A Haunted House”

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VIRGINIA WOOLF’S PERSPECTIVES OF DEATH IN WOOLF’S “A HAUNTED HOUSE”

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By LUCIANNA SAPUTRO Student Number: 154214020

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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VIRGINIA WOOLF’S PERSPECTIVES OF DEATH IN WOOLF’S “A HAUNTED HOUSE”

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By LUCIANNA SAPUTRO Student Number: 154214020

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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“(S)he will be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season; its leaf will not wither, and whatever (s)he does will prosper.”

Psalms 1: 3 (MEV)

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FOR

MY DAD IN HEAVEN,

MY BELOVED MOM AND

MY EXCEPTIONAL LITTLE

BROTHER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I want to address my deepest gratitude to God for giving me the strength, knowledge, and ability to complete my undergraduate thesis with enthusiasm. Without His blessings, this achievement would not have been possible.

I want to express my gratitude to my family, especially for my father, who already passed away 4 years ago. He encouraged me to take English Letters as my major in university. I’m also grateful for my beloved mother and my little brother, who always pray for me and supporting me in every decisions I chose.

I want to deliver my special thanks to my thesis advisor, Sri Mulyani,

Ph.D., for her time, guidance and encouragement during the process of this thesis.

My special thanks also dedicated to my academic advisor, Fransisca Kristanti,

S.Pd., M.Hum., for supporting me for the past four and a half year of my study at

Sanata Dharma University.

Finally, to all my friends that I cannot mention their names one by one, thank you for supporting me throughout these years. I feel so lucky and blessed to have friends like them.

Lucianna Saputro.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 2 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definitions of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 10 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 10 a. Character as seen by Another ...... 11 b. Speech ...... 11 c. Reactions ...... 11 d. Thoughts ...... 12 e. Mannerisms ...... 12 f. Past Life...... 12 2. Death Theories ...... 12 a. Death Representation ...... 13 b. Writing in the Shadow of Death ...... 14 c. Death Representation and the Afterlife ...... 15 3. Biographical Criticism ...... 16 C. Review of Related Backgrounds ...... 18 1. The Author’s Background ...... 18 D. Theoretical Framework ...... 21

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 22 A. Object of the Study ...... 22

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B. Approach of the Study ...... 23 C. Method of the Study ...... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 27 A. The Characteristics of the ghost couple in “A Haunted House” ...... 27 1. Character as seen by Another ...... 28 2. Speech ...... 29 3. Reactions ...... 30 4. Thoughts ...... 31 5. Mannerisms ...... 32 6. Past Life ...... 33 B. Death Representations in “A Haunted House” ...... 34 C. The Factors which Influenced the Author’s Perspective of Death ...... 38 1. The Author’s Experience in Death ...... 38 2. The Lifetime of the Author: Mental Issues and Wars ...... 42 a. Mental Issues ...... 42 b. Wars ...... 45

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS...... 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 52 APPENDIX ...... 55

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ABSTRACT

SAPUTRO, LUCIANNA. (2020). Virginia Woolf’s Perspectives of Death in Woolf’s “A Haunted House”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. Death is the end of the life of a person or organism. In literature, authors use death in literary works to express their perspective on death. Meanwhile, perspective is a point of view toward or regarding something. Virginia Woolf’s “A Haunted House” is an example of literary works which shows the author’s death perspectives through the character. It can also be seen through the author’s lifetime. Therefore, the writer analyzes the characteristics of the character, find the death representation pictured in “A Haunted House” and analyzes the author’s lifetime in order to find the author’s perspectives of death. This study has three objectives. The first objective is to identify the characteristics of the character in the “A Haunted House”. The second objective is to explain death representation pictured through the characteristics of the character. The third objective is to find the factors which influenced the author’s perspectives of death through the author’s lifetime. This study uses library research method. The primary source of this study is a story by Virginia Woolf’s “A Haunted House”. The secondary source is taken from relevant journal, articles, essays and books related to the topic of this study. The approach used in this study is the biographical approach. There are six steps taken in this study. Six steps taken in this study are: close-reading, proposing a hypothesis, reviewing some related studies, studying some related theories, analyzing the story by using the theory of characterization and some death theories, and lastly drawing conclusions. The results of the analysis are as follows. In “A Haunted House”, it shows that the characteristics of the ghost couple which presented as faithful, emotionally involved, and decent. From the characteristics of the ghost couple, it shows the death representation pictured in the short story. Death is represented as a bridge between the ghost couple and remembering the moments they spend together. Futhermore, Woolf’s past experiences also influenced her perspectives on death. Woolf experienced the death of her parents, her family members and her friends. She also experienced mental issues which accumulated into several suicide attempt. Moreover, Woolf’s experiences on wars also influenced her perspectives. From all these reasons revealed, Virginia Woolf has different perspectives on death compared to most people and encouraged her readers to believe in sympathy rather than fear.

Keywords: death, perspectives, biography.

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ABSTRAK

SAPUTRO, LUCIANNA. (2020). Virginia Woolf’s Perspectives of Death in Woolf’s “A Haunted House” Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Kematian adalah tamatnya hidup dari seseorang atau mahluk hidup. Di dalam literatur, penulis menggunakan penggambara kematian untuk menyampaikan pendapatnya akan kematian. “A Haunted House” karya Virginia Woolf adalah contoh literatur yang menunjukkan pandangan kematian melalui karakternya. Pandangan kematian juga bisa dilihat dari kehidupan penulis. Untuk itu, peneliti menganalisa karakteristik dari karakter tersebut, mencari penggambaran kematiannya dan mempelajari kehidupan penulis agar menemukan pandangan kematian penulis. Penelitian ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Tujuan pertama adalah mengidentifikasi karakteristik dari karakter yang terlihat di dalam cerita. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk menjelaskan penggambaran kematian melalui karakteristik dari karakter. Tujuan ketiga adalah untuk mencari unsur-unsur yang mempengaruhi pandangan kematian penulis melalui kehidupan penulis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Sumber utama dari penelitian ini adalah cerita “A Haunted House” oleh Virginia Woolf. Sumber sekunder diambil dari artikel-artikel jurnal yang relevan, esai-esai, dan buku- buku yang berkaitan dengan topik penelitian ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan biografis. Enam langkah yang ditempuh dalam melakukan penelitian ini antara lain: pembacaan mendalam, pengusulan hipotesis, peninjauan beberapa studi terkait, pemahaman beberapa teori terkait, menganalisa cerita menggunakan teori karakterisasi dan beberapa teori kematian, dan akhirnya penarikan kesimpulan. Sebagai hasil analisis, “A Haunted House” menunjukkan karakteristik karakter yang setia, memiliki emosi dan baik. Penggambaran kematian terlihat melalui karakteristik si karakter. Kematian digambarkan sebagai jembatan bagi pasangan hantu dan mengingat kembali masa kebersamaan mereka. Kehidupan penulis juga mempengaruhi pandangan kematiannya. Penulis melihat kematian kedua orang tuanya, mengalami masalah mental dan melihat peperangan. Dari semua unsur ini, Virginia Woolf memiliki pandangan yang berbeda akan kematian dan mengajak pembaca untuk percaya akan simpati dari pada kekuatiran.

Kata Kunci: death, perspectives, biography

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Nothing lasts forever in this world. Everything has its own time to end, including life. Life starts from birth and ends with a permanent situation called death. The longer a living creature lives, the more decrease the functions of it’s body. Death is something natural. Ben Bradley in Well-being and Death, said: “Death marks the end of a person’s existence” (Bradley,

2009, p.17).

In literature, death can be pictured through literary works. According to Outi Hakola and Sari Kivisto in Death in Literature said that “Literature can provide us with ways of approaching death and imagining it from different perspectives” (Hakola and Kivisto, 2014, p.4). Authors pictured their perspectives on death through their works, mostly are from the death of a character. Some pictured death as an awful way of ending life and others has their on mind on death. This phenomenon occurred because of their understanding of death.

“The Haunted House” is an example of literary work that shows death in a different way. It was one short story from Woolf’s collection titled

Monday or Tuesday which was published in 1921. This story is in the fantasy genre about an old owner as a ghost couple and the new owner as a living couple occupying the same house. This story was located in a coastal region

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of South-East England at a house in an unidentified location. The time of this story is around the late nineteenth century of the early twentieth century. The title of this short story “A Haunted House” takes a significant impact on the short story. It happens because of the title which directly represent horror, mystery and scary aspects. However, this short story is a love story.

According to Frank H Ellis, biographical criticism involves “The relation between a written work and the biographical experiences of the writer” (Ellis, 2012, p.971). Some events which authors experienced in the past can influence their perspectives toward or regarding something. Authors can express their perspectives through literary works they wrote. Therefore, this study triggers the writer to find the author’s death perspective. In order to find the author’s perspectives of death, the writer use biography criticism and some studies related to death.

In this study, the writer analyzes the characteristics of the ghost couple to find death representation pictured in “A Haunted House”. The writer also analyzes the author’s lifetime through the author’s biography in order to find some evidences which related to death. These evidences are helpful for the writer to identify Woolf’s perspectives on death. In conclusion, this study aims to find Woolf’s death perspectives which can be seen through the characteristics of the ghost couple, the death representation pictured and evidences found in Woolf’s life.

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B. Problem Formulation

To conduct the perspectives of death, these questions are formulated to help analyzing this research:

1. What are the ghost couple’s characteristics in Woolf’s “A Haunted

House”?

2. How does death representation pictured in Woolf’s “A Haunted House”?

3. In what ways does “A Haunted House” represent Woolf’s perspectives of

death?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are three objectives obtained in this study. Based on the problem formulation above, this study aims to identify Woolf’s perspectives of death through the characteristics of the ghost couple, find death representation pictured and Woolf’s biography. In order to find the answers of problem formulation one and two, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization and theories on death. For the problem formulation three, the writer uses biographical theory to find some evidences and show the relation between Woolf’s experiences and her perspectives of death .

D. Definition of terms

To understand more about this research, this part will elaborate more about the term found:

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1. Death

Death is the permanent discontinuation of a living organism which caused by several causes like suicide, aging, accident, starvation, and more.

According to Tyler Volk in his book titled What is Death: A Scientist Looks at the Cycle of Life, he said that the life of human is the gift of life. The death of human is the price for being alive. Volk wrote, “We age, and most of us come to accept the persistent spectre of death as an inevitable part of being alive. It is the price we disburse at the end, a price for the gift of life” (Volk,

2002, p.8). Humans will experience born and death in different ways.

Therefore, each human can see death differently depending on how they lived and their backgrounds.

2. Perspective

Perspective is explained as a point of view or an attitude towards or regarding to something. “Perspective is the way that one looks at something.

It is also an art technique that changes the distance or depth of an object on paper” (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1976).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer presents the review of related studies, the review of related theories, the review of related background and the theoretical framework. Those will help the writer analyse this study.

In the review of related studies, the writer presents two reviews of the

undergraduate thesis by former students of English Letters Department in

Sanata Dharma University and a review from a journal titled Death and

Dying in Literature by Tyler Skelton. In the review of theories, the writer

presents reviews of five theories, they are; characterization theory, three death

theories and biographical theory. In the review of related background, the

writer presents the review of the related background which related in the

study. In theoretical framework, the writer presents an explanation of the

contribution of the reviews and theories for this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

In this part, the writer uses three studies previously done by different

researchers. These three studies consist of two undergraduate thesis and one

journal articles. The writer selected these studies because they have either a

similar topic or object in this study.

The first study is an undergraduate thesis from David R. Widianto

titled Life’s Greatest Lesson Revealed Through Morrie Schwartz’s

Perspective Toward Death As Reflected In Mitch Albom’s Tuesdays With

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Morrie: An Old Man, A Young Man, & Life’s Greatest Lesson. In this study,

Widianto revealed the greatest lesson of life from Morrie Schwartz’s perspectives of death. Therefore, this study is significant and useful for this recent study. It is because this study and the recent study, theyare related to death, especially in perspectives of death. Widianto explained in his introduction about the idea of death which is the end of human’s life. This study attempts to analyze the main character, Morrie Schwartz, who suffered and dying because of a rare illness. He also revealed the meaning of life’s greatest lesson through Morrie’s perspective toward death. Morrie’s characteristic and experiences can influenced him in shaping his perspectives of death.

In conducting his research, Widianto uses the theory of character and characterization, which describes the characteristics of the character. The characteristics of a character as seen by another, speech, past life, the conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and from the manner of the character itself. He also used the theory of death and the theory of dying. In his first problem formulation, he describes the characteristics of

Morrie, which are an acceptant person, an inspiring person, a reflective person, and a wise person. He also mentions Morrie’s experience with death, especially both his parents. Not only experience both his parents, but Morrie also experience dying because of his seriously rare illness. The second of

Widianto’s problem formulation, he elaborates the greatest lesson on life revealed through Morrie’s characteristics and experiences. He explains

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Morris’s characteristics and experiences that occurred in his life, which influences his perspectives of death.

“Because life is meaningless without death, and death is something which makes life becomes meaningful. By accepting and reflecting to our death, we will find the meaning and values of our life.” (Widianto, 2011, pp.52)

The aim which Widianto wants to share is to explore life greatest’s lesson from a dying older man named Morris. From Morris’s perspective, people can learn and find meanings and values and live their lives in meaningful ways.

There are similarities between this related study above with this recent study. Both of them aims to find the perspectives of death revealed in the literary works. They also have the same topic on death which make this related study helpful to this recent study. Besides of these similarities, there are several differences between both of them. This related study aims to find the character’s perspectives of death by using the theory of character and characterization, while this recent study aims to find the author’s perspectives of death through the lifetime of the author. This related study also revealed the life greatest’s lesson which is different from this recent study because the aims of both studies are not similar.

The second reviewed study is from Margaretha Ratna Soesanti titled A

Socio-historical Study of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dolloway: Critical Comments on the Impacts of the First World War Toward the English Society. In this study, Soesanti focuses her thesis in analyzes the setting and the character of

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Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dolloway (Clarissa Dolloway and Septimus Warren

Smith). This study intents to understand the setting of the novel, to analyze the characteristics of the main characters and to reveal the novel’s critical comments on the Impacts of the First World War toward the English society seen through the presentation of the setting and characters. The theories which help the author in conducting this study are the theory of setting, character and characterization and the socio-historical approach.

In her study, she conducted the problem formulation into three parts.

The first one was the description of settings in Woolf’s Mrs Dolloway.

Soesanti explaining the settings into two ways, the setting of place and time and the setting of society presented in the novel. However, she explained it more and in detail on the society. In her second problem formulation,

Soesanti elaborates the main characters appeared in the novel. They are

Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith. The writer of this study has several reasons for choosing these main characters. Accordingly, this novel has a great connection on the character of Clarrisa Dalloway, and these characters are influential to each other to fulfil the meaning of the story. “It mean, if one of these two characters is dismissed, the story will lose its meaning and the message of the story cannot be conveyed thoroughly.”

(Soesanti,2004,pp.46). Therefore, these two characters are chosen to fulfil the appeal of the story. She also provided detail explanations of each of the main characters. The third problem formulation is related to the novel’s critical comment on the impacts of World War I toward the English society. She

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explains several comments which were seen through the presentation of the setting and characters of Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith. To wrapped her analysis, she concludes that through the presentation of its setting, character and the review of the English society during the World War

I, the novel criticizes in woman’s position, the cruelty of war, and the gap between the rich (the upper class) and the poor (the low class).

Although this related study did not discuss the same topic on death, this related study is helful on supporting the recent study. The objects on both studies are writen by the same author, Virginia Woolf. Both studies also discuss more on the character in the literary works by using theory of character and characterization. Futhermore, both studies also discuss on wars which happened around Woolf’s life. Wars are influential to Woolf in term of perspectives. However, they are all have different topics. The approach on both studies are also different. The second related studies is focused on the social and historical events happened around Woolf’s life, while this recent study focused on Woolf’s personal life, especially concerning on death.

The third related study is a journal titled Death and dying in literature by John Skelton. This journal is concerning about how death and dying are represented in literature. He stated that most literature in English language tradition use an illustrate themes. Some authors give their personal opinion on death; some use literature to imaginated reader’s thoughts about death; and some treat death as a literary device.

“Death is also an inescapable destiny for each of us as individuals and, for this reason, has always permeated our thoughts at all levels,

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from the immediate sense of devastation that personal bereavement gives us to the ways in which we manage the fact of death by pushing it onto the surface, as familiarly and comfortably spooky as the deaths in Hammer horror films.” (Skelton, 2003, p. 2016)

Death is an inevitable aspect which each of individuals has to face.

Death pictured in literary works touches reader’s emotions and can be consider as its greatest characteristic. It can blind readers to be more sentimental. Death in literature is a varied thing, just as death in society. The other use of literature is to help people to become more open about their concerns and their worries. It help them to talk about their feelings. This journal is helpful on supporting the recent study. In “A Haunted House”, the ghost couple has become a literary device to elaborate death. Woolf’s lifetime also triggered her to be more open about her feelings.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

According to Merriam –Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, characterization is “the representation in fiction or drama of human character or personality” (1995, p. 229). While, Jack Reams, in his thesis, elaborate characterization as “any action by the author or taking place within a work that is used to give description of a character” (2015, p. 4). Therefore, characterization is reliable to revel the personalities of the characters for this study in order to identify the characteristics of the characters in the story.

Murtagh John Murphy in his book Understanding Unseens: An

Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students,

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he describes ways of analyzing the characters in a story. There are personal

description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of

others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms. However,

personal description, conversation of others and direct comment are not used

because there is no evidence from the short story that shows the application

of those two methods. The other six methods are used to identify the

characteristics of the characters, namely: a) Character as seen by Another

The author is able to describe a character through the eyes and

opinions of other characters in a story (Murphy, 1972, p. 162). The author

describes a person through what others see and think about the person. In

another words, the author gives the reader a reflected image of a person and

impressions of the character described. b) Speech

“Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with

another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to

his character” (Murphy, 1972, p. 164). The author gives an insight through a

person’s says whenever he/she speaks, having conversation with others, and

gives opinion. This is the way how the author gives some clue to the reader

about the character. c) Reactions

The author gives the reader a clue to know the person’s reaction to

various situations and and events.

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d) Thoughts

The author tells the reader directly about what a person is thinking

about. The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking

about (Murphy, 1972, p. 171). e) Mannerisms

The author can give us clues about a person’s character through

her/his mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies (Murphy, 1972, p.173). The

author describes a person’s behaviors, habits and their mannerism which can

elaborate who the character is and also provide clues of their position in the

story. f) Past life

The author giving the reader clues about the character’s past life in

order to influence in shaping a person’s character.

According to Murphy, these are some of ways on how an author

describes his characters and the writer will apply them for the analysis of this

study. These six ways are helpful for the writer in order to analyse the the

main characters in “A Haunted House”, they are: character as seen by

another, speech, reactions, thoughts, mannerisms, and past life.

2. Death Theories

Some death theories are applied in this study to find the author’s

perspectives of death, they are:

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a. Death Representation

Death is an inevitable aspect in every living creatures on earth. In literature, death could be found in different contexts. The relation between literature and death exists. However, the comprehension about death are different depended on their contexts and writers.

“The relation between literature and death exists, it is permanent and complex but, isolated from any literary and/or theoretical context, as death representation in literature neither translates the courage of facing death, nor shows indifference towards death.” (Teoderescu, 2015, p. 70)

According to Adriana Teoderescu in Death Representations in

Literature, there are two major cultural perceptivities on representation, mimesis and semiosis. A Platonic representation called Mimesis or imitation is elaborate as:

“To all intents and purposes, the represented object or phenomenon was inferior to the represented reality – be it the case of an artistic or literary work, a background, any object or, speaking in Plato’s sense, the being itself.” (Teodorescu, 2015, p. 55)

Meanwhile, semiosis from the French post- structuralist movement is different, from representation as imitation to representation as self- representation. Therefore, representation do not maintain the object but betraying it. Theorists like Antoine Compagnon (1998) and Umberto Eco

(1994) said that representation is not a thuthful copy of reality which developing distinct features and characteristics but it’s capable of bringing the possibilty of its own cognition.

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“In other words, both ideas that literature neutralizes the knowledge of death, projecting the reader into an environment of immortality as a result of activating the anti-thanatic forces of language (as a means of building literature or due to other mechanisms of literature that develop a disrupting relation with reality) and the fact that death may be perfectly illustrated by literature, becoming a direct source, beyond any literarity are false for anthropologists or historians of death if they are analyzed to their full extent.” (Teodorescu, 2015, p. 70)

The literary representation of death is not exclusively on the side of

mimesis, but also cannot be subjected only to the representation understood as

semiosis. Therefore, both ideas is nuetral depending on the background or the

knowledge of the person or the reader.

“The relationship between language and death seems appropriate for a study starting from death towards language – observing those features of death, which participate in language structuring and functioning, but, symmetrically, from language towards death – in the sense of capturing the linguistic nature of death.” (Teodorescu, 2015, p.56)

Language, on the other hands, is the important part of analyse the

death relation. Therefore, its can be seen by observing the features of death. b. Writing in the Shadow of Death

The analysis by Agnieszka Kaczmarek about writing in the shadow of

death allowed us to see the reality behind death. She analyze author’s

experiences of “loss” and “mourning” while producing literary works. These

experiences may influenced authors with unstable emotional and thinking. In

her analysis, she found three different authors with different literary traditions

and time periods.

“What binds the above quotes is the architecture of melancholy incurred by loss, the night of mourning that enveloped these people at

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the moment their beloved passed away: mothers and a husband, respectively, and the lost of relationship which formed the bedrock of their existence.” (Kaczmarek, 2015, p. 25)

The loss of their beloved can influenced their writing. Emotions of

mourning provides a new life with writing as its main reference point.

“Disclosing the most intimate space of human emotions, the literary traces

with their roots in the context of the inevitable, scarred by the experience of

death, have a powerful effect.” (Kaczmarek, 2015, p. 25). c. Death Representations and the Afterlife

In Death Representations in Literature, Karin Kokorski said that death

is not the end of the living but the next great adventure. She elaborates more

about the existence of the afterlife in fiction literature. She believed that death

representation in fiction literature is the perfect way to tell children and young

adults about the idea of death and afterlife. By using the fantasy genre, the

reader can easily imagine things better and define the concepts of death. This

genre allows authors to become more creative and imaginative to elaborate on

images of death and the afterlife. They can also project their hopes and

dreams into their works. “In depicting a topic such as death, the authors face

fundamental questions of humankind and try to enlighten the reader in an

uncondescending and uncomplicated way.” (Kokorski, 2015, pp. 341).

In her writing, Kokorski analyses three different depictions of death

and afterlife, C. S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia, The Last Battle, P. C.

Cast and Kristin Cast’s House of Night and J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter.

These works have a different death representation from one another.

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However, the main focus is on the protagonist’s attitudes towards death and dying. This statement leads to the possibility of the reader to think the potential of the afterlife. “Despite the differences in their representations of death, the selected authors display the reality of an afterlife and the eternity of the soul in their stories.” (Kokorski, 2015, pp.342)

Therefore, literature itself functions not only as a tool of education and socialization but also a consolation and giving their (young) readers hopes. It is also helping readers to surpress their anxieties about death which leads to a positive outlook in the future.

3. Biographical Criticism

Biographical criticism is seen as a reflection of its author’s life and time. It is related to historical-biographical criticism which has been evolving through time to time. The basic tenets are referring to the writings of

Hippolyte A. Taine, a nineteenth-century critic from France. The word

“criticism” refers to ways of analyzing and interprets a work of literature.

While the word “Biography” refers to an author’s background and life. In other words, biographical criticism is an analysis of a writer’s biography to show the relationship between the author’s life and their works of literature.

According to A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature by

Wilfred L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John

R. Willingham, it stated that “This approach sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a reflection of its author's life and times or the life and

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times of the characters in the work” (Guerin et al, 2004, pp. 51). This approach elaborates through many examples. They, mainly, were elaborate on theories through poems and novels.

A novel can be more meaningful when it is related to the surrounding and what the author understood at the time. The connection between the literary work and history can create a sense in which the author is interested in the character. Some stories like James Fenimore Cooper’s Last of the

Mohicans, Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe, Charles Dickens’s Tale of Two Cities, and John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath are better to be understood by readers who are familiar with the French and Indian War, Anglo-Norman Britain, the

French Revolution and the American Depression. These stories also applied more to ideological or propagandist novels.

Another story like Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Frank

Norris’s The Octopus, and Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, also familiar for those who know the antebellum South, railroad expansion in the late nine- tenth century, and scandals in the American meat-packing industry in the early twentieth century.

“Novels may lend themselves somewhat more readily than lyric poems to this particular interpretive approach; they usually treat a broader range of experience than poems do and thus are affected more by extrinsic factors” (Guerin et al, 2004, pp.52)

Novels and stories are suitable to be analyzed through this approach. It is because stories elaborate more than poems do. Stories also provide more comprehensive details on how the work itself told. Then, it has become more

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compatible because stories have extrinsic factors which very suitable for analyzing by biographical criticism.

C. Reviews of Related Background

1. The Author’s Background

Adeline Virginia Woolf, known as Virginia Woolf, experienced many ups and downs in her life. Her life spanned through Victorian and modern times. She born in the year of Charles Darwin and Dante Gabriel Rossetti died in 1882. She also experienced living through war situations like The

Boer War (1899-1902), The Great War (1914-1918), The Spanish Civil War

(1936) and the beginning of the Second World War (1939). There is also a development and accessibility of transportation and visible and invisible communications.

Early life, she came from a well-to-do parent with a large connection.

She was born into a very communicative, literate, letter writing family in the late nineteenth-century world. She has four siblings from her father and her mother own marriage in the past, Laura, George, Stella and Gerard. Then, her father and her mother married to each other and have another four children born to them, Vanessa, Thoby, and Adrian. Virginia was the third of four children.

Even though she did not educate in school like her brothers, she was educated at home. Her father, Sir Leslie Stephen, was a Victorian author and critic. He taught Virginia and Vanessa and shaped their intellectual

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foundations and told them to roam freely. In her early age, she was given daily supervision in reading, writing, and translation.

All her life, she always remembers details of her memories and expressed it through the literary works she produced. She remembers the time of historical events. She wrote it and also expressing her primal childhood moments. In her final age, she remembers the last memory she had and produced a novel.

“Woolf wrote her final novel, Between the Acts (1941), and her final memoir, then, under a sky darkened by warfare; and under such a sky her writing constitutes, for her then and us now, a life-affirming act.” (Goldman, 2006, pp.3)

Despite her right side of memories, she also experiences lots of funerals and losing close people around her. The death of her mother, Julia

Prinsep Stephen, in May 1895, and her family endured a depressed period of mourning. Another death also comes from her half-sister, Stella, in 1897 while pregnant. Then, in 1904, another bad news coming from Stephen household, Leslie Stephen died. It shocks everyone. Again, with the tragic death of her brother, Thoby, in 1906 suffered from typhoid. This hit Virginia the most and followed by her aunt’s death in 1909. Virginia, still, experienced losing her friends from Hogarth Press, her fellows Bloomsbury and her nephew, Julian. These deaths take a significant impact on Virginia’s life.

When the time of her father died in 1904, she suffered a severe suicidal breakdown. She also suffered mental health through her life. It impacts her perspectives of death which she experienced several funerals.

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In 1912, Virginia married Leonard Woolf, whom she had met first in

1901 in Thoby’s room in Cambridge. The year after they married, Leonard produced The Village in the Jungle, which based on his own experiences. He influenced his wife to produce a fictional colonial setting, The Voyage Out.

Even after her marriage, Virginia suffered another mental breakdown and attempt of suicide.It happened several times through her marriage. Leonard was an essential person in Woolf’s life. He became her inspirations to her not only her marriage but also to her creations of literary works. She mentions that her love for her husband “inviolable centre”, which means irreplaceable.

“While Smyth eclipsed Sackville-West in Woolf’s affections, her marriage to Leonard was as ever emotionally central, comfortable, and conducive to her creative productivity, as well as to her intellectual reflection and relaxation.” (Goldman, 2006, pp.21)

The feelings of her husband also mention in her very own diary, which indicates the sense of marital harmony and deep companionship. After their marriage, Virginia still struggles with her mental issues. Her husband,

Leonard, also help her overcome the issues. Besides, wars also increasing due to economic and politic problems; the most severe ones were the Second

World War. Sadly, on 28 March 1941, fearing a return of her insanity at this dark pass in the war, Virginia Woolf committed suicide by drowning herself in the River Ouse.

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D. Theoretical Framework

To answer the problem formulation of this study, some theories are needed to conduct the analysis. There are five theories which the writer used.

The first theory that the writer uses is the theory of character and characterization by Murtagh John Murphy. In order to answer the first problem formulation, the writer uses this theory to analyze the characteristics of the ghost couple in the short story.

Besides the theory of Character and Characterization, there are three death theories that are used in this study. These theories enables the writer to get a clear view on the death representation. They are theory of death representation, death representation and the afterlife and writing in the shadow of death by Adriana Teodorescu, Agnieszka Kaczmarek, and Karin

Kokorski. These theories are important to provide death representations depicted in the short story.

Lastly, the writer use the biographical criticism in A Handbook of

Critical Approaches to Literature: Six Edition, written by Wilfred L. Guerin,

Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John R. Willingham. To see the Woolf’s perspectives of death, identifying Woolf’s life is useful because perspectives of death are shaped by experiences which involve death and situation of the era.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer presents the methodology of this study which consists of three parts. They are the object of the study, the approach of the study, and the method of the study. In the object of the study, the writer gives the description of the work of the study. The writer also explains the approach of the study which the writer uses to analyze the work of study. On last part, the writer elaborate the procedure taken in analyzing the work in the method of the study.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a fiction short story written by Virginia

Woolf titled “A Haunted House”. This short story published in 1921 with another Woolf’s short stories; “Monday or Tuesday”, “An Unwritten Novel”,

“The String Quartet”, “Kew Garden” and the last one is “The Mark on the

Wall”. These short stories were combined into one collection titled Monday or Tuesday. Then, the collection was being added up with another six short stories which appeared in magazines between 1922 until 1941. Again, another six short stories were combined into this collection.

After Woolf tragic death in 1941, her husband Leonard Woolf combined all 12 Woolf’s short stories into one and produced it as a book. He published the book through his publisher, Hogarth Press in January 1944.

This book titled A Haunted House and Other Short Stories.

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“A Haunted House” is a modernist story about the conversation of the couple which formed as ghosts in a living couple house. In the story, the narrator described the house where she and her partner live. The narrator and her partner claim to be able to hear the ghostly couple talking to each other.

“Here we left it,’ she said. Furthermore, he added, ‘Oh, but here too!’ ‘It’s upstairs,’ she murmured. ‘And in the garden,’ he whispered. ‘Quietly,’ they said, ‘or we shall wake them.’” (Woolf, 1921, pp. 1). The ghostly couple was looking for something inside the house.

B. Approach of the Study

The writer chose biographical approach because it is suitable for this study. It was taken from the book A Handbook of Critical Approaches to

Literature: Six Edition, written by Wilfred L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee

Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John R. Willingham. “Put simply, this approach sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a reflection of its author’s life and times or the life and times of the characters in the work.”

(Guerin et al, 2004, pp.51)

According to this approach, the author’s experience in the past could determine every decision in his or her life. However, experiences were not the only important matter, but also times and events which happen during the author’s life. These aspects can effect on the writing and the characters in work.

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The writer chose this approach because in Woolf’s life, there are so many experiences which can influence Woolf’s mindset. These thinking could lead Woolf on taking any decisions and how she deals everything in her life. However, the experiences in which the writer found only concerning about death. These death experiences in Woolf’s life are useful and help the current writer to analyze Woolf’s perspectives of death. Therefore, this approach is suitable for this study.

It is reasonable to use biographical criticism because of Woolf’s experiences during her lifetime was very important. For examples, her background as a daughter of a Victorian critic, her marriage with Leonard

Woolf, her experiences dealing with many death in her surroundings, and her insight of wars around her. These experiences can affect her life and made a considerable impact on Woolf’s writing.

C. Method of the Study

The procedure taken for this study is library research. Therefore, all the data are obtained from documents derived from both online and offline.

The primary source of this work is the work itself, titled “A Haunted House”, written by Virginia Woolf. The secondary sources are taken from a relevant journal, articles, and books related to the topic of this study. Other relevant sources are from Undestanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel, for Overseas Students by M.J Murphy, Adriana

Teodorescu’s Death Representations in Literature: Forms and Theories; Ben

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Bradley’s Well-Being and Death; Bernard Blackstone’s Virginia Woolf;

Frank H. Ellis’s The Biographical Problem in Literary Criticism; Harold

Perkin’s The Origins of English People Society; Jane Goldman’s The

Cambridge Introductions to Virginia Woolf; Michael Alexander’s A History of English Literature; Outi Hakola & Sari Kivisto’s Death in Literature;

Tyler Volk’s What is Death? A Scientist Looks at the Cycle of Life; Wilfred

L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John R.

Willingham’s A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature: Six Edition.

The followings were the steps that the writer took in conducting this research.

Firstly, the writer read the object of study, “A Haunted House”. While reading the short story, the writer concerned on the main characters and took some notes in order to highlight some important information.

Secondly, the writer formulated three research questions in order to find the author’s perspectives of death as the aims of this study. The first research question dealt with the position of the characters in the stories. The second research question related on the death representation depicted in the short story. The third research question discussed on the author’s life which shows the author’s perspectives of death. In order to find the author’s perspectives of death, biographical approch was chosen as the suitable approch since it was discussed though the author’s life.

Thirdly, some related studies were reviewed. The reviewed related studies included two theses and a journal articles which either have the same

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topic or similar topic with this recent study. The related studies were useful in order to providing more perspectives and insights in supporting this recent study.

Fourthly, some related theories were studied. This was done in order to find the suitable theories for supporting this study. Therefore, theory of character and characterization and some death theories were studied. The death theories are the Death Representation, the Afterlife, and Writing in the

Shadow of Death.

Fifthly, the writer elaborated the answers of the problem formulations.

For the first question, the writer collected the evidences from the short story and analyzed it. For the second question, the writer discussed the position of the character in order to find the death representation depicted in the short story by applying death theories. For the last question, the writer discovered the evidences from the author’s life regarding the third questions and then analyzed it.

Lastly, the writer drew conlusions of the whole analysis. This final step provided the answers from the problem formulations and summarized the whole results of the analysis.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer present the analysis of this study in order to answer questions stated in the problem formulation in chapter one. This chapter is divided into three subchapters. The first subchapter explains about the characteristics of the ghost couple in the short story. This subchapter analyzes the ghost couple by applying the character and characterization theory. The second subchapter is analyzes death representations pictured in the short story. The use of three death studies mention above are important in order to find death representations in the short story. The last subchapter is analyzing Woolf’s life in order to find the Woolf’s perspectives of death in the short story. The author found influences which influencential to Woolf’s perspective towards death. To do this, the writer use biographical criticism and death studies.

A. The characteristics of the ghost couple in “A Haunted House”

In order to analyze the first problem formulation more clearly, the writer provides the caracteristics of the ghost couple. These characteristics of the ghost couple can help the writer to find death representations in the short story. This sub-chapter use the theory of Character and Characterization in order to find the characteristics of the ghost couple in the short story. By

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using six ways of Murphy’s characterization theory, the writer devide the part into six sub-parts.

1. Characters as Seen by Another

In Murphy’s theory, opinions of another character in the story are important to reveal the characteristics of a certain character. In Woolf’s “A

Haunted House”, there are two couple of main characters, the ghost couple and the living couple. As already mention above, the ghost couple was the previous owner of the house which the living couple lived. There are no evidences on how the ghost couple looks like. However, the living couple mentions several describtions of the house where the couple lived. The ghost couple were wandering around the house looking for a thing called “The light in the heart”.

The narrator was described as one of the living couple, claims that he/ she was able to hear the ghost couple talking to each other.

“"Here we left it," she said. And he added, "Oh, but here too!" "It's upstairs," she murmured. "And in the garden," he whispered. "Quietly," they said, "or we shall wake them."” (Woolf, 2011, p. 3)

However, the living couple is not able see the ghost couple. “But they had found it in the drawing room. Not that one could ever see them.” (Woolf,

2011, p.3). From this quatation, the living couple can not see what the ghost couple looks like. They can only see that things inside the house are moving.

“Wandering through the house, opening the windows, whispering not to wake us, the ghostly couple seek their joy” (Woolf, 2011, p. 3). One of the living

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couple, as the narrator of the story, describe the situation and the condition around the house.

From the description above, it can be concluded that one of the living couple, as the narrator of the story, is unable to see the ghost couple.

However, the living couple could hear them having a conversation to each other. This is very contrary to the reality. Human can not see or even hear ghosts.

2. Speech

The second way of potraying the character is by speech. The writer can identify the characteristics of certain characters in the story by observing their speech. The conversation which characters are involved can also give clues to their position. In the short story, the living couple is able to hear the ghost couple talking to each other.

“"Here we slept," she says. And he adds, "Kisses without number." "Waking in the morning—" "Silver between the trees—" "Upstairs—" "In the garden—" "When summer came—" "In winter snowtime—" The doors go shutting far in the distance, gently knocking like the pulse of a heart.” (Woolf, 2011, p. 3)

From the quatation above, the living couple can hear the ghost couple’s conversation. They are certainly looking for something. As already mentions above, the ghost couple is the old owner of the house. Therefore, they are very much familiar with the house. They are gaining their memories together back while searching for something inside the house.

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Here we left our treasure—" Stooping, their light lifts the lids upon my eyes. "Safe! safe! safe!" the pulse of the house beats wildly. Waking, I cry "Oh, is this your buried treasure? The light in the heart."” (Woolf, 2011, p. 4)

This quatation above is the other evidence. As a couple, they are reunited inside the house looking for “The light in the heart”. Therefore, the ghost couple understand that the house is important to them because of time they spend together while they were alive. On the other hands, by hearing the ghost couple’s conversation, the living couple understand what the ghost couple looking for. They are memories of the ghost couple spend together in the house.

3. Reactions

The next method used in identifying characteristics of a character is

by studying how the characters reacts to the situations or events in the story.

In “A Haunted House”, the living couple is aware of the ghost couple’s

existence. They also confuse on what the ghost couple are looking for. In

addition, there are reactions from the ghost couple and the living couple as

the narrator of the story.

In the beginning of the story, the living couple feel the presence of the

ghost couple. “Whatever hour you woke there was a door shutting. From

room to room they went, hand in hand, lifting here, opening there, making

sure” (Woolf, 2011, p. 3). This quatation means that the living couple

describe things inside the house are moving . “But it wasn't that you woke

us. Oh, no. "They're looking for it; they're drawing the curtain,"” (Woolf,

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2011, p. 3). The living couple confused and presume that the ghost couple

already found what they are looking for.

In the last paragraph, the living couple realize what is the ghost couple

looking for by hearing their conversation. They are emotionally touched by

the ghost couple.

“"Safe, safe, safe," the heart of the house beats proudly. "Long years—" he sighs. "Again you found me." "Here," she murmurs, "sleeping; in the garden reading; laughing, rolling apples in the loft. Here we left our treasure—" Stooping, their light lifts the lids upon my eyes. "Safe! safe! safe!" the pulse of the house beats wildly. Waking, I cry "Oh, is this your buried treasure? The light in the heart."” (Woolf, 2011, p. 4)

“The light in the heart” is describe as moments the ghost couple spend

together when they were alive. In conclusion, the living couple is aware of

their existence inside the house. Their reactions are usual because they did

not feel fear or threated by them. However, they were emotionally increased

by the conversation of the ghost couple and what they are looking for “The

light in the heart”. The author was intentionally do this because she wants to

increase emotional feelings rather than fear.

4. Thoughts

Another way of idetifying the characteristics of a character is by thoughts. This method describes a character through what the character is thinking about. In the short story, the living couple is confused about the reason why the ghost couple wandering around their house.

“Oh, no. "They're looking for it; they're drawing the curtain," one might say, and so read on a page or two. "Now they've found it," one

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would be certain, stopping the pencil on the margin. And then, tired of reading, one might rise and see for oneself, the house all empty, the doors standing open, only the wood pigeons bubbling with content and the hum of the threshing machine sounding from the farm. "What did I come in here for? What did I want to find?" My hands were empty. "Perhaps it's upstairs then?" The apples were in the loft. And so down again, the garden still as ever, only the book had slipped into the grass.” (Woolf, 2011, p.3)

From the quatation above, the living couple also wandering the house looking for what the ghost couple want to find. They were uncertain with the situation and tried to solve the puzzle on their own. One of them presume that the ghost couple already found it, one might not. Still, they are still confused.

Therefore, the living couple is curious and tried to find what the ghost couple looking for.

5. Mannerisms

The other method used in identifying the characteristics of the characters in the story is mannerisms. The character’s ways of behaving and their attitudes can give clues of their position in the short story. In the short story, the ghost couple were looking for something inside the house. They are wandering around the house, opening the door and and lifting things.

However, they are not intentionally wants to distrub the living couple. It is seen in their conversation heard by the living couple. “"Here we left it," she said. And he added, "Oh, but here too!" "It's upstairs," she murmured. "And in the garden," he whispered. "Quietly," they said, "or we shall wake them."”

(Woolf, 2011, p. 3). The male ghost whispered not to wake the living couple when they were in their sleep.

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On the other hands, the living couple also aware that the ghost couple did not want to distrub them. Therefore, they did not afraid of them.

“Wandering through the house, opening the windows, whispering not to wake us, the ghostly couple seek their joy.” (Woolf, 2011, p. 3). This situation is most likely different with the real world. The author wants to combine two different characters into one story.

6. Past Life

The last method used in identifying the characteristics of a character in the story is past life. The character’s past life can give clues on their characteristics in the short story. In “A Haunted House”, the author mention some evidences about the ghost couple’s past life. However, there is no evidence on the living couple past life. The ghost couple were describe as unseen creatures that wandering around the house looking for something inside the house.

“Death was the glass; death was between us; coming to the woman first, hundreds of years ago, leaving the house, sealing all the windows; the rooms were darkened. He left it, left her, went North, went East, saw the stars turned in the Southern sky; sought the house, found it dropped beneath the Downs.” (Woolf, 2011, p. 3)

The woman of the ghost couple was died first in the house long before the living couple lived in the house. The male of the ghost couple still alive, left the house and traveled far away. Then, he died eventually. “The Downs” in the short story, are an open area in Bristol, England. Moreover, The quotation above give a clue about the ghost couple past life. Before the woman died, they lived together as a couple in the house. When they become

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ghosts and wandering around the house, they recognised the house and remember their moments they spend together.

“"Long years—" he sighs. "Again you found me." "Here," she murmurs, "sleeping; in the garden reading; laughing, rolling apples in the loft. Here we left our treasure—" Stooping, their light lifts the lids upon my eyes.” (Woolf, 2011, p. 4)

The ghost couple wants to remember their time together because their moments were precious to them.

B. Death Representations in “A Haunted House”

Death is a condition where all living organisms experience a permanent discontinuation. In literature, authors use “death” in their works to express their thoughts about human lives and death. By using the fantasy genre, authors can use their creativity and imaginative minds to interpret

“death” in the literary works. These interpretations of death were presented to readers as transparent and communicative as possible. It is also interpreted to reduce the ambiguity.

The title of the short story “A Haunted House” also giving a horror or dark theme. Although the story itsel is a romantic love story. Woolf’s intentions is pure, to make the reader believe more in sympathy rather than fear. AdrianaTeodorescu in her book Death Representations in Literature, she analyzed death in literature in many sights and perspectives. She said that there are two cultural apprehensions on representation. there are from

Platonic sides of imitation or mimesis. The idea of imitation is that the

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represented object or phenomenon was inferior to the reality. However, semiosis from French post-structuralist movement stated that representation is a self-representation. Therefore, behind each of ideas reflected the cultural illusions. The cultural illusions (a man and death) generated by the idea of literary representation of death which is inevitable and dangerous.

The relation between literature and death exists. In “A Haunted

House”, it express the reality that records the past time and improvised it with the aesthetic versions. “Death”, in the short story, represent the aesthetic aspects which make the story more to love story rather than a horror story. In addition, “The Downs” mentioned in the short story is a real place located in

England which means that the author has been there. It can be from the experience or events which happened through the author’s life. On the other hands, the object that the ghost couple search “The light of the heart” is reflected as memories the ghost couple spend together. Therefore, the reality was projected into the story.

According to Kokorski in Death is but The Next Great Adventure, the fantasy genre opens a different door to elaborate more on the concepts of death. In some aspects like creativity also take an essential part of this genre.

As for the authors, fantasy genre allows them to make a specific image of death and afterlife and projected their perspectives, hopes and dreams onto

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their literary works. “In depicting a topic such as death, the authors face fundamental questions of humankind and try to enlighten the reader in an uncondescending and uncomplicated way.” (Kokorski, 2015, pp. 341) As an author, it is vital to deliver a message to the reader as clearly as possible.

Authors projected their death opinions through their hopes and dreams onto their works. In the fantasy genre, it is a suitable platform to spread variety of concepts to what the author offer.

This ghost couple is the representation of the “afterlife”. It shows that the representation of the “afterlife” formed as the ghost couple was intentionally be done by the author. However, the living couple cannot see them but they can hear them. “But they had found it in the drawing room. Not that one could ever see them.” (Woolf, 2011, p. 3). The fact that the living couple and the ghost couple were told in the same time, the author wants to emphasize the sympathy feeling rather than fear. Therefore, the story was not a horror story but a love story.

In the sub-chapter above, the writer analyze the characteristics of the ghost couple in “A Haunted House”. The living couple can not see the ghost couple. However, they can hear them. It is very different from the reality.

From their speech, the writer also found that the house is important to the ghost couple. The living also understand it because they can hear them having conversation. From their reactions, the living couple aware of the existence of the ghost couple. However, they did afraid of them. Instead, they are emotionally increased. In the story, it stated clearly that the ghost couple is

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wandering around the house looking for something. The living couple thinks, confused and also wandering for what the ghost couple looking for. In the end, they understand it. The ghost couple also did not want to distrub the living couple. From this point, the writer concluded that the ghost couple is harmless and the living couple did not feel disturbed or afraid of them. In the short story, it shows clearly that the ghostly couple is a couple which experienced death in the past. They occupied the house before the living couple. Therefore, when they come back as ghosts, they remind their memories they spend together in the house “The light in the house”. From all of this, it can be conclude that the death represented in “A Haunted House” is not like in the reality. Death is a way of get back together as depicted by the ghost couple and remembering the moments they spend together. It is pure a love story, concerning with symphaty and feelings.

The last death theory focus on the reasons behind the literary work. In

Agnieszka Kaczmarek’s Writing in the Shadow of Death, the feeling of mourning and loss could project the idea of death which the author expressed it through literary works.

“What binds the above quotes is the architecture of melancholy incurred by loss, the night of mourning that enveloped these people at the moment their beloved passed away: mothers and a husband, respectively, and the lost of relationship which formed the bedrock of their existence.” (Kaczmarek, 2015, p. 25)

In Virginia Woolf’s life, she experienced the state of mourning and loss several times which effected her literary works. In her lifetime, she loss her parents and another family members. Her parents had an important roles

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to Woolf’s life because they shapped her foundation and intellectual aspects.

Woolf’s experiences which influences her perspectives of death will be elaborate more in the following sub-chapter.

C. The Factors which Influenced the Author’s Perspectives of Death

In this part, the writer provided two important reasons which affected the author’s perspective of death. There are Woolf’s own experiences toward death, her struggles on mental issues and wars which happened in Woolf’s life. These factors were influential to her perspectives of death.

1. The Author’s Experience in Death

Virginia Woolf experience deaths in her life. According to Jeff

Malpas in his book Death and Philosophy (1999), death is a strong and inevitable arrival. Every human have a different concept of death, and it is based on the experiences or the feeling which one has done. It can be sadness, fear or even release and thankfulness. However, in this case, the acceptance of death in Woolf’s life was full of sorrow and sadness.

On the other hand, this personal thinking was important to determine how life can be. It is crucial because in Woolf’s life, death leads to her personally thinking, which she expresses it through her literary work, mostly in her stories. The death of people she cares devastated and affected her, which impacts her writing and her mental health. These deaths are her relatives, including both of her parents and her siblings. She also experiences the death of some of her friends inside and outside the Bloomsbury members.

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There are many psychological theories which concerned about the relation between children and their parent. These psychological theories mention several times how important does parents into their children’s life.

According to a paper by Ava Gail Cas, Elizabeth Frankenberg, Wayan

Suriastini and Duncan Thomas titled The Impact of Parental Death on Child

Wellbeing; they analyse the effects on a child of losing a parent which resulted from a child behaviour.

“A parent’s death typically ends a child’s relationship with someone of central emotional importance, with the attendant potential for straining his or her relationship with the remaining parent or caregiver; worsening the family’s economic status and living situation; creating pressure to take on responsibilities of the dead parent, and isolating the child from friends (Cas et al, 2011, pp.3).”

A close relationship with both parents is a key to a child mental, emotions and wellbeing. These aspects were the foundations of life which a child needs to survive on their own in the future. Parents are important to children’s life, especially when the children were very close to their parents.

In Woolf’s life, she close to both of her parents, Julia and Leslie. As a daughter of a very known family, it is important to always to be there when their parents need. Moreover, Woolf relationship to her mother was conveniet and intimate. Most of her childhood, Julia was there for her. Julia was the centre of the household. Furthermore, both her parents contributed to

Virginia’s education. However, it was Stephen who shaped her intellectual foundations. While her father was shaping her education and her intellectual, her mother, Julia, was preparing her readiness to become a wife. Julia, indeed, was important to Virginia.

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“It was her mother, however, who was, as Woolf later recalled, ‘in the very centre of that great Cathedral space which was childhood . . . the creator of that crowded merry world . . . there it always was, the common life of the family, very merry, very stirring, crowded with people; and she was the centre’ (MOB 75).” (Goldman,2006,pp.6)

According to Goldman, Julia was the centre of the Stephen household.

She leaves a very private and particular impression on her children. When

Julia died in May 1895, Virginia was thirteen.

Education is crucial for human, especially when they were in the growth period. It defines the decision one makes in her or his life. As a daughter of an author, Woolf was learned so much from her parents, especially her father, Leslie. During the Victorian Era, there was gender inequity where girls are not allowed to go to school, so they were not well educated. However, boys consider more superior and allowed to go to school.

The death of Leslie devastated Woolf so much. She lost a father and also a teacher who taught her writing, intellectual aspects and manners. She is having a mental breakdown several times and had her husband to help her.

Leslie’s death was leaving Woolf scars in her heart. She lost not only a father but also a teacher who taught her many life aspects.

The life of Virginia Woolf after both of her parents died was different than before. After both of her parent’s death, her life becomes more depressed. She started to lose several of her family members, her friends in the Bloomsbury group, and not the mentions wars which often happen during her life. She started having mental issues. According to this study, the parent’s absence by death is more affected than by divorce.

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“Some authors have contrasted the impacts of parental absence brought on by a death with absence because of divorce, arguing that the death of a parent is “more” exogenous with respect to child welfare than absence because of divorce (Cas et al, 2011, pp.4)”

Although she already married to Leonard Woolf, she still has to deal with her mental breakdown, which led her to her mindset change, health issues, and several suicide attempts. Family and friends are important aspects of human life. As a human, one cannot live by himself. In Woolf’s life, she has met, introduced and become friends with many people.

After her mother’s death in 1895, another death comes to Stephen’s household. The news of Stella’s pregnant has to end because of her sudden death. This Woolf’s second loss was devastating her. “This second loss was devastating: ‘the blow, the second blow of death, struck on me; tremulous, filmy eyed as I was, with my wings still creased, sitting there on the edge of my broken chrysalis’” (Goldman, 2006, pp.20). Along with her mourning feeling, she wrote her journal with some traces of gloom and turbulence of grief.

Another mourn came as Thoby’s death of typhoid after the whole family visited Greece in 1906. As Woolf continued her life and started work as women’s suffrage, her aunt from her father died in 1909 and left her an amount of cash for her legacy. She used the money for her trip to Florence.

These death mentions above effected Woolf in aspects of her life mostly were reflected through her literary works. In “A Haunted House”, this death representation was made because of her experiences of death. In

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Agnieszka Kaczmarek’s Writing in the Shadow of Death, the feeling of

mourning and loss could project the idea of death which the author expressed

it through literary works.

In Virginia Woolf’s life, she experienced the state of mourning and

loss several times which effected her literary works. In her lifetime, she loss

her parents and another family members. Her parents had an important roles

to Woolf’s life because they shapped her foundation and intellectual aspects.

2. The Lifetime of the Author: Mental Issues and Wars

There are many events and experiences which she had to deal in her

life. She experiences several of a mental breakdown caused mostly by the

death of people around her. The amount of stress that she is dealing through

her life leads her to several attempts of suicide. She also experiences wars

around her life. This could effect her persperctives. Therefore, the writer is

analyse Woolf’s mental breakdown, which leads her into her decision of

suicide. The writer also discuss about wars which happens around her life. a. Mental Issues

Someone with issues could be damaging his mental and mind. These

people need to talk to someone trusted or to a psychiatrist. According to Dr

Nancy Andreasen from the University of Iowa, there are relations, and it can

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be connected between creativity and mental illness. This mental illness could impact the results of the literary work. The links were considered between the neurological similarities of mental illness and the creative mind. Another research by Dr James Kaufman in his research The Sylvia Plath Effect:

Mental Illness and Eminent Creative Writes, found a very similar fact. He stated that female poets are more likely to have symptoms of mental illness.

“Female poets were found to be significantly for signs of mental illness than female fiction writers or male writers of any type. Study two extended the analysis to 520 eminent women (poets, fiction writers, non-fiction writers, visual artists, politicians, and actresses), and again found the poets to be significantly more likely to experience mental illness.” (Kaufman, 2001, pp.37)

In this study, Sylvia Plath suffered from severe depression and attempted suicide on numerous occasions. She succeeds in committing suicide in 1969. From this research, the current writer could determine the possibilities of mental illness, and it has the same signs as Virginia Woolf.

The death experience and wars happening during her life were the main reasons for her depression which lead her to her suicide attempted. However, from these experiences comes numerous incredible and age-less literary works. “In addition, people with severe problems, mental or otherwise, make better subjects for books.” (Kaufman, 2001, pp.38).

When her mother died in 1895, Virginia suffered her first mental breakdown and Leslie could not cope with his feeling of mourning. Then

Stella’s sudden death came, and Vanessa became the victim of her father’s monstrous and gloomy rages. Seeing her sister’s situation, Virginia feels a bit

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of misery as she said in her journal “she stood before him like a stone”

(Goldman, 2006, pp.21). Furthermore, another breakdown came to Virginia after her trip to London with Vanessa. This time, it was a suicidal breakdown caused by Leslie’s death in 1904.

In her 1910s, she had a significant year with Bloomsbury. As Roger

Fry was joined the group, Virginia’s mental health declined. The Stephen family doctor, Dr George Savage, advised her to rest cure at a private nursing home.

“During the summer of 1910 Virginia’s mental health declined and during July and August she took a rest cure at a private nursing home in Twickenham, which she periodically attended between 1910 and 1915 on the advice of Dr George Savage, the Stephen family doctor and eminent neurologist who treated her until 1913.” (Goldman, 2006, pp.26)

As Bell’s second son was born, Virginia joined them and settling back to life. A while after Leonard proposed her in 1912, she suffered a relapse of mental illness and went back to the nursing home. In the same year, the couple married, and soon after their marriage, she suffered another breakdown and mental health. This breakdown culminating in a suicide attempt and was advised not to have children. Again, her suicidal phase came shortly after The Voyage Out was published in 1915.

The mental breakdown also caused by dark memories from past experiences. Although in her early life, Woolf has many bad memories, which leads her into several of her mental issues. In 1891, Woolf’s half-sister from her father marriage, Laura, was sent to an asylum because of her

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slowness and disturbed life. Her family agreed this permanent consignment.

In addition, Woolf also experienced sexual abuse by her half-brothers.

“Woolf ’s childhood and adolescence were marred by sexual abuse at the hands of her half-brothers from her mother’s first marriage, especially George, a matter of incendiary concern for some biographers.” (Goldman, 2006, pp.19)

The fact that she did not school like her brothers also another reason.

Since Virginia was educated at home by her father, the feeling of envy could be the reason for her mental issues. b. Wars

Woolf’s life spanned through Victorian times to modern times. During her life, many historical and political events occurs that influence her conditions, her surroundings even her perspective and mind about everything.

Most of these events were wars. Wars happen during Woolf’s life changes her perspectives because many sacrifices were involved. Not only many people died, but also women, children and innocent civilians were slaughter rapidly.

Early of her life, she experienced and witnessed war like the Boer

War. She was seventeen when the second Boer War started. It was started on

11 October 1899 when the British Empire fought two Boer states, the South

African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free States. Woolf is lived in a world at war when the Spanish Civil War happened, in which her nephew Julian Bell (Vanessa and Bell’s child) was killed. This war between the Republicans and the Nationalist lead by a military group whom General was Fransisco Franco. Two thousand people were killed from both sides. As

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mentions above, that Virginia and Vanessa are close. By hearing Julian died,

Virginia feels devastated and tried to reassure her sister.

According to Leonard Woolf’s biography Downhill All the Way, he and his wife experienced the great war of 1914 to 1918. This war killed around 10 million people, caused 36 million casualties and cost much money.

He said “It has been estimated that the direct cost of the war was about £

6o,ooo million and its indirect cost about £so,ooo million. It destroyed, I think, the bases of European civilization.” (Woolf, 1967, pp.6). For this reason, many people have been profoundly influenced by it. People were no longer the same after the bomb fell in 1918.

“In I 9 I 4 in the background of one's life and one's mind there were light and hope; by I 9 I 8 one had unconsciously accepted a perpetual public menace and darkness and had admitted into the privacy of one's mind or soul an iron fatalistic acquiescence in insecurity and barbarism.” (Woolf, 1967, pp.6)

Although by seeing the death of many people, someone’s mind can change depending on one’s knowledge and his intelligence. It is also increasing the feeling of understanding and sympathy. According to Jeff

Malpas, experiences which occur in one’s life are valuable because it is what makes one more to be human.

“Certainly death or the experiences and feelings that cluster round the concept of death— experiences, for instance, of loss and sadness, of fear and foreboding, sometimes of release and thankfulness—seem to be at the heart of what it is to live a human life and of what it means to be human.” (Malpas,1999, pp.10)

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It is also happening in Woolf’s life. Traumatic experiences which

Woolf’s had in her life encourage her to produces her works. Literary works which Woolf’s produce, some influenced by wars. She depicted a character of victims, pacifists, and resisters in her novels. It shows that she was very familiar with the “war” situations which happened in her life.

In her short story “A Haunted House”, Woolf’s tends to increase the awareness of human’s emotions and understanding. The ghostly couple characters in the short story related to the people who were died in the past but their souls still wandering around. This living couple is the representation of the living people now.

“Nearer they come, cease at the doorway. The wind falls, the rain slides silver down the glass. Our eyes darken, we hear no steps beside us; we see no lady spread her ghostly cloak. His hands shield the lantern. "Look," he breathes. "Sound asleep. Love upon their lips."” (Woolf, 1921, pp.1)

The word chosen in the short story shows how Woolf tends to encourage love and sympathy rather than fear. She use actions word like

“cease”, “slides”, “hear”, and more. It proves Woolf’s intentions to asked the reader to imagine the situation happened in the short story. While the sentences “his hands shield the lantern” and “Love upon their lips” are the examples of Woolf’s intentions to increased sympathy of her reader.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Every organism lived on earth will experience a situation called death.

Death, according to Volk, is inevitable. In literature, death can be seen through the author’s biography background. In “A Haunted House” by

Virginia Woolf, death perspectives can be seen from her lifetime and her past experiences. Therefore, it is important to analyse the characteristics of a character, the ghost couple, in order to find the death representation in the story. The death representation in the short story can shows the author’s perspectives of death. Moreover, by analyzing the author’s lifetime, the writer found several reasons regarding to Woolf’s perspectives of death.

Firstly, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization by

M.J Murphy to determine the characteristics of the character in “A Haunted

House”. According to Murphy, there are nine ways to determine the character positions in the short story. They are; personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comments, thoughts and mannerisms. However, six of them are used by the writer because there are evidences provided in the short story, there are: character as seen by another, speech, reactions, thoughts, mannerisms and past life. In “A Haunted House”, the writer analysed the characteristics of the ghost couple. By adopting Murphy’s theory, the characteristics of the ghost

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couple are revealed and presented as faithful, emotionally involved, and decent.

Secondly, the writer wants to find death representations pictured in “A

Haunted House” by seeing the characteristics of the ghost couple In the short story, it stated that the ghost couple were the old owner of the house when they were alive. The writer also found some evidences that the ghost couple occupied the house before the living couple and revealed the past life of the ghost couple. From this point, it can be concluded that death represent as a way of getting back together after separated for years. In fact, death can be pictured as a bridge between the ghost couple to reunite. Moreover, after reunited again as one, they spend it together on an adventure searching memories on their old house. Their memories were found named “The light in the house”.

Thirdly, the writer is analyzing Virginia Woolf’s life concerning on her experiences on death, mental issues she struggled with and wars. Woolf lived in an upper class family with a large of connections and had many relatives from both of her father and her mother. However, the death of her mother and her father became crucial moments for Woolf because she was very close to both of them. Not to mention, the death of her brother and her half-sister, Stella, also impacted her. According to Agnieszka Kaczmarek, the feeling of mourning and loss could project the idea of death which authors expressed it through their literary works. In Virginia Woolf’s life, she experienced the state of mourning and loss several times which effected her

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literary works. She loss both of her parents, other family members and her friends.

Mental issues also become a serious problem for Woolf during her life. Although her marriage with Leonard helps suppress her issues, she still had her mental breakdown which direct her into several suicide attempts.

When her mother died, she experiened her first mental breakdown. In 1910’s, her mental issues were increasing due to the sexual abused by her half- brothers. These experiences were influenced her perspectives.

On the other hands, she also experienced wars which happened around her. She witnessed her first war, the Boer war, in 1899. Her emotions were involved after seeing many sacrifices were made. After her marriage, she experienced the beginning of the Great War in 1914. These experiences increased her feeling of understanding and sympathy. It’s also incouraged her to produced literary works and tend to increased the awareness of human emotions.

To end this thesis, the writer concluded that Woolf’s past experiences effected her perspectives on death. In “A Haunted House”, it shows the characteristics of the character formed as ghosts which is presented as faithful, emotionally involved, and decent. It is very much incompatible with the reality. From the characteristics of the ghost couple, it shows the death

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representation pictured in the short story. Death is represented as a connecting bridge to united the ghost couple and remembered each moments they spend together. It is pure a love story, concerning with symphaty and feelings. In addition, Woolf’s past experience also influenced her perspectives on death which revealed in her biography. She experienced the death of her parents, her family members and her friends. She also experienced several mental issues before and after her marriage with Leonard Woolf. Moreover, wars happened around Woolf’s life influenced her by seeing many people died during wars. Because of her several loss and stresses she struggle with,

Virginia Woolf has different perspectives on death compared to most people because they were afraid when they heard the term “death”. From all the evidences found in the short story, the story is not a horror story but a love story. Woolf encouraged her readers to believe in sympathy rather than fear.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, Michael. (2000). A History of English Literature. London: Macmillan Press LTD.

Blackstone, Bernard. (1964). Virginia Woolf. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.

Bradley, Ben. (2009). Well-Being and Death. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cas, Ava G., Elizabeth Frankenberg, Wayan Suriastini and Duncan Thomas. (2011). The Impact of Parental Death on Child Well-being. North Carolina: Duke University.

Ellis, Frank H. (2012). Gray’s Elegy: The Biographical Problem in Literary Criticism. JSTOR. http://.jstor.org/stable/460152.

Goldman, Jane. (2006). The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John R. Willingham. (2010). A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature: Six Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hakola, Outi & Kivisto, Sari. (2014). Death in Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Kaczmarek, Agnieszka. (2015). Death Representations in Literature: Forms and Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Kaufman, James C. (2001). The Sylvia Plath effect: Mental illness in Eminent Creative Writes. Connecticut: University of Connecticut.

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Kokorski, Karin. (2015). Death Representations in Literature: Forms and Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel, for Overseas Students. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Perkin, Harold. (1990). The Origins of English People Society. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.

Skelton, Tyler. (2003). Death and Dying in Literature. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

Soesanti, Margaretha R. (2004). A Socio-Historical Study of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway: Critical Comments On The Impacts of The First World War Toward The English Society. Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Teodorescu, Adriana. (2015). Death Representations in Literature: Forms and Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Volk, Tyler. (2002). What is Death?: A Scientist Looks at the Cycle of Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Webster’s New World College Dictionary: Fifth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018.

Widianto, David R. (2011). Life’s Greatest Lesson Revealed Through Morrie Schwartz’s Perspective Toward Death As Reflected In Mitch Albom’s Tuesday With Morrie: An Old Man, A Young Man, & Life’s Greatest Lesson. Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Woolf, Leonard. (1967). Downhill All the Way, An Autobiography of the Years 1919-1939. London: The Hogarth Press.

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Woolf, Leonard. (1969). The Journey Not The Arrival Matters, An Autobiography of the Years 1939-1969. London: The Hogarth Press.

Woolf, Virginia. (2011). Monday or Tuesday Eight Stories (Dover Thrift Edition). New York: Dover Publications.

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APPENDIX

Appendix: Virginia Woolf’s “A Haunted House”

Whatever hour you woke there was a door shutting. From room to room they went, hand in hand, lifting here, opening there, making sure—a ghostly couple.

"Here we left it," she said. And he added, "Oh, but here too!" "It's upstairs,"she murmured. "And in the garden," he whispered. "Quietly," they said, "or we shall wake them."

But it wasn't that you woke us. Oh, no. "They're looking for it; they're drawing the curtain," one might say, and so read on a page or two. "Now they've found it," one would be certain, stopping the pencil on the margin.

And then, tired of reading, one might rise and see for oneself, the house all empty, the doors standing open, only the wood pigeons bubbling with content and the hum of the threshing machine sounding from the farm. "What did I come in here for? What did I want to find?" My hands were empty. "Perhaps it's upstairs then?" The apples were in the loft. And so down again, the garden still as ever, only the book had slipped into the grass.

But they had found it in the drawing room. Not that one could ever see them. The window panes reflected apples, reflected roses; all the leaves were green in the glass. If they moved in the drawing room, the apple only turned its yellow side. Yet, the moment after, if the door was opened, spread about the floor, hung upon the walls, pendant from the ceiling—what? My hands

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were empty. The shadow of a thrush crossed the carpet; from the deepest wells of silence the wood pigeon drew its bubble of sound. "Safe, safe, safe," the pulse of the house beat softly. "The treasure buried; the room ..." the pulse stopped short. Oh, was that the buried treasure?

A moment later the light had faded. Out in the garden then? But the trees spun darkness for a wandering beam of sun. So fine, so rare, coolly sunk beneath the surface the beam I sought always burnt behind the glass. Death was the glass; death was between us; coming to the woman first, hundreds of years ago, leaving the house, sealing all the windows; the rooms were darkened. He left it, left her, went North, went East, saw the stars turned in the Southern sky; sought the house, found it dropped beneath the Downs.

"Safe, safe, safe," the pulse of the house beat gladly. "The Treasure yours."

The wind roars up the avenue. Trees stoop and bend this way and that.

Moonbeams splash and spill wildly in the rain. But the beam of the lamp falls straight from the window. The candle burns stiff and still. Wandering through the house, opening the windows, whispering not to wake us, the ghostly couple seek their joy.

"Here we slept," she says. And he adds, "Kisses without number."

"Waking in the morning—" "Silver between the trees—" "Upstairs—" "In the garden—" "When summer came—" "In winter snowtime—" The doors go shutting far in the distance, gently knocking like the pulse of a heart.

Nearer they come; cease at the doorway. The wind falls, the rain slides silver down the glass. Our eyes darken; we hear no steps beside us; we see no

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lady spread her ghostly cloak. His hands shield the lantern. "Look," he breathes. "Sound asleep. Love upon their lips."

Stooping, holding their silver lamp above us, long they look and deeply. Long they pause. The wind drives straightly; the flame stoops slightly. Wild beams of moonlight cross both floor and wall, and, meeting, stain the faces bent; the faces pondering; the faces that search the sleepers and seek their hidden joy.

"Safe, safe, safe," the heart of the house beats proudly. "Long years" he sighs."Again you found me." "Here," she murmurs, "sleeping; in the garden reading; laughing, rolling apples in the loft. Here we left our treasure—" Stooping, their light lifts the lids upon my eyes. "Safe! safe! safe!" the pulse of the house beats wildly. Waking, I cry "Oh, is this your buried treasure? The light in the heart."