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Establishment of Trees in the Subsidence Trough Filled with Fly Ash in Huaibei Mining Areas

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Establishment of Trees in the Subsidence Trough Filled with Fly Ash in Huaibei Mining Areas Establishment of trees in the subsidence trough filled with fly ash in Huaibei mining ares1 by Shu-Li Zhou, Qi-Feng Zhang and Xin-Min Zhao2 ABSTRACT Fly ash filled subsidence is a practical method for subsidence land reclamation in China. About 200 hectares of subsided lands have been reclaimed by this method Huaibei mining area. This p[paper introduced the reclamation technique and its effectiveness. About 200 species of trees and shrubs were planted in the experiment site of 40 hectares which were reclaimed by this method in Huaibei Coal Mine Bureau. Among these species, 18 excellent species of trees such as locust, poplar, weeping willow were identified. The 5- aged locust had an average trunk diameter of 14.1 cm and an average height of 7.6cm. The result showed that trees could grow very well on the subsided lands filled with fly ash. Another outstanding effectiveness of this reclamation method was that the trees planted in the reclaimed lands could absorb many kind of toxic elements such as lead, fluorine and mercury from the fly ash, which eliminated the environment pollution. Also, the establishment of trees on the subsided land filled with fly ash could decrease the temperature of the soils and atmosphere, clean the air polluted by fly ash and control erosion of the reclaimed lands. Additional key words: trees, fly ash, subsidence trough, reclamation 1 Paper presented at the 10th National ASSMR Meeting: "The Challenge of Integrating Diverse Perspectives in Reclamation", Spokane, Washington, May 16-19, 1993. 2 Shu-Li Zhou is a senior Engineer, Dept. of Forestry, Huaibei Coal Mine Bureau, Huaibei, Anhui; Qi-Feng Zhang is a senior Engineer, Dept. of Forestry, China National Coal Industry CROP, Beijing; Xin-Min Zhao is a senior Engineer, Sanitation and Antiepidenic Station of A nhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China 707 1. Introduction 80%, next are Fe203, Cao, MgO and Coal mining causes the K20.· earth's surface of mined areas to The nutrients in the ashes (%) subside. Huaibei Coal Mine Bureau are No.004, So.23, Po.044, Ko.sg, has planted 200 ha of subsiding Ca1.44, MQo.24. areas with 206 varieties of trees. It The trace elements (PPM) can not only reforest the mine areas, are: Fe11s, B119_4, Mn141.s, Cua9.3, recover the scenery, and improve the Zn474_7, and Mos.s- ecological environment, but also The pernicious elements grow wood to increase income and (PPM) are: As4_3, Cdl.a3, Cra.1, support the coal mine's construction. Pb53_7, Se1.o, Hgo.3s and F30.o. Moreover, the strong root systems of In the spring of 1986, optimum the trees can check winds and varietiy tests were started by planting control the fly ash, absorb the locusts, poplars, willows, elms, poisonous substances in the fly ash, chinaberries and paulownias in the and therefore, purify the subsidence areas filled with fly environment. In the past five years ashes. The afforesting densities we have studied five varieties, their were 2X3m and 3X4m. growing patterns and the distribution 3. Results and Discussion of the roots. We have also found its roles in improving the environment. 3.1 The Optimum varieties Seeking In a word, we have achieved good and Growth and the Trees in the benefits in the economy, society and Subsidence Trough Filled With Fly environment. Ashes. Subsidence trough filled with 2. Materials and Methods fly ashes is a spepial kind of artificial The experimental area is soil. From 1986 to 1990 we situated in the north of Anhui observed and studied the artificial Province at latitude 33' 56'N and forests of locusts, poplars, willows, longitude 116' 47'E. The annual elms and chinaberries, and selected average temperature is 14.5'C and a group of fine varieties according to annual rainfall amounts to 829.5mm. their adaptability to surroundings and The sunshine here reaches 2315.8h their growth. Their growth conditions yearly, the relative humidity is 70 are shown in Table 1. percent, and frost-free period is 202 days. In Table I varieties such as Jangsu The experimental area is Willow 172, Locust No. 13 and No. formed by filling the subsiding area 42, Elm8015 and 8019 grow well in with 4-5 meters of fly ashes which is the subsidence trough filled with fly covered with 30cm of soil. Those ashes. Their growth surpass the grains of coal ash whose diameters check . group by 30--66%. This are between 0.005mm and 2mm take shows that in order to bring the up 90%, the rest are less than variety potential into full play, we 0.005mm. Their unit weight is must choose the variety carefully and 0.81 g/cm3, the porosity is 61.42%, pick up fine asexuality. For example, and permeating speed of water locust is the most suitable variety in reaches 6.48mm/min. The ashes do this soil, while asexuality No. 13 not hold water and manure well. grows most luxuriantly and its growth In the fly ashes, the chemical amount reaches 160% within 3 compositions Sio2 and Al203 take up years. In 1990, we made an 708 investigation into the 5 year old widest one reached 18cm, and its 3X4m locust No. 13, its average height was 7-9m. trunk diameter was 14.1 cm, the Table I. The Growths of Trees in Subsidence Trouah Filled with Flv Ashes Age Diameter Varieties Asexuallly Veer GnMlh Annually % Amount Average ~74176 4 13.70 3.45 130 Poplars 108 4 12.56 3.14 110 1-72 4 10.62 2.65 100 Jiang SU WiUow 172 4 11.79 2.95 160 Willows Jiang SU Willow 194 4 10.20 2.57 140 D,yland Willow 4 7.35 1.84 100 No.13 4 14.72 3.68 160 LOa.Jsts No.42 4 14.03 3.53 153 Native Locust 4 920 2.30 100 8015 4 8.82 221 166 Elms 8019 4 8.83 221 166 Native Elm 4 5.32 1.33 100 3.2 The Distribution of Root Systems soil improvement techniques. In May in the Fly Ashes and June of 1991 and 1992, we When we afforest · in the · surveyed the root distributions of 4 reclaimed area filled with fly ashes, year-old locusts, poplars, willows and understanding the growing conditions elms. The findings are indicated in and distribution sphere of root the four diagrams below. systems is the important basis for plans to apply fertilizer, irrigate and Figure 1. Vertical root distribution of the Poplar root length (Km) root weight (Kg) 12 9 6 3 1 2 " " • I 0-30 I 30-50 I 50-70 I I 70-90 l I 90-110 I I I J . ~ root depth (cm) 7(1) Figure 2. Vertical root distribution of the Willow root length (Km) root weight (Kg) 14 12 9 6 3 1 2 - - - 0-30 I 30-50 I 50-70 I I 70-90 r 90-110 r I 1 -r I I 1 I: J root depth (cm) Figure 3. Vertical root distribution of the Locust root length (Km) root weight (Kg) 25 20 15 10 5 1. 2 3 4.. 5 . ' . I 0-30 I I 30-50 I I 50-70 I I 70-90 I I 90-110 l I I I I L root depth (cm) Figure 4 .. Vertical root distribution of the Elm root length (Km) root weight (Kg) 180 150 120 90 60 30 2 4 0-30 I I 30-50 I I 50-70 I 70-901 I 90-110 I I I LJ root depth (cm) 710 ------------------------ Table 2. Capacity of Different Trees and Their Organs Absorbing Pernicious Elements Varieties Ora ans F Cr Cu Pb Cd Hg As Leaves 02.47 1.40 3.92 l1 l1 0.63 l1 Willows Branches 110.07 l1 3.16 11.20 l1 0.63 15.70 Roots 48.93 16.53 2.29 10.69 l1 0.00 20.80 Leaves 185.57 2.16 3.36 13.54 l1 0.38 14.90 Locusts Branches 18.58 l1 1.54 5.47 l1 0.17 l1 Roots . 8.83 1.12 4.04 l1 l1 0.12 5.80 Leaves 140.40 l1 8.94 16.41 0.41 0.42 l1 " Poplars Branches 28.91 l1 4.11 7.94 l1 0.72 12.90 - (107) 22.72 2.99 6.97 11.20 0.38 Roots l1 l1 Leaves 130.58 l1 1.95 13.35 l1 0.19 10.00 Chinaberries Branches 20.16 0.74 2.05 14.01 l1 0.33 6.30 Roots. 33.87 6.29 7.69 15.43 l1 0.14 1.20 Leaves 141.74 l1 4.45 70.83 2.30 0.44 33.90 Elms Branches 16.93 l1 l1 20.53 1.26 , 0.23 68.40 Roots 14.50 l1 2.93 38.66 1.54 0.47 l1 Note: "ll" means that the result has not been (tabulated). In the analysis we know that Since the fly ashes are light these five varieties of trees have the and of small particle size, they are best capacity in absorbing. Willows' easily carried by wind causing air and locusts' absorb 250-- pollution. The luxuriant foliage of 212.98mb/kg at most. As for Pb and forests will (absorb and stick) some As, willows and locusts also absorb a fly ashes, thus purifying the air and large amount, elms absorb 130.02 protecting the environment. The mg/kg. For Cd, all varieties except Monitoring Station of Environmental elms whose adsorption amounts to Protection in Huaibei City has 7.10 mg/kg, have poor absorption.
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