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An ICT Primer

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An ICT Primer AAnn IICCTT PPrriimmeerr IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn aanndd CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess ffoorr CCiivviill --MMiilliittaarryy CCoooorrddiinnaattiioonn iinn DDiissaasstteer r RReelliieeff aanndd SSttaabbiilliizzaattiioonn aann dd RReeccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn Larry Wentz Center for Technology and National Security Policy National Defense University July 2006 The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of The National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. All information and sources for this paper were drawn from unclassified materials. Larry Wentz is Mr. Larry Wentz is a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, where he consults on Command and Control (C2) issues. He is an experienced manager, strategic planner, and C4ISR systems engineer with extensive experience in the areas of Nuclear C2, Continuity of Government C2, multinational military C2 and C3I systems interoperability, civil-military operations and information operations support to peace operations and numerous other military C4ISR activities. He is the author of Lessons from Bosnia: The IFOR Experience and Lessons from Kosovo: The KFOR Experience. Mr. Wentz has extensive experience in business process reengineering, strategic planning and commercial telecommunications and information systems and their use in support of military C2. Prior to joining CTNSP, Mr. Wentz was a research scientist at the George Mason University Center of Excellence in C3I. Before his assignment at GMU, he completed an ASD C3I Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) sponsored lessons from Kosovo study. Mr. Wentz conducted a similar CCRP sponsored study of lessons from Bosnia in 1996-1998 when he was at ASD C3I as the Deputy Director of the Command and Control Research Program. Prior to the Kosovo assignment, he served as Vice President of Advanced Communication Systems, Washington and before that spent thirty years with the MITRE Corporation, a not-for-profit Federally Funded Research and Development Center—two-thirds of his MITRE career were spent in Europe supporting US/NATO C4ISR interoperability and the remainder as Technical Director of the Joint and Defense-wide Systems division of the MITRE Washington operation. Prior to joining MITRE, he spent 10 years with Bell Telephone Laboratories as a telecommunications systems engineer. This paper is intended to be a living document. Please email comments, corrections, and clarifications to [email protected]. Updated versions of this paper will be available at http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/Defense_Tech_Papers.htm. Defense & Technology Papers are published by the National Defense University Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC. CTNSP publications are available online at http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/publications.html. ii Acknowledgements This publication grew out of a study initiated by the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP) at the National Defense University (NDU), in partnership with the Contingency Support and Migration Planning (CSMP) Directorate of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Networks and Information Integration (OASD NII). The study was also supported by the Department of State’s Office of the Coordinator of Reconstruction and Stabilization Operations (S/CRS) and Humanitarian Information Unit (HIU) and benefited from cooperation with Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) J9. Additionally, other organizations actively participated in and/or provided important insights and information. They included US government military and civilian elements, International Organizations (IO), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), UK civilians, “think tanks,” academia and industry. Experts from these organizations lent their time, energy, wisdom and humor and provided invaluable insights from operational field experience, assessments of lessons learned, best practices, and other information products that helped make this primer possible. In addition to the organizations already noted, other U.S. DOD military and civilian participants included the Joint Staff, National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA), CENTCOM, SOCOM, Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), US Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Command (USCAPOC), US Army TRADOC and 350th Civil Affairs Command, US Navy SPAWAR and NAVAIR, Pacific Disaster Center (PDC), and OUSD Stability Operations and Policy. Additional Non-DOD contributors included other State Department elements and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). IOs such as the United Nations (UN) Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), the UN Office of the Coordinator for Humanitarian Assistance (OCHA), the World Food Program (WFP) and its Joint Logistics Center (UNJLC), the UN Development Program (UNDP), and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) also participated in providing information. NGOs provided assistance, including Search for Common Ground (SFCG), Mercy Corps, Save the Children, DRASTIC/PACTEC, NetHope, Humaninet and Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF). Civilian experts from the UK and the UK Post Conflict Reconstruction Unit (PCRU) also provided critical information, as did “think tanks” such as the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA), US Institute of Peace (USIP) and Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Numerous academic institutions also contributed their knowledge to this publication. These included the military Service schools and DOD institutions such as the Naval Post Graduate School (NPS), the NDU Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) including its Interagency, Transformation, Education and After Action Review (ITEA) Program, the NDU Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and the Army War College Department of Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute (PKSOI). Universities such as George Mason University, George Washington University and Eastern Mennonite University contributed as well. Finally, a variety of information and communications support to humanitarian assistance operations private industry players participated, including Groove, Global Relief Technologies (GRT), Morgan Franklin, Thoughtlink, and SAIC. iii iv Contents Foreword....................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 The Universe of Crisis Response.........................................................................................1 The Case for Greater Cooperation, Collaboration, and Information Sharing......................2 ICTs as Enablers ..................................................................................................................2 The Need for Civil-Military Coordination...........................................................................5 The Role of DOD.................................................................................................................6 Part One: The Nature of Challenge Participants in Civil-Military Coordination...................................................................................10 Taxonomy of Participation ................................................................................................11 Levels of Internal Support .................................................................................................18 Information Needs .........................................................................................................................19 Performing a Needs Assessment........................................................................................19 Reliability Issues................................................................................................................20 What do Organizations Need to Know? ............................................................................21 Where Can Information Be Obtained? ..............................................................................23 Military Information Sources.............................................................................................24 Civil-Military Cultures and Challenges.........................................................................................25 Military Organizational Culture.........................................................................................25 Establishing Humanitarian Space ......................................................................................28 The Civilian Information Environment .............................................................................29 The Military Information Environment .............................................................................31 Complex Operational Environments..................................................................................32 Building toward Civil-Military Coordination....................................................................33 ICT Support Challenges.....................................................................................................34 Commercial ICT Support Solutions...................................................................................38 Guiding Principles .........................................................................................................................40
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