [Show full text]
  • Capeverdean Words Derived from Portuguese Non-Infinitive Verbal Forms: a Descriptive and Comparative Study Nicolas Quint
    Capeverdean words derived from Portuguese non-infinitive verbal forms: a descriptive and comparative study Nicolas Quint To cite this version: Nicolas Quint. Capeverdean words derived from Portuguese non-infinitive verbal forms: a descriptive and comparative study. Papia, 2015, 2 (25), pp.189 - 215. halshs-01482124 HAL Id: halshs-01482124 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01482124 Submitted on 8 Mar 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. PAPIA, São Paulo, 25(2), p. 189-215, Jul/Dez 2015. Capeverdean words derived from Portuguese non-infinitive verbal forms: a descriptive and comparative study Palavras do cabo-verdiano derivadas de formas verbais não-infinitivas: um estudo descritivo e comparativo Nicolas Quint1 llacan, Villejuif, France [email protected] Abstract: This article focuses on Santiaguense Capeverdean words derived from Portuguese non-infinitive verbal forms and among these, more specifically on those elements which were not recently borrowed from modern Portuguese and do not compete with Capeverdean more basilectal items. In section 1, the category of Capeverdean words under scrutiny is defined contrastively with other similar types of words. In section 2, all known members of this category are examined in turn and according to the characteristics of their respective Portuguese sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Full-Text (PDF)
    Vol. 16(2), pp. 52-67, April-June, 2021 DOI: 10.5897/IJPS2020.4918 Article Number: F75C6AB66527 ISSN 1992-1950 Copyright©2021 International Journal of Physical Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS Sciences Full Length Research Paper Analysis of wind distribution and potential wind energy in Senegal with a focus on Basse Casamance Hamady N. Sabaly1, Jules Basse1, Ibrahima Diba1, Alioune B. Sarr1 and Moctar Camara1* Laboratoire d'Océanographie des Sciences de l'Environment et du Climat (LOSEC), Université Assane Seck, 523, Ziguinchor, Sénégal. Received 20 September, 2020; Accepted 11 March, 2021 This work uses the Weibull distribution for assessing the wind potential in Senegal; a country located in West Africa. In this study, data from the ERA5 reanalysis and the Ziguinchor station were used to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of wind and its available power density at 10 m and 100 m of altitude. The results showed that the wind potential was stronger on the coast and the north-western part of the country. A case study was carried out in the Basse Casamance on five (5) different sites located on the coast and inland (Kafountine, Diembering, Kabrousse, Bignona, and Ziguinhor). The results show good wind potentials in the coastal areas: Kabrousse, Kafountine, and Diembering. The most favourable period for wind power production is the winter. The ERA5 data and those of the Ziguinchor weather station were also compared. The results showed that the annual average wind power density calculated with the ERA5 reanalysis was slightly higher than that of the data from the station.
    [Show full text]
  • Z I G U I N C H
    REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL Un Peuple Ŕ Un But Ŕ Une Foi Z ------------------ MINISTERE DE L’ECONOMIE, DES FINANCES ET DU PLAN ------------------ I AGENCE NATIONALE DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE LA DEMOGRAPHIE G ------------------ Service Régional de la Statistique et de la Démographie de Ziguinchor U I N C H O R 2 0 SITUATION ECONOMIQUE ET SOCIALE REGIONALE 1 2012 2 Août 2015 COMITE DE DIRECTION Directeur Général Aboubac ar Sédikh BEYE Directeur Général Adjoint Mamadou Falou MBENGUE Directeur des Statistiques Démographiques et Sociales Papa Ibra hima Silmang SENE Directeur des Statistiques Economiques et de la Mbaye FAYE Comptabilité Nationale Directeur du Management de l’Information Statistique Mamadou NIANG Conseiller à l’Action Régionale Mamadou DIENG COMITE DE REDACTION Chef du Service Régional Thiayédia NDIAYE Adjoint Chef de Service Régional Bédhiou MANÉ Assistant Chargé d’études Alassane AW COMITE DE VALIDATION Séckène SENE, Abdoulaye TALL, Mamadou DIENG, Mamadou BAH, Oumar DIOP, El hadji Malick GUEYE, Alain François DIATTA, Saliou MBENGUE, Alpha WADE, Thiayédia NDIAYE, Amadou Fall DIOUF, Adjibou Oppa BARRY, Atoumane FALL, Jean Rodrigue MALOU, Bintou Diack LY. AGENCE NATIONALE DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE LA DEMOGRAPHIE Rocade Fann Bel Air-Cerf Volant, Dakar. B.P. 116 Dakar R.P. - Sénégal Téléphone (221) 33 869 21 39 - Fax (221) 33 824 36 15 Site web : www.ansd.sn ; Email: [email protected] Distribution : Division de la Documentation, de la Diffusion et des Relations avec les Usagers Service Régional de la Statistique et de la Démographie de ZIGUINCHOR BP : 177 - TEL 33 991 12 58 ; Email : [email protected] ANSD/SRSD Ziguinchor : Situation Economique et Sociale régionale - 2012 ii AVANT PROPOS Dans la réalisation de ses missions de coordination technique des activités du système statistique national et de production et diffusion des données statistiques, l’ANSD réalise régulièrement des publications parmi lesquelles la « Situation Economique et Sociale du Sénégal » et les « Situations Economiques et Sociales » régionales.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Ufahamu: a Journal of African Studies
    UCLA Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies Title Amilcar Cabral: Theory of Revolution and Background to His Assassination Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wb48449 Journal Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 3(3) ISSN 0041-5715 Author Ferreira, Eduardo de Sousa Publication Date 1973 DOI 10.5070/F733016411 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California - 49 - lt11 liAR f.ABBtL: Theory of Revolution and Background tOiliis Assassination by Eduardo de Sousa Ferreira [This artieZe is a revised and ezpanded version of a chapter from Ferreiro's Nccmtl.y published book, Portu­ guese Colonialism from South Africa to Europe (see section on 'Books Received'). We are {fl'ateful to the author for kindly consenting to do the revision for UFAHAIIJ and to the publishers for permission to publish it. Ed. note] Theory of liberation The death of Amilcar Cabral means the death of a man Who gave hope; who gave hope not only to the people of Guinea­ Bissau, but also to all who are suppressed throughout Africa. He was an untiring guerilla leader and an intelligent organizer, yet his outstanding achievement was that when he recognized that there was a breach to be closed he stepped into ft. This breach - which must be blamed for the fact that nearly all African countries after reaching national independence remained anything else but free and independent - was the absence of a theory of liberation. Such a theory was needed to prevent the national elites, after having reached national independence with the support of the people, from taking over the positions of the foreign masters and continu­ ing exploitation, and to prevent the elites not integrated in the countries' productive processes from basing their power on their function as intermediaries between the reactionary strata of their countries and imperialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Latest Available Year, 1999
    8. Population of capital cities and cities of 100 000 or more inhabitants: latest available year, 1999 - 2018 Population des capitales et des villes de 100 000 habitants ou plus : dernière année disponible, 1999 - 2018 City proper - Ville proprement dite Urban agglomeration - Agglomération urbaine Continent, country or area, date, codea and city Population Population Surface Surface Continent, pays ou zone, date, codea et ville Both sexes Both sexes Male - Female - area - Male - Female - area - - Les deux - Les deux Masculin Féminin Superficie Masculin Féminin Superficie sexes sexes (km²) (km²) AFRICA - AFRIQUE Algeria - Algérie 16 IV 2008 (CDJC) Adrar.................................................................... 200 834 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Ain Defla.............................................................. 450 280 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Ain Temouchent................................................... 299 341 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ALGIERS (EL DJAZAIR) ..................................... 2 712 944 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Annaba ................................................................ 442 230 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Batna ................................................................... 768 444 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Béchar ................................................................. 236 213 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Bejaïa .................................................................. 559 981 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Beskra (Biskra)...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Markets in Senegal
    CREATING MARKETS SENEGAL IN CREATING A COUNTRY PRIVATE SECTOR DIAGNOSTIC SECTOR PRIVATE COUNTRY A A COUNTRY PRIVATE SECTOR DIAGNOSTIC CREATING MARKETS IN SENEGAL Sustaining growth in an uncertain environment APRIL 2020 About IFC IFC—a sister organization of the World Bank and member of the World Bank Group—is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. We work with more than 2,000 businesses worldwide, using our capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities in the toughest areas of the world. In fiscal year 2018, we delivered more than $23 billion in long-term financing for developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity. For more information, visit www.ifc.org © International Finance Corporation 2020. All rights reserved. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 www.ifc.org The material in this report was prepared in consultation with government officials and the private sector in Senegal and is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. IFC does not guarantee the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the content included in this work, or for the conclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts no responsibility or liability for any omissions or errors (including, without limitation, typographical errors and technical errors) in the content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. The findings, interpretations, views, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Finance Corporation or of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) or the governments they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • HARDSHIP CLASSIFICATION Consolidated List of Entitlements Circular
    INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION HARDSHIP CLASSIFICATION Consolidated List of Entitlements Circular ICSC/CIRC/HC/25 Approved By: Mr. Larbi Djacta, Chairman Date: 16 December 2019 Additional important information from ICSC Chairman Copyright © United Nations 2017 United Nations International Civil Service Commission (HRPD) Consolidated list of entitlements - Effective 1 January 2020 Country/Area Name Duty Station Review Date Eff. Date Class Duty Station ID AFGHANISTAN Bamyan 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG002 AFGHANISTAN Faizabad 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG003 AFGHANISTAN Gardez 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG018 AFGHANISTAN Herat 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG007 AFGHANISTAN Jalalabad 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG008 AFGHANISTAN Kabul 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG001 AFGHANISTAN Kandahar 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG009 AFGHANISTAN Khowst 01/Jan/2019 01/Jan/2019 E AFG010 AFGHANISTAN Kunduz 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG020 AFGHANISTAN Maymana (Faryab) 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG017 AFGHANISTAN Mazar-I-Sharif 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG011 AFGHANISTAN Pul-i-Kumri 01/Jan/2020 01/Jan/2020 E AFG032 ALBANIA Tirana 01/Jan/2019 01/Jan/2019 A ALB001 ALGERIA Algiers 01/Jan/2018 01/Jan/2018 B ALG001 ALGERIA Tindouf 01/Jan/2018 01/Jan/2018 E ALG015 ALGERIA Tlemcen 01/Jul/2018 01/Jul/2018 C ALG037 ANGOLA Dundo 01/Jul/2018 01/Jul/2018 D ANG047 ANGOLA Luanda 01/Jul/2018 01/Jan/2018 B ANG001 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA St. Johns 01/Jan/2019 01/Jan/2019 A ANT010 ARGENTINA Buenos Aires 01/Jan/2019 01/Jan/2019 A ARG001 ARMENIA Yerevan 01/Jan/2019 01/Jan/2019
    [Show full text]
  • Mali Chad Niger Mauritania Guinea- Bissau the Gambia
    15°0'W 10°0'W 5°0'W 0°0' 5°0'E 10°0'E 15°0'E 20°0'E r a h r r a h r I i Libya Algeria d a W 25°0'N 25°0'N W a d i t T e a s f s a s a r s i n a s u a s o t m e a t A Wadi T T ama i t nras d t set a a W h K i W a d 20°0'N 20°0'N Mauritania i s Arlit ! m ! e l i Nouakchott T ! "" u d e é l k Mali l a a u o V a Agadez Niger z 'A ! l e W d Niger ad Lake e i Hawach é l S Faguibine l ma a u Saint-Louis ! e ego n V Wadi T e W g W al a a a d as l di i T li B D l e za il a Dakar li h Niger o a G ! Thies s "! ! l 15°0'N " ! Diourbel Kayes s e Chad 15°0'N Senegal ! o r ! ! Mopti h Kaolack ! B Mbour a ! m i B lou d Sa Zinder a Niamey ! Banjul Serre Kunda Gam Ségou W Maradi b B "! The !!! i B ! it " ! ! a a h e a W Vo Sokoto f i k lta Lake n o "" ! Gambia g y Bamako i k Vol ! Chad Ziguinchor an c ta Katsina "! a Ouagadougou ! " B l B "! Gusau N'Djamena Bissau " Kano ! Maiduguri ""! "" !! " " Burkina Faso Komadugu! Gana " Sikasso Damaturu Bobo Dioulasso R C ! ed Zaria h ! V o " a r l " i Guinea ta Guinea- iger i Kaduna N t ! O "" Bauchi Gombe Mubi ! " at Kainji ! ! ! Maroua m Bissau Jos ! la a B Lake Logone a m la " r S a n Minna " ah d c 10°0'N Conakry B 10°0'N n Benin ! "! ! " a B Garoua " B ! Abuja l ! " Sarh a ! " c Tamale Niger !! ! k ! Jimeta m a V ue n Moundou h o e Freetown u l B ! "! t ! " Sierra Leone Côte d'Ivoire a Togo Ogbomosho Nigeria O K wa o "" Central African Republic e m Iseyin ! "Oshogbo Makurdi S Bouaké Ghana ! " Ede o " """ Ado Okene Cameroon " e !" ! ! " Iwo ! !! ! K C ! "" Ngaoundéré Ife! a a Abomey Ibadan " !Ilesha Akure Kossou
    [Show full text]
  • The Mouvement Des Forces Démocratiques De Casamance: the Illusion of Separatism in Senegal? Vincent Foucher
    The Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance: The Illusion of Separatism in Senegal? Vincent Foucher To cite this version: Vincent Foucher. The Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance: The Illusion of Sepa- ratism in Senegal?. Lotje de Vries; Pierre Englebert; Mareike Schomerus. Secessionism in African Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, pp.265-292, 2018, Palgrave Series in African Borderlands Studies, 978- 3-319-90206-7. 10.1007/978-3-319-90206-7_10. halshs-02479100 HAL Id: halshs-02479100 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02479100 Submitted on 12 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. CHAPTER 10 The Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance: The Illusion of Separatism in Senegal? Vincent Foucher INTRODUCTiON On December 26, 1982, the Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance (MFDC) voiced for the first time its demand for the indepen- dence of Casamance, the southern region of Senegal. This demand launched the longest, currently running violent conflict in Africa. The MFDC can thus lay claim to having led Africa’s second “secessionist moment”1 of the 1980s, after the first secessionist phase of the 1960s. Over the years, the Casamance conflict has killed several thousand people.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Population Des
    8. Population of capital cities and cities of 100 000 or more inhabitants: latest available year, 1997 - 2016 Population des capitales et des villes de 100 000 habitants ou plus : dernière année disponible, 1997 - 2016 City proper - Ville proprement dite Urban agglomeration - Agglomération urbaine Continent, country or area, date, codea and city Population Population Surface Surface Continent, pays ou zone, date, codea et ville Both sexes Both sexes Male - Female - area - Male - Female - area - - Les deux - Les deux Masculin Féminin Superficie Masculin Féminin Superficie sexes sexes (km²) (km²) AFRICA - AFRIQUE Algeria - Algérie 16 IV 2008 (CDJC) Adrar.................................................................... 200 834 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Ain Defla.............................................................. 450 280 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Ain Temouchent................................................... 299 341 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ALGIERS (EL DJAZAIR) ..................................... 2 712 944 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Annaba ................................................................ 442 230 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Batna ................................................................... 768 444 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Béchar ................................................................. 236 213 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Bejaïa .................................................................. 559 981 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Beskra (Biskra)...................................................
    [Show full text]