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Seymour Baker House Phd Thesis A9@ B8><1A <>@5 1=4 8>;F >@45@A/ <>@5_A D95EA >6 B85 5=7;9A8 3;5@7F# 2>B8 A53C;1@ 1=4 @57C;1@ AK]RTYV 2GPKV 8TYWK 1 BNKWOW AYHROXXKJ LTV XNK 4KMVKK TL ?N4 GX XNK CSOZKVWOX] TL AX% 1SJVK[W (.-, 6YQQ RKXGJGXG LTV XNOW OXKR OW GZGOQGHQK OS @KWKGVIN0AX1SJVK[W/6YQQBK\X GX/ NXXU/&&VKWKGVIN$VKUTWOXTV]%WX$GSJVK[W%GI%YP& ?QKGWK YWK XNOW OJKSXOLOKV XT IOXK TV QOSP XT XNOW OXKR/ NXXU/&&NJQ%NGSJQK%SKX&('')*&),+) BNOW OXKR OW UVTXKIXKJ H] TVOMOSGQ ITU]VOMNX Sir Thomas More and Holy Orders: More's views of the English Clergy, both secular and regular SEYMOUR BAKER HOUSE A Thesis submitted in application for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews, 1987 Jý ýR E ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to present Sir Thomas More's views on the sacrament of Holy Orders with particular reference to the English clergy using as evidence More's own writings and relevant manuscript material as well as various other contemporary sources. The discussion of More's activity as ecclesiastical patron, based on manuscript sources, will illuminate this previously undocumented aspect of his involvement in clerical affairs. It will indicate how far his views on the English clergy are corroborated by those priests he presented to benefices in addition to providing us with a detailed look at the problems associated with early 16th Century patronage. More's activity as a royal councillor, seen through his own eyes and revealed in his writings and other sources, will be discussed as it touches on the English spiritualty. Particular attention will be paid to the development of More's criticisms of the clergy and his emerging understanding of the sacrament of Orders as it took shape in his polemical career. His duties as Lord Chancellor, particularly his campaign against heretics in England and heretical writings abroad, will be presented as well as his opposition to secular statutory reforms of the clerical estate. More's activity as secular judge of clerical litigants in the courts of Star Chamber and Chancery will be analysed on the basis of manuscript evidence of those courts and his own comments found in his published and private writings. Finally, More's concluding remarks on both controversial doctrinal issues and the part played by the English clergy in the Henrician Reformation (to 1535) will be discussed as it is found in the works written from the Tower. I certify that Seymour Baker House has fulfilled the condition of the Resolution of the University Court, No. 1 (as amended) and is qualified to submit this thesis in application for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I was admitted as a research student unyr ordinance 350 (General No. 12) on 1 October, 1983 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph. D. under Resolution of the University Court, 1967 No. 1 (as amended) on 1 October 1983. The following thesis is based on the results of research carried out by myself, is my own composition, and has not previously been presented for a higher degree. The research was carried out in the University of St Andrews under the supervision of Professor James K Cameron, Professor of Ecclesiastical History. Se our Ba r House Candidate In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker. eyf ZMr --BaIteY HCUse 1 I would like to thank the following people for contributing to my research on Sir Thomas More: Professor James K. Cameron, whose advice and expertise proved invaluable, Dr. John Guy to whom I am particularly grateful, Miss Mary Robertson of the Huntington Library, Miss Jean Kennedy of the Norfolk Record Office, Mr Derek Shorrocks of the Somerset Record Office, Reverend Bernard Wigan, Mr James Sewell of the Corporation of London Record Office, and K. H. Rogers of the Wiltshire County Archives. In addition I would like to thank the helpful staff at the following libraries and archives: Lincoln Archives Office, Kent Archives Office, University of California (Berkeley), University of San Francisco (Gleeson Library), Guildhall Library, Greater London Council Record Office, British Library and of course, the Public Record office. I would like to give special thanks to Joan and Tony Beard, Mr and Mrs Jerry Johnston of San Marino, and Mr Stephen Goodchild for their hospitality, to Mr Gordon Desbrisay for checking through a manuscript source for me, and to all my incomparable colleagues at St. John's House for their support and diversions. And Paula, you know I can't thank you enough. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i ............................................ Table ii of Contents .......................................... Abbreviations iv .............................................. CHAPTER ONE The English Clergy 1477-1529 i) The Relationship between the Temporal and Spiritual Spheres 1 .................................. ii) 11 The Spiritual Hierarchy: The Seculars ............. iii) The 26 Regulars ...................................... CHAPTER TWO More's Early Contacts and Views i) Early Studies, Influences, and Works to 1514: 32 ca. More's Early Views of the Clergy ........ ii) Richard III 49 ....................................... iii) 54 Criticism of Scholasticism: Letter to Dorp ......... iv) 'Ideal' 58 The Utopian Clergy ........................ CHAPTER THREE Sir Thomas More as Church Patron i) Parish 69 Patronage, Pluralism, and the .............. ii) 76 More's Private Presentations ...................... iii) 93 Patronage Associated with More's Offices .......... CHAPTER FOUR The King's Servant, Part I: 1515-1529 i) into 97 Entry the Council ............................ ii) Church Matters: Domestic Reform and Foreign Heresy ................................. 0000090000101 iii) Early Controversial Writings: Letter to a Monk 112 ............................................. iv) 116 More's Latin Polemic: Responsio ad Lutherum ...... 125 v) The Supplication of Souls ........................ CHAPTER FIVE The King's Servant, Part II, 1529-32 English Polemics and Domestic Heresy i) 136 Lord Chancellor and Contemporary Events .......... ii) More versus Tyndale: More's Views of Orders-- Priesthood in the Economy Salvation 143 The of ....... iii) in 150 The Clergy the Parish ......................... iv) 158 Clerical Decay and Reform ........................ v) The Problem of Heresy ............................ 163 iii CHAPTER SIX The King's Servant, Part III Secular Judge of Spiritual Litigants i) 167 Chancery and Star Chamber: Background ............ ii) 171 More as Star Chamber Judge: The Cases ............ iii) The Cases 182 More as Chancery Judge: ................ iv) 193 More's Views on Clerical Litigants ............... CHAPTER SEVEN The King's Opponent Defender of Ecclesiastical Independence i) 1529-33 197 More and Parliamentary Reforms ........... ii) 205 More, St German and Propaganda ................... iii) 218 More's Views on Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction ...... CHAPTER EIGHT The King's Prisoner, 1534-35 The View from the Tower i) The Works 223 Tower .................................. ii) The Tower 224 Priests .......................... &..... iii) Final Controversy: The Sacrament of the 228 Altar ............................................ iv) for 231 More's Lament England's Clergy ............... CHAPTER NINE Conclusion 237 ................................... (including 251 BIBLIOGRAPHY works cited) ....................... iv ABBREVIATIONS BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research BL British Library CW The Complete Works of St Thomas More DNB The Dictionary of National Biography, 22 Vols., London, 1908-9 EETS Early English Text Society EHR English Historical Review Ellesmere Ellesmere MSS, Huntington Library, California GLRO Greater London Record Office GL Guildhall Library, London JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History KAO Kent Archives Office, Maidstone LAO Lincoln Archives Office, Lincoln LP Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Regin of Henry VIII, 21 Vols. and Addenda, eds. J Brewer et al., London, 1869-1932. LRS Lincoln Record Society PRO Public Record Office TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society VCH Victoria History of the Counties of England VE Valor Ecclesiasticus, 6 Vols., eds. J Caley and J Hunter, London, 1810-34 Note: References to material found in Letters and Papers are to entry numbers, not pages unless otherwise stated. References to More's letters are to page numbers unless otherwise stated. References to manuscript material will use the appropriate call numbers employed in the archive in which the manuscript is to be found--e. g. STAC 2/2/172 refers to Star Chamber, Early Proceedings, document 172 in the Public Record Office. Full bibliographic information is contained in the bibliography. have been Original spelling has been used but common contractions ex- "ye" "that". panded. When the sense dictated, I have expanded as 1 In the decades preceding the Henrician Reformation, the English clergy was not a homogeneous body. Only in a general sense was it comprised of men who shared a common understanding of the Church, who were guided by even broadly similar conceptions of their vocations and obligations, or who were dependent on the same institutions for their support and
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