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Human and Natural History of Kwazulu-Natal Prim 2016-17 Winter Intersession Study Abroad BIOL 391 South African Summits to Sea: Human and Natural History of KwaZulu-Natal Primary instructor: James Vonesh Credits: 3 Pre-trip orientation: Monday 12 Dec 2016 Program dates: 27 Dec 2016 - 14 Jan 2017 BIOL Capstone: Study abroad can fill BIOL capstone requirement Class size: up to 18 maximum Eligibility? This program is open to all students, regardless of major, who have at least a 2.0 GPA. Students who apply to the program will be interviewed by the program director prior to approval. An academic letter of reference will be required. This program is open to non-VCU students. Contact Dr. James Vonesh ([email protected]) for information about enrollment. Summary: Having climbed the famed “chain ladders route” to the top of the Drakensberg Mountains Amphitheatre you stand alongside the headwaters of the mighty Tugela River as it plunges nearly 1000 meters into Royal Natal National Park far below. Which ocean might a raindrop falling on this high plateau eventually end up in? What animal and plant life might it support on its journey? How have this and other rivers shaped the local culture, regional economy, and world history? These are some of the questions we will explore throughout the remainder of this fast paced, highly mobile, “expedition-style” course traversing the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal from high in the “dragon mountains” on the border of the Kingdom of Lesotho to the freshwater lagoons and marine reserves of Kosi Bay on the border with Mozambique. Accommodation throughout our journey will be in tented camps or basic ecolodges, students will be expected to work together as a team and to play an active role in camp life chores and meal preparation. Larger distances between focal sites will be traveled by vehicle. However, much of our traveling will be under "human power", including mountain hiking, game tracking on foot, white water rafting, flat water canoeing, and snorkeling. Although no prior experience in these is required, students should be capable of long physical days under the hot South African summer sun. Focal topics of study include, but are not limited to: river ecology; water resource management, wildlife biology, native plant communities, invasive species management, and how rivers have shaped the interactions between Zulu- Anglo-Boer cultures. Highlights of our itinerary include: Exploring the source and headwaters of the Tugela River in the Drakensburg Mountains, multi-day whitewater rafting to study the ecology of the upper Tugela, retracing the footsteps of British soldiers retreating across the Buffalo River after their dramatic defeat by the Zulus at Isandlwana, three days of “boots-on-the ground” large mammal wildlife ecology at Somkhanda Game Reserve (e.g., radio tracking rhino), multi-day canoeing down the Pongola River to compare its ecology with that of the differently managed Tugela, game drives in Tembe Elephant Park amongst the last free roaming and largest elephants in South African and other “Big Five” game, learning about indigenous fishing in the freshwater lagoons of Kosi Bay, and snorkeling in the marine protected area off Kosi Mouth. Parts of our journey (Tembe and Kosi Bay) fall within “low risk” malaria zones, prophylaxis is recommended. Program cost: $2,400 + airfare + tuition The program fee is $2,200 and includes the following: Pick-up and drop-off at the O.R. Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa All accommodation (tented camps) All meals (but 1) All transport (e.g., vehicle, raft and canoe equipment rental, boat launch) All South African guides and guest lectures On-site Program Director support Pre-departure orientation International Student Identity Card VCU administrative fees Application deposit The following are not included in the program fee. Students are responsible for: Airfare VCU tuition and fees Passport application or renewal fee, if applicable Personal expenses during the program estimated at $100 Personal equipment (e.g., hiking boots/shoes; day pack; sleeping bag, field clothing, anti- malarial prophylaxis) Airfare: Estimated $1500 Participants will book their own flights. Return flights from Washington, DC to Johannesburg, South Africa for December 2016 January 2017 cost an estimated $1,000 - 1,500 (Based on price search in May 2016). Course Structure & Itinerary Pre-trip orientation: Monday 12 Dec 2016. 2 hours. Time and location: TBD. Preparation and orientation for course will be discussed. Pretrip reading assignment handed out. Online Exam of these readings should be completed prior to departure. The course focuses on major river watersheds of the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, specifically the Tugela, Buffalo, & Pongola rivers, to explore the relationships between water resources, biodiversity and human history as we travel from the peaks of the Drakensburg Mountains to the marine protected areas of Kosi Bay. The course takes a traveling "expedition-like" approach, immersing students in the landscape. Although large distances between focus sites will be covered using vehicles, much of our traveling will be under "human power", including hiking, rafting, and canoeing. Accommodations are primarily in tents, students are expected to play an active role in camp life. "African Insights" will meet the course in Johannesburg. From there we travel by vehicle to our first camp, Witsieshoek Mountain Lodge, perched on the ridge overlooking the famous Drakensburg Amphitheater. Witsieshoek is near Phuthaditjhaba, capital of the former apartheid era "homeland" QwaQwa of the Bashoto people. From here we will hike to the top of the Drakensburg escarpment via the "chain ladders" route and walk along the top of the Amphitheater to the headwaters of the the Tugela River and the where the river plunges over the escarpment at Tugela Falls - one of the highest in the world. What is the fate of a raindrop that falls on this high plateau? What animal and plant life might it support on its journey? How has this flowing water shaped the course of human history? In what ways does modern society rely on this natural resources? These are some of the questions that originate from this place that frame our journey. With the stage now set, we spend the next week exploring the human and natural history of the upper Tugela River. First we visit sites on the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme and discuss the benefits and challenges associated with interbasin water transfer systems. Once rain falling above Tugela Falls would have ended its journey to the sea in the Indian Ocean. Now, through a series of dams and shunts, water from the Tugela watershed may end up in watersheds that drain into the Atlantic on the opposite coast of South Africa. Here we will explore questions such as: How has society benefited from being able to control water in this manner in terms of irrigation and hydropower? What environmental challenges have been created by connecting watersheds that we not historically connected? What are the political consequences of inter-provincial water transfer in a relatively water poor country? How is climate expected to change in this region and how could such change impact these issues? Next we explore Royal Natal National Park. We will hike along the Tugela River in the amphitheater to the base of the Falls, looking up hundreds of meters to where we stood a couple of days earlier. Here we will study the ecology of the upper Tugela focusing on macroinvertebrates as indicators of stream health, native fish communities of the Drakensburg escarpment, and the impacts of non-native fish introductions by Europeans. The introduction and management of trout in these streams is a hot button issue in South Africa, trout support recreational fishing but also impact native stream biodiversity. This is a great issue with which to explore the multidimensional challenges associated with managing non- native species in freshwater systems. We then travel to downstream on the Tugela to the small town of Colenso where we rendezvous with Zingela Safari and River Company. The Tugela River formed the frontier between Zulu, English and Boer cultures in eastern South Africa and has played a key role in the struggle for regional power. The Battle of Colenso of the second Boer War in 1899 provides an excellent example of this, where difficulty in crossing the river was instrumental in the British defeat. The evening at Colenso we will camp next to the river on a private farm, and will also have the opportunity to meet the farmer and talk with him about the degree to which commercial agriculture in this regions relies irrigation water from the river and how interbasin water transfer schemes current and future might impact his livelihood. An emerging issue is the possibility of a large coal-fired power plant in the area, and we will discuss the possible trade-offs associated with such development as well. The next two days are spent traveling down the Tugela River from Colenso to Zingela Game Reserve by raft. We will camp one night on the riverside before arriving at Zingela's camp. This section involves exciting class III-IV whitewater and an opportunity to continue our study of the river's ecology and water quality guided by Dr. Peter Calverley who grew up at Zingela and went on to get his PhD in Zoology from VCU's partner University, UKZN. Zingela is a private game reserve, and in addition to running a rafting company, the Calverley family manage their land for wildlife, and giraffes, kudu and other antelope are abundant. While at Zingela we can see the legacy of past land use, from ancient iron smelting sites to impacts of past over-farming and discuss how the Calverley's families efforts to restore riparian habitats. At this point in the trip we leave the Tugela watershed traveling deeper into Zululand to connect to other rivers on our journey to the sea.
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