Final Study Guide

Final Study Guide Chapters 36 - 43 The favorite Romantic poets of the composers of Lieder were Goethe and Heine. The German term for the art song is Lied. A group of Lieder unified by some narrative thread or a descriptive or expressive theme is called a song cycle. Franz Schubert composed approximately more than 600 songs. The nineteenth-century American composer Stephen Foster is best remembered for his parlor songs and minstrel show tunes. Foster’s Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair is based on a poem by Foster himself. The most important keyboard instrument of the Romantic period was the piano. Frederic Chopin is known as “the poet of the piano”. Frederic Chopin spent most of his productive life in Paris. Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel was discouraged from pursuing a career as a composer becauseshe was a woman. Fanny Hensel worte her cycle The Year for piano. Louis Moreau Gottschalk was a native of New Orleans, was attracted to Afro-Caribbean music and dances, and set many nationalist tunes in his music, but did NOT spend most of his creative life in Europe. Hector Berlioz is considered the first great exponent of musical Romanticism in France. The actress Harriet Smithson inspired Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique. The “Mighty Five” were composers from Russia. Brahms is often described as a traditionalist because of his use of the forms established by the Classical masters. Chapters 44 - 51 Italian comic opera is called opera buffa. 1 National styles of opera developed in Italy, Germany, and France. Wagner called his operas music dramas. The two principal centers of nineteenth-century ballet were France and Russia. Peter Tchaikovsky was famous for his ballets, NOT Cui, Rimsky-Korsakov, or Musorgsky. Nadezhda von Meck was Tchaikovsky’s principal patron. Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker is based on a story by E.T.A. Hoffmann. Puccini composed the operas Madame Butterfly, La boheme, and Tasca NOT Pagliacci. Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, and Stephane Mallarme were French symbolist poets, NOT Victor Hugo. Faure’s Requiem was originally scored for a chamber orchestra. Impressionism in music is best exemplified by the works of Claude Debussy. Camp meetings were Christian gatherings that could last for weeks; songs of praise were commonly used; praise songs were often based on popular or folk tunes. The source of the text of Swing Low, Sweet Chariot was the Bible. An important American instrumental ensemble of the nineteenth century was the brass band. The American composer Scott Joplin became known as the “King of Ragtime”. Chapters 52 - 61 The element that most decisively separated twentieth-century music from that of the past was harmony. The composer most closely associated with twelve-tone music is Arnold Schoenberg. Schoenberg created a new style in which vocal melodies were spoken rather than sung with exact pitches and rhythms. This was known as Sprechstimme. Igor Stravinsky was a Russian-born composer who wrote music in post-Impressionist, primitivist, Neoclassical, and twelve-tone styles. 2 The Rite of Spring by Stravinsky opened in Paris in 1913 to a near riot after the first performance. Lili Boulanger lived in Paris. Berg’s opera Wozzeck is based on a play by Buchner. The popular American musical styles of ragtime, blues, and jazz have roots in African American music. New Orleans is the American city considered the birthplace of jazz. Take the A Train was composed by Billy Strayhorn. The most important literary figure associated with the Harlem Renaissance was Langston Hughes. George Gershwin is recognized as one of the first American composers to incorporate African American blues and jazz styles into his compositions. Gershwin composed film scores, songs, and musicals. Gershwin’s folk opera Porgy and Bess was far ahead of its time. The first American composer of the twentieth-century was Charles Ives. Ives received a Pulitzer Prize for Symphony No. 3. Ives’s used the tunes Yankee Doodle, My Old Kentucky Home, and London Bridge in his work entitled Country Band March, NOT Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair. Aaron Copland composed the ballets Rodeo, Appalachian Spring, and Billy the Kid NOT Our Town. Copland composed Appalachian Spring for Martha Graham. Silvestre Revueltas composed the following works – Homenaje a Federico Garcia Lorca, Sensemaya, and La noche des los mayas NOT El Salon Mexico. The early twentieth-century style that sought to revive certain principles and forms of earlier music was neo-Classicism. Bela Bartok traveled around Hungary collecting peasant songs with the composer Zoltan Kodaly. 3 Chapters 62 - 69 John Cage’s Sonatas and Interludes is a work for prepared piano. The musical is considered to be America’s unique contribution to theater. Stephen Sondheim is an established, living American composer of musicals. Bernstein rose to prominence as a conductor, a pianist, and a composer. West Side Story is a modern-day musical setting of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Electric Counterpoint features the electric guitar. John Corigliano’s Prelude: Mr. Tambourine Man is a setting of a text by Bob Dylan. Jennifer Higdon chose the title blue cathedral as a tribute to her brother. Music that is performed on screen and is part of the drama itself is called source music. The following characterizes the career of John Williams – He was a composer for the TV series Gilligan’s Island. He is a composer for films such as Jaws and Star Wars. He is a composer and conductor of concert music. The Titanic film scores was NOT composed by John Williams. Rock and roll emerged as a union of rhythm/blues and country/western. Ray Charles is considered by many to be “the father of soul”. Tan Dun’s score for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon features the cello as a solo instrument. Tavener’s Song for Athene was performed at the funeral service for Princess Diana. 4 .

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