ART HISTORY AP 19TH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES

EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

o great advances in manufacturing, transportation, and communication created new products for consumers and new wealth fro entrepreneurs- fueled the rise of urban centers and improved living conditions o Industrial Revolution also condemned masses of workers to poverty and catalyzed new political movements for social reform o Industrial Revolution had begun in the 18th c. Britain o steam-powered loom, improvements in mining, metallurgy and transportation . facilitated the shipment of raw materials and merchandise o rural poor moved to the new factory and mining towns o 2nd ½ of the 19th c.: socialist movements condemned the exploitation of laborers by capitalist factory owners and advocated communal or state ownership of the means of production and distribution o communism: abolition of private property o social reform reached a peak in 1848 . Karl Marx/Freidrich Engels . predicted the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie (middle class) by the proletariat (working class) and the creation of a classless society o continuing scientific discoveries led to the telegraph, telephone, and radio . powered lighting, motors, trams, and railways in most European and American cities . development of products such as aspirin, disinfectants, photographic chemicals, and explosives . pasteurization process . development of vaccines, sterilization and antiseptics o Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution from a common ancestor= Social Darwinism o power of both the church and crown diminished EARLY 19TH CENTURY ART: NEOCLASSICISM AND ROMANTICISM o remained vital o Neoclassical painters tended to dominate academies o turned away from the universal toward the personal- from though toward feeling o Neoclassicism and Romanticism in France . Ecole des Beaux-Arts: attracted students from all over Europe and the Americas, as did the ateliers (studios) of Parisian academic artists who offered private instruction . David and His Students reestablished his dominant position as chief arbitrator of French painting Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard Gros Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa Ingres emulated the Renaissance artists’ precise drawing, formal idealization, classical composition, and graceful lyricism, but interpreted them in a personal manner paintings of literary subjects and contemporary history were less successful than his erotically charged portraits of women and female nudes odalisque: female slave or concubine in a sultan’s harem Large Odalisque o French Romantic Painting . based their art more on imagination and feeling than on Neoclassical reason . painted literary subjects as expressions of imagination and current events as vehicles of feeling . loose, fluid brushwork, strong colors, complex and off-balance compositions, powerful contrasts of light and dark, and expressive poses and gestures . Gericault early French Romanticist- found inspiration by Michelangelo The Raft of the Medusa Pity the Sorrows of a Poor Old Man . Delacroix Scenes from the Massacre at Chios Liberty Leading the People: July 28, 1830 o Romantic Sculpture in France and Beyond . minister of the interior decided to complete the triumphal arch on the Champe-Elysees in Paris- Napoleon had begun in1806 . Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 . Forever Free o Romanticism in Spain: Goya . 1770-80’s was a court painter, making tapestry designs in a style based on the Rococo . early years of the French Revolution, Spanish king Charles IV reinstituted the Inquisition . Los Caprichos: folio of eighty etching produced between 1796-98 . The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters . Family of Charles IV . Third of May, 1808 o Romantic Landscape Painting . Enlightenment thinkers viewed nature as something orderly, predictable, and subject to laws that humans can discern by observation, and thus can control . Romantics saw nature as ever-changing, unpredictable, more powerful than people found nature awesome, fascinating, or delightful . Friedrich nature a vehicle of intense personal feeling not only sketched in nature- but later synthesized sketches with his memories and feelings in order to create new environments Nebel . Turner theme of nature as a cataclysmic force revolutionized the British watercolor tradition rejected under painting and topographic accuracy in favor of a freer application of paint and more generalized atmospheric effects Snowstorm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps The Burning of the House of Lords and Commons, 16th October 1834 . Constable capture a calmer mood with unprecedented spontaneity and freshness most influenced by the British topographic watercolor tradition of the late 18th c. The White Horse . The Barbizon School and Daubigny Constable’s example inspired a group of French landscape painters that emerged in the 1830’s and became known as the Barbizon School because a number of them lived in the rural town of Barbizon in the forest of Fontainebleau, near Paris Daubigny o close observations of nature helped pave the way for Impressionism later in the century o was among the first to make an entire painting outdoors o The Barges . Cole favoring imagination and feeling down to earth sensation melding of the two paintings launched what became known as the Hudson River School The Oxbow o Orientalism . part of the Romantic urge is to stimulate the imagination through escape to new places, the more exotic the better . 1809-22: 24 vol. Description de l’Egypte . artists soon began painting subjects set in foreign lands, whether they had been there or not . Oriental subjects: both Romantic and Neoclassical persuasion . Roberts painting apprentice to theater set designer traveled to Spain, Morocco, and the Holy Land Gateway to the Great Temple at Baalbek . Gerome Roberts suggests that Orientalist paintings give us a selective view of the lands the artists visited- calculated to pique curiosity most Orientalist depicted either the spectacular sights or the carefully selected everyday scenes of the Mideast Café House, Cairo o Revival Styles in Architecture Before 1850 . Neoclassical Style Capital Building most significant and symbolic Neoclassical edifice in Washington DC- the US Capital designed in 1792 by William Thornton large dome over a temple front flanked by 2 wings to accommodate the House and Senate Latrobe: oversaw the actual construction- modified Thornton’s design by adding a grand staircase and Corinthian colonnade on the was front War of 1812- Latrobe repaired the wings and designed a higher dome interior shows a variation on the Corinthian order- substituting indigenous plants (corn and tobacco) reconstruction completed under Charles Bulfinch major renovation in 1850 brought it closer to its present form

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Gothic Pride Parliament o open competition for a new building design in the English Perpendicular Gothic style o Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin won the commission o basic plan= symmetry, balance of powers in the British system ART IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY o 2nd half: called the positivist age o faith in the positive consequences of close observation of the natural and human realms o French philosopher Comte: knowledge would derive from the objectivity of science and scientific methods o visual arts: decline of Romanticism in favor of the accurate and apparently objective description of ordinary, observable world o new movement of Realism in painting o development of photography- capable of recording nature with unprecedented accuracy o highly descriptive style of academic art o Impressionism: almost scientific emphasis on the optical properties of light and color o realistic expression of structure and materials o Early Photography in Europe . photography as we know it emerged around 1840 . since the Late Renaissance, seeking a mechanical method for exact recording . camera obscura: consists of a darkened room or box with a lens through which light passes, projecting onto the opposite wall or box side an upside-down image of the scene, which an artist can trace . 17th c.- development of a small portable camera obscura . photography developed essentially as a way to fix the light-sensitive material . Still Life and Allegory Daguerre: 1st person to fix a photographic image earliest photos: daguerreotypes o advanced lenses to project a scene onto a treated metal plate for 20-30 min to create a image o The Artist’s Studio The Two Paths of Life . Portraiture Julia Margaret Cameron: most creative early portrait photographer o great men and women of British arts, letters, and sciences o works were more personal and less dependent on existing forms Thomas Carlyle Nadar: embraced photography because of its ability to capture people and their surroundings exactly o took the 1st aerial photos of Paris o city’s catacombs and sewers o New Materials and Technology in Architecture at Midcentury . Crystal Palace . Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve o French Academic Art and Architecture . Ecole des Beaux-Arts exerted a powerful influence over the visual arts . Garnier: The Opera . Carpeaux large sculpture groups for the exterior of the Opera The Dance . Cabanel The Birth of Venus o Realism . European national academies retained official control over both the teaching and the display of art . history, mythology, or picturesque genre- mostly now forgotten because there work was not innovative . Realism: reflects the positivist belief that art should show the “unvarnished” truth . subject generally regarded as not important . Realist Painting in France attention to poor and ordinary people The Stone Breakers Burial at Ornans The Gleaners First Leaves, Near Mantes Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of the Vines The Third Class Carriage . Realism Outside France social effects of urbanization and industrialization began to take hold in their countries rejecting what they considered the escapist- art for art’s sake aesthetics of the Academy members of the group dedicated themselves to a socially useful Realism Bringing art to the people- traveling exhibits (the Wanderers) Eakins o American Realist o frank portraits and scenes of everyday life o The Gross Clinic Homer o unpardoned realism o Harper’s Weekly sent him to cover the Civil War in 1862 o commitment to depicting common people o The Life Line . Later 19th Century Art in Britain parliamentary reforms of the 1830’s let toward a more flexible society partly caused by industrialization and urbanization Hunt o combination of didacticism and naturals o moral truth and visual accuracy were synonymous o The Hireling Shepherd . Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement socialist values had an impact on the field of interior design developed in the context of a widespread reaction against the gaudy design of industrially produced goods that began with the Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 medieval-inspired objects furnishings: expensive, one-of-a-kind items Seated Chair From the Sussex Range Peacock and Dragon Curtain rebelled against the notion (present since the Renaissance) that art was a highly specialized product made by a uniquely gifted person . Whistler began to conceive of aesthetic values as independent of any other social fact believe the mere arrangement of a room or a painting can be aesthetically pleasing itself among the 1st to hand his works in a gallery in a single row vs. the traditional salon style of hanging among the first to collect Japanese art- for pattern and decoration Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket o Impressionism . April 1974- Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre- Auguste Renoir, exhibited together at the Corporation of Artists Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc. mutual aid group in opposition to the state-funded Salons exhibition received some positive reviews, but was mostly attacked Louis Leroy- dubbed the entire exhibition “Impressionist”- attack on the seemingly haphazard technique . Manet Luncheon on the Grass Olympia . Monet purest exponent of Impressionism befriended the Barbizon School artist Daubigny- urged him to be faithful to his impression, guided the artist to create his own floating studio on a boat On the Ban of the Seine, Bennecourt o Gare St-Lazare o 2 important ideas- quickly painted oil sketch most accurately records a landscape’s general appearance and artists can see a subject freshly, without preconception or traditional filters o lacked the traditional markers of appropriateness: symbolic content, historical allusion, or narrative meanings . Country and City Plein Air loosing of the way paint was handled, lightening of color short brushstrokes to capture fleeting qualities of light and atmosphere Pissarro Wooded Landscape at L’Heritage, Pontoise Auguste Renoir o painted scenes of upper-middle-class life o encouraged by his friend Monet to create pleasant, light-filled landscapes o Mouline De La Galette . Urban Angles Edgar Degas o composed his pictures in the studio from working drawings- traditional academy approach o Ecole de Beaux-Arts o pupil of Ingres o convinced that traditional painting had no future o more modern subjects: racetracks, music halls, operas, and ballet o The Rehearsal on Stage Gustave Caillebotte o similarly jarring angles o fascinated by the new urban geometry characterized by modern construction o Paris Street, Rainy Day . Upper Class Lives Mary Cassatt o realism of figure paintings- strong inspiration o focused her work on the world in which she had access: the domestic and social life of well-off women o Woman In A Loge o later work shows the influence of Japanese prints- forms in an off-balance composition o tipped horizons, clashing patterns . Later Manet lightening his palette, loosening his brushwork, and confronting modern life in a more direct manner Bar At The Foles-Bergere THE BIRTH OF MODERN ART o Manet and the Impressionists are generally regarded as the initiators of Modern art o Modern art is distinguished primarily by a rejection of the traditions of art that had been handed down since the Renaissance o custom dictated that artists paint with oil on canvas, using their brushes in certain ways, or that they cast public monuments in bronze o techniques formed the principle subject of art instruction, such as one-point perspective and figure drawing from the nude o conventions are the often unspoken agreements between artists and viewers which lead viewers to see 3- dimensional space in a painting’s flat surface or to regard large works as more important than small ones o rules are more stringent prohibitions- which can invoke penalties o deeper cause of Modern art was the modernization of society o Industrial Revolution created a new public for art in the urban middle class o modern artists created what has been called avant-garde- military context, designated the forward units of an advancing army that scouted territory which the rest of the troops would soon occupy o Post Impressionism . English critic Roger Fry coined the term . Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gauguin . took Impressionism and developed a more abstract style . Cezanne early pictures: somber color and coarsely painted, often depicted Romantic themes of drama and violence later adopted the bright palette, broken brushwork, and everyday subject matter of the Impressionists did not seek to capture transitory effects of light and atmosphere but rather to create a sense of order in nature through a methodical application of color that merged drawing and modeling into a single process Mont Sainte-Victoire Still Life with Basket of Apples The Large Bathers . Seurat devoted to classical aesthetics study of optics and color theory- especially the law of simultaneous contrast of colors (developed by Chevreul in the 1820’s) calculated exactly which hues should be combined, in what proportion, to produce the effect of a particular color dots of pure color divisionism, pointillism, and neo-impressionism A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte . Van Gogh experiment with divisionism highly expressive personal style worked as an art dealer, teacher, and evangelist before turning to art in 1880 applied color freely in multidirectional dashes of impasto was a socialist who believed modern life alienated people from each other paintings were efforts to establish empathy between artist and viewer- overcoming emotional bareness that modern society created expressionistic tradition- artist’s feelings overrides fidelity to the actual appearance of things rail like strokes of intense color . Gauguin art as an abstraction laid important foundations for the development of nonrepresentational art in the 20th century lost his job during the stock market crash- 3 years later abandoned his family and children to pursue a full-time painting career seeking a more “primitive” existence style was inspired by such nonacademic sources as medieval stained glass, folk art, and Japanese prints- simplified drawing, flattened space, and ant naturalistic color called his anti-Impressionist style synthetism- because it synthesized observation of nature with artist’s feelings Mahana No Atua (Day of the God) o Symbolism in Painting . Gauguin’s suggestiveness is characteristic of symbolism (international movement) . opposed the values of rationalism and material progress that dominated modern western culture . explored the nonmaterial realms of emotion, imagination, and spirituality . not through traditional iconography, but through ambiguous subject matter and formal stylization suggestive of hidden and elusive meanings . psychic experience- Freud . purpose of a work of art- serve as an evacuation . European Symbolists Gustave Moreau o dreamlike atmosphere o The Apparition Redon o used nature as a point of departure for fantastic visions tinges with loneliness and melancholy o moody images o Marsh Flower, A Sad and Human Face Ensor o melding of Symbolism and expressionism o derived his weird and anxious visions from the observation of the real world o The Intrigue Munch o The Scream . American Symbolists were also attracted to traditional literary, historical, and religious subjects Ryder o Jonah Tanner o most successful African American painter of the late 19th and early 20th centuries o worked as a photographer and drawing teacher o The Resurrection of Lazarus . Late 19th Century French Sculpture embodies some of the contemporary Symbolist and expressionist currents Rodin o influence of Donatello and Michelangelo o mature style of vigorously modeled figures in unconventional poses o Burghers of Calais Claudel o Rodin’s pupil and later mistress o psychological problems- spent her last 30 years in a mental asylum o The Waltz o Art Nouveau . French for new art . launched in the early 1890’s . largely rejected the values of modern industrial society, sought new aesthetic forms that would retain a preindustrial sense of beauty while also appearing fresh and innovative . organism such as vines, snakes, flowers, and winged insects . Horta and Van de Velde architecture: Horta Tassel House Stairway decorative arts: Van De Velde Tropon . Gaudi and Klimt Gaudi o integrate natural forms into daily life o graceful arabesques- Modernism in Spain Klimt o Sezessionstil in Austria o golden style o The Kiss . Guimard and Toulouse-Lautrec Guimard o devoted considerate effort to interior design and furnishings o asymmetrical, organic Toulouse-Lautrec o best known poster designer o suffered genetic disorder o spend time in Montmarte- lower class entertainment district in Paris (bohemian artists) o dynamic figural compositions o cropped images and bold foreshortened o influence of Degas o simplification of forms, suppression of modeling, flattening of space, and integration of blank paper into the composition o influence of Japanese woodblock prints o Late-Century Photography . still generally regarded as the handmaiden to the arts . efforts to gain legitimacy . international movement known as Pictorialism- photographers sought to create images whose aesthetic qualities matched those of Modern painting, drawing, and printmaking . degree of manipulation . naturalists or straight photographers . Photography as Art Peter Henry Emerson- leader of Naturalists o work form this period show his capturing poetic effects in interestingly off-balance composition o flair form composition and devotion to print quality o urged photographers to use the platinum process o inspired by Whistler’s Nocturnes- came to believe that photography was only a mechanical process that could not equal the direct inspiration of an artist . Photography as Activism Jacob Riis- galvanize public concern for the unfortunate poor, bringing about social change considered a maverick who investigated slum life o Architecture . World’s Columbian Exhibition, Chicago Richard Morris Hunt- 1st American to study architecture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts built in every accepted style, including Gothic, French classicist, and Italian Renaissance after the Civil War, built mansions emulating aristocratic European models building constructed for the event were temporary and composed of staff (mixture of plaster and fibrous materials) Administration Building at the end of the Court of Honor- Renaissance classicist mode model for the e American city of the future- clean, spacious, carefully planned, and classically beauty . The Chicago School: The First Skyscrapers Henry Hobson Richardson (studied at Ecole des Beaux-Arts simplified Romanesque style known as Richardsonian Romanesque Marshall Field Wholesale Store Wright Building