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The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie 1830–1871

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The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie 1830–1871 The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie 1830–1871 Preview Questions As noted in Chapter 18, the French and American Revolutions 1. How and why did the promised political power to the disfranchised, and the Industrial Revolu- bourgeoisie become the tion offered hope for a higher standard of living to the oppressed. Build- dominant class after ing on these hopes, upheavals punctuated the history of this period. By 1830? the end of the nineteenth century, these expectations remained largely 2. What were liberalism unful# lled in Europe. Bene# ts were reaped mainly by one group—the and nationalism, and how did these two bourgeoisie. Left behind was a new class created by industrialism—the movements impact proletariat, or working class. events during the Age Honoré Daumier’s Third-Class Carriage illustrates many crosscurrents of the Bourgeoisie? at play in the Age of the Bourgeoisie. The railroad, a marvel of industrial 3. What were the period’s major developments in technology, seemed to shrink the size of the world and to speed up the philosophy, religion, shift from a rural to an urban economy. Liberal rhetoric proclaimed the and science, and how equality of all people, yet the grades of rail fares showed the shallowness did they in! uence the wider culture? of that thought. Indeed, money increasingly mattered in how people ac- tually lived. Third-class coach was the cheapest rail fare, and Daumier’s 4. What role did Manet play in the founding of painting reveals what such a cheap ticket could buy: cramped quarters modern art? with plain décor. In this scene, two groups of travelers are depicted: urban 5. What was realism and workers (men and women dressed in plain clothing) and businessmen (in how was it expressed in top hats). Daumier seems divided in his point of view: he presents a realis- literature and the arts? tic image of the growing democratization of public life, yet simultaneously he shows the isolation of individual travelers, as they avoid any personal interaction. Faced with the period’s unequal social conditions, many urban work- ers, joined by radicals from other classes, acted out their frustrated hopes through direct political action and social movements, demanding uni- versal suffrage and a fairer distribution of power and wealth. Rejecting the liberal creed of the bourgeoisie, some of the disillusioned set forth the ideals of socialism. Successive waves of revolutionary uprising resulted in reforms by the ruling elites. However, the limited nature of these reforms failed to stem the tide of social resentment. 495 496 CHAPTER NINETEEN: THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE Timeline 19.1 THE AGE OF THE BOURGEOISIE 1830 1848 1851 1861 1865 1871 American Civil War Revolutions in Europe Creation of German Empire Revolutions 1839 1848 1851 1854 1857 1862 1869 of 1830 Daguerre’s Marx and Great Dickens’s Flaubert’s Hugo’s Tolstoy’s camera Engels’s Exhibition Hard Madame Les War and Peace Communist Times Bovary Misérables Manifesto 1832 1855 1859 1863 English 1847 Courbet’s Darwin’s Manet’s Reform Bill; Brontë sisters’ The On the Origin Olympia Sand’s Indiana Wuthering Heights Meeting of Species and Jane Eyre These sociopolitical events were echoed in the cul- nationalists advocated humanitarian values, stressing tural realm. From its peak in the 1820s, romanticism de- the concept that all members of a nation are brothers clined and slowly faded away. Embraced by the middle and sisters. As nationalism spread, these values were class, the style became respectable, timid, and repeti- often expanded to include liberal ideals, republican tious. By midcentury, realism had emerged as the lead- principles, and even democratic beliefs. National- ing style, re!ecting the new social and political order. ism became a force in central, southern, and eastern By focusing on ordinary people, realists strove to depict Europe, where the states of what would become Ger- in objective terms “the heroism of everyday life.” At many and Italy were still little more than “geographic the same time, traditional beliefs and values were be- expressions” (Map 19.1). However, after 1848 national- ing challenged on a host of fronts, including Darwin’s ism grew increasingly militant and ethnocentric. theory of evolution, Pasteur’s germ theory of disease, and the invention of the camera (Timeline 19.1). The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 The repressive policies imposed at the Congress of THE POLITICAL Vienna in 1815 were challenged by a series of upris- AND ECONOMIC SCENE: ings, beginning in France with the July Revolution of 1830, which overthrew the last Bourbon king and LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM installed Louis Philippe (r. 1830–1848) and a liberal The twin forces of liberalism and nationalism drove constitution (Figure 19.1). This regime—known as the many of the period’s events. The basic premise of July Monarchy—eventually became the tool of the liberalism—the individual should be free from exter- rich middle class at the expense of the workers. Voting nal control—resonated with the American and French rights were limited to wealthy male property-owners, Revolutions as well as the bourgeois class’s need to and laws favored an unregulated economy. The July liberate itself from aristocratic society. The liberal Monarchy showed that the middle class, once empow- political agenda included constitutionally guaranteed ered, refused to extend the bene#ts of liberalism to political and civil rights, especially free speech, reli- disfranchised groups. gious toleration, and voting rights for property-owners. Liberal revolutions followed France’s lead, #rst in Perhaps most important, liberalism promoted laissez- Belgium and then in central and southern Europe, faire economics, which allowed the wealthy classes to but they all failed. In central Europe, local authorities maximize their pro#ts and justi#ed their control of the backed by Austrian troops quickly crushed the liberal workers. Liberalism was most successful in England, uprisings and punished rebels, imposed martial law, France, and Belgium, failed to take root in Italy and reinstituted censorship, and took control of the school central and eastern Europe, and never affected czarist systems. Although liberals continued to work for Russia. moderate reforms, conservatives dashed their hopes. In contrast, nationalism emphasized cooperation Across central and eastern Europe, the one force among all of a country’s people who shared a common emerging as a rallying point was nationalism, focus- language and heritage. Overlooking class divisions, ing on ethnic identity and common cultural heritage. THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SCENE: LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM 497 Learning Through Maps KINGDOM OF 0 250 500 mi NORWAY AND SWEDEN Stockholm 0 500 1000 km North Sea GREAT BRITAIN KINGDOM KINGDOM OF IRELAND OF THE DENMARK Baltic NETHERLANDS Dublin Copenhagen Sea Liverpool SCHLESWIG MECKLENBURG Birmingham HOLSTEIN Hamburg RUSSIAN London Amsterdam HANOVER EMPIRE Berlin POLAND B E PRUSSIA LG IU ATLANTIC M HESSE SAXONY REPUBLIC OCEAN LUXEMBOURG OF CRACOW Kiev Paris BAVARIA LORRAINE KINGDOM BADEN WÜRTTEMBERG OF HUNGARY ALSACE Munich Vienna FRANCE Berne M Budapest O L AUSTRIAN EMPIRE D Bordeaux A SWISS V I CONFEDERATION A Milan LOMBARDY- VENETIA PARMA KINGDOM MODENA WALLACHIA OF Marseilles LUCCA O PORTUGAL A T Madrid KINGDOM TUSCANY d T ri O OF SARDINIA at M Barcelona PAPAL ic A Lisbon KINGDOM CORSICA S MONTENEGRO N STATES ea OF Rome E SPAIN M P Naples I R BALEARIC ISLANDS E (to Spain) KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES Palermo ALGERIA MOROCCO TUNISIA Austrian Empire France Mediterranean Sea Prussia Boundary of the Germanic Confederation MAPMHS63 19.1 562 EUROPE AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815 mat76620_m1801.eps ThisFirst mapproof shows the political divisions of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. 1. Compare this map with Map 18.1, Europe at the Height of Napoleon’s Power. 2. Notice the trend toward larger but fewer states. 3. Which states improved their territorial holdings at the Congress of Vienna? 4. Which states were the losers at the congress? 5. Identify the German Confederation and its boundary. 6. Which state, Austria or Prussia, was better positioned to emerge as leader of the German Confederation? In 1848 accumulated dissatisfactions and frustra- out foreign troops and set up constitutional monar- tions erupted in another series of uprisings across chies, republics, or democracies with universal male Europe (Table 19.1), starting with demonstrations and suffrage. A few governments—in!uenced by the new riots in Paris in February. The rebellions were pro- movement known as socialism—addressed economic pelled by liberal ideals and nationalistic goals, but problems by passing laws to stimulate productivity, their immediate causes were declining production, ris- improve working conditions, and aid the poor with re- ing unemployment, and falling agricultural prices. By lief or employment programs. spring, the path of revolution ran from Paris through By fall, the conservatives—the army, the aristocrats, Berlin to Vienna, and all along this route varied group- and the church—had rallied to defeat the disorga- ings of bourgeoisie, intellectuals, workers, students, nized revolutionaries, and by January 1849 many of and nationalists toppled kings and ministers. Tempo- the old rulers had reclaimed power. After the failed rary governments, led by liberals and reformers, drove revolutions of 1848, the idealism of the liberals, social 498 CHAPTER NINETEEN: THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE TABLE 19.1 MAJOR POLITICAL EVENTS OF 1815–1871
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