CANA, CAFE´ , CACAU: AGRARIAN STRUCTURE AND EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITIES IN BRAZIL* TIM WEGENAST University of Konstanza German Institute of Global and Area Studies ABSTRACT The present paper explores the relationship between agrarian structure and human capital formation between and within Brazil’s federal units. It is argued that whether states’ agriculture is in plantation style, based on cheap coerced labor, or organized around family farming matters for the formulation of educational policies. According to the main claim, landlords were not interested in paying higher taxes to educate the masses and cur- tailed the expansion of schooling in order to keep a cheap workforce and maintain their monopoly over the decision-making process. Describing several episodes in Brazil’s history of public instruction, the paper stresses the distributional conflicts over education as well as the rural aristocracy’s resistance towards broadly-targeted, citizenship-enhancing educational policies. The descriptive evidence is complemented by statistical analyses employing historical as well as more recent data. It is shown that states characterized by a more egalitarian land distribution, which are not under * Received 2 July 2009. Accepted 14 November 2009. Comments from Jacint Jordana, Albert Carreras, Ewout Frankema, Luis Be´rtola, Kai Thaler and three anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. I also thank George Avelino for providing valuable data on political parties’ ideology. a Department of Politics and Management. Box D86, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
[email protected] Revista de Historia Econo´mica, Journal of lberian and Latin American Economic History 103 Vol. 28, No. 1: 103-137. doi:10.1017/S0212610909990024 & Instituto Figuerola, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 2010.