Palabras clave siglo. pasado del ochenta años los hasta diecinueve siglo del final el desde que abarcan fuentes de variedad una de procedentes ejemplos utopía de insular, diversos analizan se ble artículo yutópico. este En inesta vuelva se que horizonte el haciendo nuevo discurso, este infecta historia por otro, la pero político, horizonte un formular para historia esta de apropian se canaria nación la de Por los constructores lado un canarias. o nacionalistas nacionales utopías de formulaciones diversas ydistorsiona permea irlandesa narrativa que el la en modo el interesante Resulta canaria. nacional conciencia una articular para utilizado sorprendente queno haya es se canario imaginario del populares días). más Ya motivos los de Borondón uno que es San nuestros hasta y heterogénea fragmentaria forma de continuando diecinueve, del finales (desde canaria nacional construcción la utópico para Borondón instrumento un como San de narrativa la de uso reciente: el fenómeno un relativamente en centra se artículo Este Resumen nation-building. utopia, imaginary, Islands, Canary Brendan, : Saint words Key 1980s. up to the 19th late the Century from stretching of sources, anumber in instantiated are Ilook dynamics athow paper such this In utopian. horizon their rendering discourse, their turn, in infects, story the that but horizon, also political order their to forge in Brendan of Saint story appropriate the nation-builders Islands Canary not that is only it Thus, utopias. Islands Canary of (national-ist) representations haunts narrative Irish the which in way the is interesting most is what Nonetheless purposes. for own its narrative Irish the days) mines up to our 19th end of the the century from stretches that process marginal, recently, somewhat till and, heterogeneous (a highly consciousness national Islands of Canary construction the that it not is surprising imagination Islands Canary of the lenses one favourite of the Being nation-building. Islands atoolCanary for utopian as narrative phenomenon:Brendan’s recent theappropriation Saint of on a relatively focuses paper This Abstract IRISH INTERSECTIONS IN CANARY ISLANDS NARRATIVES ISLANDS CANARY IN INTERSECTIONS IRISH Revista CanariadeEstudiosIngleses,68;April 2014,pp. 27-42; ISSN:0211-5913 : San Borondón, Canarias, utopía, imaginario, construcción nacional. construcción utopía, imaginario, Borondón, Canarias, : San THE HAUNTED ISLAND-NATION: HAUNTED THE Universidad Internacional de La Rioja La de Internacional Universidad Enrique Galván Álvarez Galván Enrique

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REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 27 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 28 past in many Canary Islands narratives. Islands Canary many in past the Guanche with become identified also has onwards, 18th from the place century everconsideredactual an hardly thehauntedisland, of unreachability The insularity. own of their interpret texture the Islands mirror-metaphor Canary which through Sancho), (De some myth” of sort insular “maximum the it as describes Robayna Sánchez respect, condition. this In to become some of insular of the sort symbol Navigatio Navigatio the in appear that isles various not the to and context Islands a Canary it in with associated stories the and island Canary eighth mythical the to reference making Iam ish) Borondón”) by Los Sabandeños, see Alonso Quintero. Alonso see Sabandeños, Borondón”) byLos Brendan Isle of the Saint overlooked. been centuries the Over far so has of nation-building processes Islands Canary penetrated has narrative old the Irish which way in the Sörgel; Borondón”; Benito, documented (Galván; “San and researched Poggio), well about are aphantom island Islands Canary the later developed legends in the (see and Chica) Gil Brendani Navigatio the Sancti in described islands legendary the interrelationshipmerit between the study. a thorough whereas Nevertheless, metaphor narrative arecurrent as (inside outside Brendan Canaries) and Saint the of Isle of the uses and apparitions births, many the fact, up In present to the days. centuries the through see) but then interpreted they back also what Islands the in arrived who Europeans first the which in terms (the framework narrative exegetical an However, as not is Ages. only engaged of late story Middle the the expeditions European early to the back traced be indeed can Islands Canary the with connection Its context. way beyond its original travelled has that narrative Irish ample of an self-conscious group. Thus, the Guanche ends up becoming a metaphor, becoming group.ends up theself-conscious Guanche narrative Thus, a and distinct aseparate, as mute were dismantled once nobleas they and savages, construction their to do with has Guanches the surrounding mysteriousness the ture, Navigatio (i.e. Brendan of Saint elements the of narrative the marvelous and mysterious the Whereas different. substantially are qualities enigmatic for their reasons the traits self-images. project subjects desired their Islands other onto Canary which slippery the mirror, are they since deceitful another Brendan, Saint like become, embodiment of self-portrait.” our remarkable have the other Guanches words, In the Islands; Canary of is what image words, “the archetypal Estévez in are, Guanches the insularity, for interpreting narrative most favored the become island has Brendan Saint that sense same the in subject. Furthermore, unreachable and amysterious as 17th (late community separate and century) a distinct as later disappearance their (15th Conquest of islands the the after and century) constructed been have also 2 1 analogous bearing and have ended up entwined narratives both Although (i.e. aborigines Guanches) Islands Canary the Brendan, Saint Not unlike ex is a remarkable journey his legendary and Brendan Saint of Thestory are referred to by the names given to them in the Latin text (i.e. Jasconius, Isle of the Blessed). of the Isle (i.e. Jasconius, text Latin the in them to given names bythe to referred are 1 opular example is the “Romance de San Borondón,” set to music as “Leyenda de San San de “Leyenda Borondón,” as music to San de set “Romance the is example opular Span in Borondón (i.e. San Brendan of Saint Isle the paper this in Imention henever has stopped being a place some believed to be real, though undiscovered, undiscovered, though to some real, be stopped aplace believed being has ), and its Canary Islands sequels, were part and parcel of their literary tex literary of their parcel and were sequels, part Islands ), its Canary and A p W 2 . The isles from the from isles . The - - - regarded the aborigines. the regarded have elites Islands Canary which through exotic eyes the revealing Brendan, Saint theisleand of the Guanches connectionthebetween shows naturally peoples. This component and about other lands expected of world, when the reading an but also view post-Medieval and of a Medieval notConsequently, is just part marvelous the of work, the element] it [the marvelous it made [the work] (xxxi). believable” seem reliability and into credibility question the of bringing “Instead lands: to unknown journeys with Polo’s dealt to Marco that texts of Medieval acredential Il Milione,as or, traditions Rubio Irish Tovar the as relationship and in Biblical from the argues elements of symbolic 697) full (Galván text” metaphorical and “allegorical of an few, certainly fit in Estévez’s category of the“Creoleelite.” of category Estévez’s in fit few, certainly (1578-1650) Viana de Antonio like other (1731-1813), yClavijo Viera de or José many Nevertheless, but a mention to languages. aboriginal in fragments contain works whose and half-Guanche was (1538-1610), elite Figueroa de colonial early of the Cairasco was part being despite who virtues ideal of repository as a aborigines the enshrines who authors Islands Canary first one of the that said be However, it must referent. ancestral rhetorical and democratic avery become have they since origins, Guanche claim could people Islands Canary any almost on, nowadays later I argue As community. separate aclearly were aborigines the when 17th 16th and the centuries, in unless or not, descendant ideologies that can be said to begin towards the end the of 19th towards to begin century, said be can ideologies that aheterogeneous of set nationalism, Islands Canary combined. is Such space pear ap but already where to look to entwined they space be at arhetorical came others European racist and nationalist ideologies” (10). nationalist and racist European by aCreole of nation, appropriating elite by [articulated] means Islands a Canary words, “pre-modern modern ideaof for very Estévez provides, the in ancestors that term implying some kind of ideological / national consciousness, his claim would be inaccurate. The The inaccurate. be would claim his consciousness, /national of ideological kind some implying term the he uses however, if correct, he is of independence idea the supporting merely means Ramos García (1871-1912). on my part), Delgado Spanish the from calque (a deliberate of Secundino by “independentism” If writings the before articulated not fully is thinking nationalist (26), of America colonies Spanish the along independence to led have could that events historical the and Suprema Junta the it to bylinking 19th century of the beginning the movement to independence Islands of Canary franquismo en Canarias y Farrujia’s Arqueología see century 20th the in not exclusively, though particularly, Guanche, the my translations. are and sources language Spanish from are competing claims of ancestrality. claims competing and circumstances historical power to do dynamics, mostly with has Guanches among non-indigenous and, certainly, elite writers. elite certainly, and, non-indigenous among qua of Guanche the origins the that true it certainly is presents it, Estévez as straightforward not is as ancestor archetypal an as Guanche the people have claimed Islands of only Creole whether issue or non-indigenous Canary deeply concerned with issues of ancestrality, insularity and national unity. national and insularity of ancestrality, issues deeply concerned with On the other hand, the Navigatio the otherOn hand, the 6 5 4 3 n Canary Islands contexts it is never too easy to determine whether someone is a Guanche a Guanche is someone whether determine to easy too never it is contexts Islands n Canary lthough García Ramos, a nationalist politician himself, ambiguously dates the origins origins the dates ambiguously himself, politician anationalist Ramos, García lthough of construction the in involved dynamics power of the analysis thorough or avery quote (p. xxx), concluding Radhakrishnan’s except text, the in quotes other all and is I A F Th . 5 However exotic it to not explore is two my how aim these ’s marvelous elements might be seen as part part ’s elements as seen be might marvelous 3 Though in more recent times the in more times Though recent 4 Thus, myth making about theabout making Thus, myth myth are to be found mostly to found be mostly are myth 6 and which is is which and -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 29 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 30 La Junta 8-9). Junta La González, Hernández (see independence of idea the with played who of those part on the not even consciousness, national Islands of Canary expression an as regarded was Spain from independence of achieving possibility the that no sense is There Peninsula. Iberian of the invasion French of the face the in Columbia) Great of the part ing - or becom protection British under independence declaring of America, States United the of Brazil, Republic the (i.e. joining interests their protect to way best the was what to as elites Islands Canary the of the hesitations reflect only been, have could they as important as Suprema, Junta of the events haunted by the Guanches. the by haunted island mysterious and nation to asingle comes be Islands how Canary the explain let me briefly spaces However, into its liminal discourses. before diving nationalist Islands of Canary interstices doubtful and tool inquiring for the exploring neutical herme useful represents a islands both surrounding uncertainty The of Jasconius. ( Isle of Blessed the the concerning Navigatio, from the evident traits reproduction of narrative somehow their and utopian explicitly overtones the texts to do of selected with the Guerra’s “Among Clouds” Taller and Borondón”). Canario’s “San choice has This 1970s from the from song lyrics 1980s and (Taburiente’s Guanche,” “Navidad Pedro Vacaguaré pseudonym) a under (published novel autobiographical his and Guanche El Delgado’s newspaper the in Secundino writings namely nationalism, Islands of Canary I have chosen texts some of foundational the journey. dynamics these order legendary In his to and discuss Brendan ofsteps Saint the retraces unawares, sometimes and deliberately sometimes that, process analogous an as nation-building Islands (680), journey” initiation the Canary Iregard through of Galicia’s enriching the culture identity and pointence “the in for quest Galician that pervade the story of the Irish sailor-monk. of Irish the story the pervade that islands (e.g. to-find theIsle Blessed),of or found-but-quickly-lost (e.g. Jasconius), difficult- and slippery but the with of exotic gaze the legacy colonial the to do with not much so has haunting nation. Said Islands Canary the is that island imaginary of Navigatio the indeterminacies and hownoting uncertainties the However, worth gaze. it of colonial also the is agenda political it the since subverts gaze, contestive a constitutes re-appropriation first also that it of inhabitants, first their and Canaries the regarded Islands way non-Canary the in based originally is gaze their that true is whereas it Thus, claim. a political order in to articulate gaze that appropriate they modify exotic mentioning other, and that an worth it also is as Islands Canary the who imagined colonists of European the lenses the inherit nationalists Islands Canary that it argued be could of. made nation is Although Islands Canary the stuff very the to analyse is Guanches the and Brendan of Saint appropriate narratives the nationalists Islands Canary to look which way in at the nation” the creates what (Estévez), it butnationalism is instead ofsource nationalism “the not nation is that the mind in we keep If Guanches. the and Brendan of Saint frequently, relies not explicitly, though thinking on narratives the nationalist lands becomes arefer becomes Erenn Gabála Lebhor the that argues Jarazo vein same the In Not surprisingly, for accomplishing its nation-building project Canary Is projectNot its nation-building Canary surprisingly, for accomplishing Terra repromissionis sanctorum Terra repromissionis , along with more recent excerpts more with recent, along excerpts particularly the stories the particularly ) and the isle-whale isle-whale the and ) seem to haunt the to haunt the seem - - - myth of Saint Brendan [...]?” Brendan of (34). Saint myth of the is, that island, non-existing and famous of the imprint the decision this in see we Can island? an in hisUtopia place More Thomas did “Why More: of Thomas that imagination, insular an to Castellano), “Looking for Seven Islands, Finding One Finding People” for Islands, Seven (seeCastellano), Gobierno), “Looking or One Islands, People”as “Seven such (see slogans the for to various need fice notice Suf underachieved. seems for he still advocated consciousness in nation, unity the Islands independence: Islands to Canary obstacle represents an consciousness, of and geography terms in both separation, islands’ the that fore to nation, fact the the brings Islands of Canary the 1897, in to Delgado appreciate how Secundino father the deemed rightly and often unity. It national interesting is Islands of to Canary asense hindrance important therefore under control) and an divided it remains islands away of the keeping as government it fosteredSpanish by is the that claim often (nationalists rivalry this of causes the Whatever onwards. from 19th competitors, at least, century natural other as whose economic have perceived each elites Tenerife Canaria, Gran and islands, main two the between strong particularly is This competition them. among and the different during junctions rivalry therecentury),sense of strong is a 15th at rule (since were brought institutions identical, they under Castilian/Spanish governed have when been by not similar, they and somehow run parallel histories islands’ subject. to Even the presentand of national acoherent though the image fromnation the emerging project:others its to differentiate of nationalist any aspects centrifugal and centripetal the both fulfills that somearound common narrative to articulated be needs Archipelago Islands Canary up the make that isles seven the among solidarity sense of unity. of This to national asense create been has nings utopia. disprovedas a be to remains island unified and However, imaginary single, this national. truly political, truly is that space Islands Canary a (discursively) unified of articulation is andrise, it first probablythe to join efforts acall more than also independence. Delgado’s Furthermore, their question is rhetorical attain will they island” “single, powerful big and ametaphorical like acted and consciousness in become unified a positive prescriptive and statement. Canaries the other words, In if as it regarded be could Canaries; the Cuba and between dissimilarities geographical or at alamentation amere the speculation more is than this island.” Nevertheless, “single, powerful big and of Caribbean the probably example the mind having in 7 More than a century after Delgado’s formulation of the Canary Islands Islands Delgado’s after formulation of Canary the acentury More than One of the main concerns of Canary Islands nationalism from its begin nationalism Islands of Canary concerns One of main the 7 independence (1898), Rican Puerto and of Cuban wake the in writes Delgado Secundino 102) González, not. (qtd. Hernández Certainly impulse? daring and ent personality independ their given subjugated, be still they would of sons, its alienation sible the impos making thus island, powerful big and were a single, Islands Canary the If s Sánchez Robayna reminds us, the modern usage of the word utopia is also connected connected also word is utopia of the usage modern the us, reminds Robayna s Sánchez A - - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 31 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 32 (whether Creolethe he by orendthedetermine to was not of it difficult is 19th elites Islands not does belong Canary to Delgado the Although virtues. human noble and warrior, embodiment of all an archetypal an as aborigine the imagines Delgado of Guanche, the image of mythical the making the in predecessors his Like times. about to Guanche or back going literal naïve were notists particularly colonial past could not could re-created. be past colonial pre- the that it certain space, is national asingle in mingled metaphorically became people). (as absence aliving physical enabled by is presence their Even islands the if utopian, rhetorical their since further island imaginary the island-nation, turning of utopian the way, inhabitants become the this In Guanches the by Castile/Spain. encounter therefore is untainted colonial and the precedes that Islandsness Canary represents aversion but also of (Estévez) Islands” Canary of is what image typal “arche “self-portrait” the Islanders’ and Canary the as not constructed only been has Guanche the since past, Guanche the by accomplished evoking often is aspect centrifugal This Spain. and,from it particularly, nations different other makes what space, national Islands unique for about Canary is to aneed account what the also thereis nationalism, Islands Canary of aspect centripetal the fulfills sciousness con and demands (i.e. political overcoming of the local isle-based) As thinkers. later nationalist and by Delgado island-nation dreamed of imaginary the aspect yet been reached. pre-colonial past. their or Islands Canary the not to are specific that embodiment ofinto values an turned independence” (59). Islands universalised, way this in is The Canary Guanche [...] is Hayek Guanche puts tois it what “returning Garí as asymbol; all, to re-conquer above continuity, are, Guanches the or cultural of ethnic claims to do with nothing upholding for quest independence. the dignity, age and freedom every in manifests that re- resistance Islands Canary of instance timeless be a to said be could They present. the in action into political translated be can that past from the example an the vices of civilisation (Viera yClavijo); (Viera of civilisation vices the preceded of alost that golden symbol de Figueroa) the age or as (Cairasco virtues Christian subject. to not However, exemplify are used Guanches the for Delgado historical particular as a than rather someas symbol sort of appears The Guanche discourses. from their borrows substantially imagination Guanche century), his One Nation” Islands, “Seven (see Nación) Guanche king),” who chooses death before submitting to the Castilian invaders, becomes a symbol a symbol becomes invaders, Castilian the to submitting before death chooses who king),” Guanche 359). (i.e. Mencey the “Mad Hidalgo Thus, Muñoz- qtd. Roldan (Gil life” their of taking By means / chains their from themselves Releasing / slavery from free whobreak Those die / never can “They loco”: Mencey del cantata “La Roldan’s poem Gil in found be can principle a universal into turned Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that Delgado and other early national other early and Delgado mentioning it that worth is Nevertheless, not is only utopian the space However, national asingle in union political In this sense the Guanche essence of the Canary Islands island-nation has island-nation has Islands of Canary the essence Guanche the sense this In 9 8 nother interesting example of how the immortality of the Guanches is asserted by being by being asserted is Guanches of the immortality of how the example interesting nother or an account of Viera y Clavijo’s construction of the Guanche see Estévez. see Guanche of the yClavijo’s of Viera construction account or an A F 9 Consequently, Delgado does not only proclaim his pride in his Consequently, pride his in his not does only proclaim Delgado 8 they are a historical source of source inspiration, ahistorical are they

to realise that the desired unity has not has unity desired the that to realise - - -

story being about the heroism and misfortune of the Guanches in the 15th the in of Guanches the about heroism the being misfortune and story the mirror of reflection the novel: autobiographical as a short acts Theshortstory López’s tale. of Rodríguez terms in narrative autobiographical his sees Delgado since significant, also and novel author.is shortstory same interrelationship The between by the web written aseamless it precedes as that novel short story the presents his and Delgado López), (i.e. Secundino Palma writer from Rodríguez La short story and playwright of poet, the name by the choiceadopting not, accidental, is of course, authorities (1902). imprisoned Spanish by he the was after text to publish his The (1836- López 1901),Antonio Rodríguez apseudonym as used Delgado whose name but by Theshortstory, himself entitled “Vacaguaré,”also written notDelgado by was tio and resistance is enabled by the death of the Guanche as asubject. as Guanche of the death bythe enabled is resistance and of freedom symbol the as Guanche of the immortality the fact, In death. own his beyond lives that sought. often despite being (Gil morning the 75).found, in fully unstable location, never is such The Guanche off back them its shakes whale before the Vigil Easter celebrate an where monks the whale-island the to Jasconius, compared be also might Guanche Analogously, the invisible and island. uncertain into an him subject, turning the isolating but also be to reached destination other, each notfrom seeing final thus only preventing the prevent do but sailors not(Gil the also only island cover mists 76). the these fact In Brendan’s of Saint dense” so aim mists in journey, “wrapped seems Guanche the the heroes and for Celtic abode the resting the Isle of Blessed, the the Not unlike of Navigatio. the isles mysterious and slippery the who resembles strongly Guanche fictional this projects. is It imaginative of kinds all enables that construct flexible mobile or and absence muteness ahighly their is through mostly constructed age, im archetypal and However, culture. idealised their Islands Canary is pot that contribute and melting to the not did survive practices some cultural with of their along they, or individuals, that as never existed they that to not suggest does mean community. recognizable acohesive and as dismantling eventual led to their that discrimination social and of asource shame was heritage and cestry an- their Guanches enough, for actual the Ironically predecessors? noble ideal and who to to would related such be not all, like After ancestors. or(spiritual political) her or as his them person to claim Islands Canary any virtually enabling ancestry, democratises symbol as a the Guanches of universalisation The origins. Guanche anyone claim could role model virtually apolitical as Guanche the we understand if continuity]” [andof Hayek 60). ethnic (Garí not a claim teaching fact, In political a is Guanches from to the to received be meant be is what since nationalism to his “such of pride ancestry, no being significance Spanish his in but also origins Guanche prologue to Secundino Delgado’sprologue to Secundino novel autobiographical ¡Vacaguaré a as acts that a short story in instantiated are a myth, as Guanches the ofics using , the story of Saint Brendan in the Canary Islands imagination and the problemat the and imagination Islands Canary the in Brendan of Saint story , the These slippery dynamics which combine at once the narratives of the Naviga of combine which the narratives at once dynamics slippery These of autopian (is-)land inhabitants imaginary as Guanches the Discussing . ..! (Vía-Crucis).

century - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 33 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 34 at dusk, which “is the time of mysteries and visions” (Rodríguez López 9). López visions” (Rodríguez of and mysteries time the “is which at dusk, West facing supposed (where to appear) Palma, was of Brendan Isle of La the Saint highlands the in rator cliff writer).by a (ais sitting local narrator 19th This century nar to the itself manifests past Guanche the is that how island-story the framed, is “ shouting while to death himself starves and journey the during to eat Tanausúfeat, refuses de from accepting Far peninsula. Iberian to the him ship deceit and through him kidnap they Tanausú defeat battlefield the in cannot Tanausú. Castilians the Since actual place (129-163) and constantly inspiring the island’s artists, writers and musicians (165-197). musicians and writers artists, island’s the (129-163) inspiring place constantly actual and of anumber to name its lending Palma), one (La actual of the history the haunted has island cal mythi of the story of how the study exhaustive an is perdida Poggio’s isla La seen. be to claimed often more was isle phantom the where Palma, of La island the in alive particularly be to it seems Islands, constructed as a semi-legendary and idealized collective. idealized and asemi-legendary as constructed been have they which under name the also is “Guanche” since inaccurate, historically although aborigines, Islands Canary all to referring for Guanche term more popular the refer to chosen have I paper this Throughout name. historical by their island his from aborigines the by acknowledging a distinction makes López but Rodríguez aborigines, all for indistinctly Guanche term the ife) uses Tener from (who was Delgado respect, this In Majos. Lanzarote’s and Fuerteventura’s and Canarios Canaria’s Gran Hierro’s Gomera’s El Bimbaches, La Gomeros, Auaritas, Palma, La from ones the of Tenerife, being aborigines the for employed only originally was Guanche term the Guanches, as Auarita kingdom falls in foreign hands, in falls kingdom Auarita 1493. in of Crown by the Castile conquest Palma single of La how It every describes thefromevents of some account significant inaccurate, not historically altogether though López’s asemi-fictional, is story liberation. Rodríguez national and of social double the weapon for fostering aim appropriated adiscursive as byeasily Delgado be can story his de-politicised, somewhat and idealised, highly is of Guanche the depiction his and Palma of elites belonged to La the López Even Rodríguez though such. as of local the areclaiming than motif alocal principle through universal more is recreation of aRomantic a past celebration of Guanche his the that and oppression Guanches. by to Spanish the embodied resistance of paradigm of timeless the amodern manifestation as life-story his sees Delgado way this In misfortunes. hero his and Islands novel the and about amodern Canary all stories from your fatherland, which is also mine” and “Here rest all memories “Here and mine” all rest also is which stories from your fatherland, all “I keep itself: genius by the Palma’s proclaimed repository ofthe La as past, buried archive, aliving is genius the identity. all, and history own After about his something epiphany, it this in he discovers for narrator; amirror the through becomes, genius but embodimenting forgotten of island’s or the the hidden history. the a sense, In noth is genius therefore this and Palma of La name aboriginal the was Benahore (9),“the about of heroes of genius Benahoare” the yore. narrator the to tell ready Brendan’s Saint manifests ones surrounding the sailors, like clouds, misty among However, what is most interesting about “Vacaguaré” is how the narrative how is narrative the However, about “Vacaguaré” most interesting is what It is important to remember that Rodríguez López was not a nationalist not anationalist was López to Rodríguez rememberIt that important is 11 10 lthough the myth of the Isle of Saint Brendan is well known throughout the Canary Canary the throughout known well is Brendan of Saint Isle of the myth the lthough lthough all Canary Islands aborigines are generally, though inaccurately, referred to to referred inaccurately, though generally, are aborigines Islands Canary all lthough A A vacaguaré ,” which literally meant ‘I want to die’ in Auarita language. Auarita ,” ‘I to in meant die’ want literally which 10 except Aceró, ruled by the rebel chieftain chieftain rebel by the Aceró, ruled except 11 Then Then - - - - - the exhibition’s catalogue see Ode. see exhibition’s catalogue the For century. the in point some 19th at island fictional the from took objects and old photographs 2 of Saint Brendan, the slippery island that fades away when approached. fades that island slippery the Brendan, of Saint island Canary the and genius this impossible between is aconnection not to make words. It last genius the on keep repeating fallacy, pathetic analogous an in that, (“that’s spring (9)) weeping” genius running the of valleys deep echoes the or with thesound with of a identified are of which its absence, traces the are with left is narrator wistful the that All appeared. it first suddenly as as disappears Benahoare of genius Once Tanausú’s conveyed, the been ever-unstable has whale-island. story the Jasconius, but dwell also where heroes of past Isle of Blessed the the only the the not is island this all, After undertaking. arisky nevertheless, noble is, the Guanches, by inhabited island, imaginary and archival this in refuge Seeking existence. of his sense make to him allows that story, a narrator, finds space Delgado a metaphorical López’s the Rodríguez epiphanyby experienced Through meaningful. of Delgado muteness. (9) latter their race” he laments as “benahorita the of and ancient ages” “the by bards invoking begins also of “Vacaguaré” travelers’ narrator prayers, the since (Gil for years” 76) seven searching been youhave covertheisland mists “These them tells himself journey. Brendan Saint As their meaning with imbuing acompass, like Brendan’sof Saint acts but also sailors, identity very the confound clouds that Westnot the only towards lie misty among does which the (9). the “Isle Blessed” like of ofis Benahoare” epiphanicbeing This and, on the other, he is reminded of the ungraspability of such self-image, of its of self-image, such on other, the and, of ungraspability he reminded the is of identity, asense forging thus past, into his insight an one he granted is hand On self-deconstruction. and of self-construction process a simultaneous in himself involves slipper the “genius of “Vacaguaré” of narrator archive, Benahoare,” the this with not no-man’s and By seen seen. alternately dancing is that land ashifty is either, reached be stories cannot it their all contains that island archival the island, Therefore,their ways. many so in imagined be can why is they which reached, be never can Guanches actual the imaginaries, conjured various are in they powerfully how No Brendan. matter of Saint island or of Canary the Jasconius island slippery to compare itthe it not to is difficult amyth as of Guanche the nature changing and we (mostly) consider fluid If the absence. abouterated Guanches their the in lore, stories belong Guanche toof or the these to more be lore to precise, the gen Many organism. adiscursive as interpret and its functioning articulate stories that past. Guanche the encapsulates that archive an as island-nation, presented here Islands Canary single the also is island slippery this 004 about a fictional and successful expedition to the Isle of Saint Brendan. The exhibition featured featured exhibition The Brendan. Saint of Isle the to expedition successful and afictional about 004 The genius-island of Benahoare also renders the adventurous life journey journey life the adventurous renders also Benahoare of Thegenius-island As any other nation, the Canary Islands nation needs an archive full of full archive an nation needs Islands other nation, any Canary the As 12

In a truly postmodern fashion, Tarek Ode and David Oliveira organised an exhibition in in exhibition an organised Oliveira David Tarek and Ode fashion, postmodern a truly In . Thus, both islands are the answer to the to answer the are islands both Thus, 12 However, However, -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 35 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 36 unlike Tanausú who was the highest authority in his kingdom, Tinguaró was not a king/ chieftain, chieftain, not aking/ was Tinguaró kingdom, his in authority highest the was who Tanausú unlike Moreover, and aplebeian. born was Doramas nobility, aboriginal the to belonged who Tanausú, from La Palma Tanausú/ All guided by the same light.” same by the guided Tanausú/ All Palma from La And /From Doramas/ him to see Tenerife /From Canaria Kings Gran Tinguaró The Guanche came/ “From they context: to a Guanche island each translated is theadorationwhen the Magi of confirmed further is island autopian eighth as star the eighth of The reading narratives. from both qualities manifests star-island eighth how we discover the unfolds story the as fact, In of Bethlehem. star the with and Octava”) “La Benito Ruano, see Island, Canary eighth the (oftenBrendan called Saint isle the of with be could both identified star god.” their eighth Guanches This to the /Proclaiming descended star went another they /And To Atlantic the kiss ultimate insubstantiality. ultimate like Antonio Rodríguez López, also came from the island of La Palma. of La island from the came also López, Antonio Rodríguez like Taburiente band folk the weapon was apolitical who, as imagination Guanche the (1975). Franco of General death the after mined that musicians One of earliest the state Spanish the in experienced of changes the part as fore to the again came ing identity-reclaim and nation-building 1970s Islands 1980s, and when Canary atime its history. frequently through enough but manifests not stages exclusive of its early In other words, ourselves” (41). ourselves” words, other In trubada non the found, never island “Ah, the identity: Islands Canary to applied if valid very be also would Brendan) of Saint Isle the for name (another Aprositus about Robayna’s statement the Christian narrative to nationalist symbolism to nationalist narrative Christian the linking thus form of the stars, in appear which islands, Canary seven the along horizon of amysterious island. unstable to the us celebration returns this it be, might epiphany. a nationalist for conveying a symbol However as used itwhether being is or past of Guanche the landscape imaginary to the adapted being is of Jesus’ birth narrative Christian the whether it never clear is “Guanche Christmas” In fashion. original utopia for Guanche alocus ahighly nation in as Islands isle of Canary the (1976) “Guanche song Christmas” is earliest re-appropriates their which single the see Suárez Rosales. Suárez see projects political various to relationship their and flags Islands Canary about For more information stars.” green seven with shining as sea “a blue design to its referring explicitly flag, more recent this of acelebration is “Ach-Guañac,” song, Taburiente’s famous fact, most In ocean. the or “kissing” upon floating stars seven of the metaphor the reproduced which ablue upon stripe, stars green seven featured also in MPAIAC 1964 the by later created flag the Analogously, sea. the represented that on ablue background stars white of seven 1907) in consisted Laguna La in Ateneo El at displayed the one (i.e. consciousness national of expression an be to said be can that flag Islands Canary first the Thus, century. 20th the throughout movements nationalist by created flags Islands Canary ous buriente’s contribution to the lore of Saint Brendan in La Palma (181-182). Palma La in Brendan lore of Saint the to buriente’s contribution Similar dynamics can be appreciated, for instance, in song lyrics from the from the song lyrics in appreciated, be for instance, can dynamics Similar The mysterious single unified island is thus invoked in the first stanza stanza first the in invoked thus is island unified Thesingle mysterious 16 15 14 13 e metaphor that identifies the seven islands as seven stars has featured in the vari the in featured has stars seven as islands seven the identifies that e metaphor lthough he does not mention “Guanche Christmas,” Poggio also acknowledges Ta acknowledges also Poggio Christmas,” “Guanche not mention he does lthough or the sake of historical accuracy it must be pointed out that unlike Tinguaró and and Tinguaró unlike out that pointed be it must accuracy of historical sake or the ven though he probably means it as a fundamental human predicament, Sánchez Sánchez predicament, human afundamental it as means he probably though ven Th A F E 13 This elusive quality of Canary Islands nation-building is nation-building Islands Canary of elusive quality This 15 : “Seven stars fell from the sky / sky from the fell stars : “Seven 16 This imaginary journey journey imaginary This 14 , Aprositus. , Aprositus. Among Among - - - meeting of the three kings who are “all guided by the same light.” same by the guided “all who are kings of three the meeting the in dramatised islands, the among overcoming of the rivalries with but also past Guanche the not is celebrating only preoccupied with “Guanche Christmas” all, After for space. amore probably utopian non-geographical and of meeting calls the however Hierro, or utopian El Lanzarote), Gomera, Fuerteventura the quality La (i.e.islands unacknowledged and be could onethe four remaining island of This space. in, presumably, meet and or insular island another islands leave their actually Benito Ruano, “Sor Catalina.” “Sor Ruano, Benito nun’s see of the story account For abrief Canaria. Gran de Palmas Las in convent her in remains body her while island eighth the to way avisionary in travels she since kings, Guanche three the like sense, in a is, She of her pilgrimage. centre the as appears already Brendan Saint that significant it seems not metaphorical, world is visionary her and place actual an possibly is Brendan of Saint Isle the Catalina Sor for Even though visions. trance-like her in Brendan of Saint Isle the with along islands Canary seven the visited have to claimed who (1648-1695),Mateo Canaria Gran from anun noble status within the aboriginal society. aboriginal the within noble status their highlights also and Magi or Men Wise Three the with identity their conveys term the since kings,” three “the as Tinguaró and Doramas Tanausú, to collectively Irefer Nonetheless, Cubas. de Marín see story his 1481. and in Doramas For not aking) more about (though a noble/warrior died He following. large and leadership charismatic skills, fighting remarkable of his because him accepted finally have to seems by birth) influenced, heavily though determined, not exclusively body ( anoble/captain himself proclaimed Doramas colonisers. the with of appeasement apolicy followed often Canaria Gran in who elites, local the to and invaders European the to both of resistance instance aunique is life-story His society. colonial of pre- inequalities the highlights of status), asign as hair their not cut did noblemen (aboriginal a “shaven” plebeian of Doramas, story the society, on Guanche imposed categories European are these “prince.” Although as to referred sometimes he is so and Bencomo’s or half-brother brother but king one. native their other than island Canary any to see a chance had ever kings of three the none Thus, presumably acaptive. as Palma away from La taken being while death to himself Tenerife,and above, starved Tanausú, respectively) discussed and as they werewhereborn Canaria the(Gran islands in on battlefield died the Tinguaró and Doramas to meet. achance never had they since of past, the utopian reworking rests. epiphany nationalist of centre baby therefore, at the this where newborn and, going the kings Guanche three question of the these where are begs characters historical three featuring space of “Guanche Christmas” is an historical re-imagination of the past. past. of the re-imagination historical an is Christmas” of “Guanche space the utopian in meeting their that assume and razor Occam’s apply might we Thus, one. native their than other island on aCanary been or having other each meeting or Doramas Tinguaró Tanausú, of no evidence is However, paper. there of this scope the it escapes one and debated ahighly still is or Phoenician Greek byaRoman, Africa North from Canaries the to brought or were own their In “Guanche Christmas,” this eighth star is both a leading agent and a location in alocation in and agent aleading both is star eighth this “Guanche Christmas,” In of epiphany. locus the towards of Bethlehem’s Magi the star the plays role, guiding 17 However, in the imaginary and utopian space of “Guanche Christmas” they they utopian of “Guanche and Christmas” space However, imaginary the in For a start, the encounter of these three historical characters constitutes a constitutes characters historical encounter three the of these For astart, 18 17 star, which thefrom eighth to emanate seems light and leading unifying This e issue of whether the Guanches had any navigation skills, visited islands other than than other islands visited skills, navigation any had Guanches the of whether e issue tructurally analogous narrative can be found in the story of Sor Catalina de San San de Catalina of Sor story the in found be can narrative analogous tructurally Th A s gaire ) and the aboriginal nobility (a relatively flexible flexible (a relatively nobility aboriginal the ) and 18

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 37 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 38 Navigatio West to the the not towards alien was heroes went Islands great to toBlessed rest Navigatio, the in not does appear aspect Even this heroes. though of place ancient it resting the is of its because epiphanic quality, butbecause also (Gil octave” 76). Whitsunday the till shore rested where of Isle of Birds, they the the the towards led them beast the direction, right the in Moving path. our in us ing happen, help is on contrary, it the [Jasconius] will bad Nothing “‘Do not afraid. be sailors: his he tells as Brendan, for Saint a guide as acts it also surface, unreliable and atreacherous for being famous is Jasconius Although agent. leading and a guiding as acts but of song, the also utopian the imagination tion, merely through reached loca it not unstable is only an whale-island, the Like Isle of Blessed. the the and from Jasconius features significant embodies also of “Guanche Christmas” island eighth mysterious the Furthermore, horizon. a utopian offers it and past Guanche the archive for an as acts it frominter-insularconflicts, nation: ittranscendence offers Islands Canary the of island the single of traits the all bears star Theunion. eighth their facilitates and other seven the transcends which island-star eighth itself, an past, who all suffered dishonourable deaths dishonourable suffered all who past, (1481) and Tanausú starved to death while being forcibly taken away from his native island (1493). island native his from away taken forcibly being while (1481) death to resistance starved Tanausú and aboriginal discourage to a means as Castilians bythe exhibited head his and killed being after verticality and violent attitude of the “vile tyrants” which disrupt the idyllic scene scene idyllic the disrupt which violent and tyrants” of “vile the attitude verticality elders/[...] the with progress,” contrasts treaties,// which Discussed the Discussed theand “The Mencey values democratic and for horizontality relative but also past The The the the /Re-Arose asprouting seed /Like roads and buildings cement among /Among that tagoror symbol utopiaof TheGuanche theis Isle now of Blessed. Brendan/the the Saint of Isle of the traits narrative by the framed explicitly appears past aboriginal the vision, Pedro Guerra’s “Among Clouds” (1985) case, on extensively it. this In dwells time. survived has still,” resistance wherewhere Guanche “time stands for archive the aim that utopian the sailings are fated Similarly Isle of Blessed. the the surround once that dive more thus, into mists and, the fatherland to their return have to they fruits their (Gil 79). without ashadow of trying even death” still, After andwhere stands reached “time finally they island Edenic the in stay could monks his and Brendan not of Saint unity. sense even Nevertheless, ancestral allegedly an for source retrieving alegitimate as act can which and by Castile/Spain never tainted was past Guanche the where unconquered, and undiscovered remained that island an as itself imagines space archival and utopian restored. This royalty and dignity originate from Ancient Greece, also appears in the Celtic lore, mingled with local elements (687-690). elements local with mingled lore, Celtic the in appears also Greece, Ancient from originate tagoror tagoror tagoror tagoror or aboriginal council, which manifests among dystopian clouds: “I dreamed clouds: “I dystopian among dreamed manifests which council, or aboriginal Analogously, the utopian eighth island is also the Isle of the Blessed, not Isle of Blessed, just the the also is island utopianAnalogously, the eighth Though “Guanche Christmas” does notdoes dissolutionshowthe the of Christmas” utopian Though “Guanche 20 19 s Galván Reula points out the myth of the Western Isles of the Blessed, which seems to to seems which Blessed, of the Isles Western of the myth out the points Reula s Galván inguaró was stabbed from behind in the battle of Aguere (1496), Doramas decapitated decapitated (1496), of Aguere Doramas battle the in behind from stabbed was inguaró ’s context. larger A T // Among tar and smog/ Skyscrapers and Malls/ Under sky’s the mist/ Malls/ and Skyscrapers smog/ // and tar Among tagoror tagoror the Moreover, found.” was 19 In “Guanche Christmas,” the heroes of the Guanche heroes of Guanche the the “Guanche Christmas,” In 20 , re-appear in a new island with their their with island anew in , re-appear does not only stand for the Guanche for Guanche not the does only stand the idea that the the that idea the - - the vile tyrants/ Destroyed its truth/ I shall never forget/ My tagoror never forget/ risen Ishall its truth/ Destroyed tyrants/ vile the “And of though resistance: even consciousness of apolitical birth the vision but also the endthe of utopian not does dreamer’s thesignal only Thus, awakening dream. of same the part are utopian framing its present; dystopian the vision and both still cibly violently and element brought to obliteration. is dream-like Nonetheless, the sooner bound to is dissolve or later, that creature it Jasconius-like a subject is for not is merely past a Igo.” Guanche the Wherever context, this In my dream/ tell now I And crying/ and “I Overwhelmed singer’s woketo the up also/ awakening: parallel runs of its ancient culture destruction the and of utopian the fall island’s tagoror the Destroying swords/ and horses “With their and even trying to re-create the instruments the Guanches might have used, the the have used, might Guanches the instruments the to re-create trying even and sources historical recorded in languages aboriginal Islands from Canary fragments extant various attempt adapting to re(?)-invent After heritage. musical aGuanche Borondón” Identidad song of closing album the the is “San past. Guanche to the connected not is a space and a dream,” it also is dream but see Icould nownot no Isee more.// ashadow/ [...]/ Which island An is a That opositorum some of sort coincidentia as regarded nation. Not island the only is Islands Canary of the island of single the uncertainties and explicit celebration of ambiguities the waters.”you the lost in get Borondón” Thesong “San (1988)thepossiblyis most away./drifts I’m that Ican’t“Island Andcan’t A place close I find,/ so yet reach/ to this mid-1980s, the in again other songwriters sing Pedro two and Guerra will when no longer on sight. imagination on their in lives 78). of persona “Among for poetic the and for monks the Both Clouds” island the (Gil no longer are persecuted” once Christians the for your descendants, claimed [is]land “this be promise that the with gems” along will and “fruits carrying back Brendan’s Saint like away reminders, who some go symbolic monks take can they island-nation the way, exit utopian the explorersthis to need though eventually even description of the island, see Sörgel 48-52. Sörgel see island, of the description Columbus’ Ferdinand and legend of the account For abrief self-image. their within other (Muslim) the purge to of having instead Peninsula the to “back” culture Christian “pure” imported have could they since island, this finding in interested very were sailors Aragonese and Portuguese Castilians, Iberia, end the of Muslim with coincides Discoveries of Age the that Given influence. by Muslim untainted purity, its all in culture Iberian Christian preserved had island this city. Consequently, own his bishop each founding island, this to themselves exiled peasants, some with along bishops, (711) peninsula seven Iberian the over took Muslims the time the at that believed It was Cities. Seven of the Isle the about legend asimilar 1492, was in there of Granada conquest Castilian the in culminating peninsula, Iberian the in kingdoms Christian of the hegemony and growth the with self can never become but which acts as a source of guidance and inspiration. and of asource guidance as never become but acts which can self present the image an self; Islands Canary of current the image negative the as stands other dream-like clouds. The dystopian Guanche and enveloped is a space dreams in A few years after “Among after Clouds,” by years created TallerA few band the Canario, 21 The island- The unnily enough, at the time of the conquest of the Canaries (1402-1496), coincides Canaries of the which conquest of the time the at enough, unnily F , as “An [...]/, as island and time it belongs doesn’t/to That is that shadow A tagoror tagoror becomes in this way a locus of resistance even though such such though even of resistance way alocus this in becomes , which was Taller’s painstaking Taller’s was , which painstaking .”

This traumatic re-enacting re-enacting traumatic This .” 21 In In -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 39 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 27-42 40 and democratic fashion. democratic and apluralistic in to expressed be agency representational number enabling of ways, counter-imagined a in and for nation to imagined the be allow island haunted the of interstices ambivalent the all, Above xxiii). (Radhakrishnan such” identity as utopian to the or and long-termsubjugated knowledge project of interrogating and the concrete of dominated projects of identitybehalf on of affirming task the it “makes possible to for island movements simultaneously to themselves commit to define Canary Islands identity in solid too way, identity a or reductionist Islands Canary to define have tried other that attempts contestation. Unlike and identity open to creativity of process the keep but also Ireland into an-other Canaries the do not only turn of Navigatio the paradoxes to the back traced be can interaction, which of this tendenciesthe at contradictory heart nation. Theseemingly Islands of Canary the image the deconstruct and contributed construct to has simultaneously narrative Irish how shows us an monk’s narrative, the story, mirror its Guanche with along of presence constant The beginnings. from its very nationalism Islands Canary of imagination the haunted has Islands, Canary the to in its more recent rebirths island-nation. the build and rethink to but opportunity arepresentational frustration not is of asource political island of haunted it the subjects by undecidable the nature represents, the constructed is that something but to discovered be as needs given that something as not regarded agency. representational and Consequently, for political identity is if acall as seen on contrary, but be the can, ourselves, we stop imagining that not does mean we are up what we make that other words, In recognizing invitation to dream. an and call wake-up as a simultaneous be regarded could closing refrain The self-deconstruction. and of self-construction process parallel the by exposing island of imaginary the You it up/ exist/ You make ambiguities the it up.”voices make perfectly ending This not does island “Such an not is a mere butisland absence to discovery: a lead a new of Guanche the unreachability and manner, instability the aJasconius-like in fact, or amere defeat arejection utopian of island-nation as of In the fantasy. political too solid, or stable is literal. project island-Nation, haunted the Brendan, that isle of eludes Saint phorical every But youto weren’t reach/ Ilooked for you.” When there/ True meta to itself, this went And out “I mine/ thought island an is this that to realise came songwriters account of the movement’s history and ideology can be found in Garí Hayek 113-168. Hayek Garí in found be can ideology and movement’s of the history account power. An byaEuropean colonised people African an therefore and Guanches of the descendants exclusive) (and somewhat direct were people Islands Canary that claim the was nation Islands Canary of the foundation the MPAIAC For the continuity. of ethnic premise on the identity, based Islands Received for Publication: September 9, 2013; Acceptance for Publication: March 11, March 2014. Publication: for 9, 2013; September Acceptance Publication: for Received To Navigatio from the stretching Brendan, up,of Saint sum cycle the acceptance an as not is However, to construed be realisation songwriters’ the 22 n instance of such a project was the MPAIAC’s (1964-1980s) articulation of Canary of Canary (1964-1980s) MPAIAC’s the was aproject articulation of such n instance A 22 the haunted haunted the up up - , —— “Sor Catalina de San Mateo: religiosidad popular y taumaturgia en Canaria (siglo xviii (siglo Canaria en ytaumaturgia popular religiosidad Mateo: San de Catalina —— “Sor Cairasco De Castellano Jarazo inédito Guanche” “El Venezuela: en Delgado —— Secundino Benito Quintero Alonso Estévez Delgado Farrujía Gobierno Hernández Guerra Garí García García Gil Galván

Sancho Chica Hayek

Ramos Álvarez Ruano

Reula Mansito

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