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Investigation of Stratification in the Vaal Dam Using Electrical Conductivity Profiling
Investigation of Stratification in the Vaal Dam using Electrical Conductivity Profiling Reveck Hariram*, Nicolene Van der Walt** Rand Water, Scientific Services Division, P.O. Box 1127, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]; Tel: +2711 682 0479/0735 ABSTRACT water to more than 11 million people in South Africa. Purifying it and selling it to various Municipalities, mines and industries. The Vaal Dam is continuously monitored to provide an early warning of changes to water quality so that the configuration of the water treatment plant can be adapted to ensure only the best quality water is supplied to our customers. er quality by sampling bi-monthly at four strategically located sampling sites. The two major tributaries entering the Vaal Dam are monitored, namely the Wilge and Vaal River respectively. Furthermore, the water quality at the confluence of these tributaries is also monitored together with the most essential It has been found that the electrical conductivity in the Vaal Dam has been relatively consistent over the years (2003 to 2014) with an average of 25 mS/m. The salinity of the Vaal Dam is greatly influenced by the water quality of the two major tributaries (Wilge and Vaal) and the source water from Lesotho (via Lesotho Highlands Water Scheme) that feeds into the Wilge tributary. The purpose of this study was to investigate and verify if any stratification occurs in the Vaal Dam as previous studies indicated no stratification. In 2014, a new monitoring tool was utilized called the CastAway- CTD. The instrument can be lowered into a river or dam capturing data such as GPS position, conductivity and depth along the vertical profile. -
The Search for Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Source Water Used for Purification
The search for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in source water used for purification M Grundlingh* and CME de Wet Rand Water, Microbiology Laboratory, Scientific Services, PO Box 3526, Vereeniging 1930, South Africa Abstract Cryptosporidium and Giardia are intestinal parasites which cause a self limiting gastro-enteritis, in healthy people but severe and often fatal disease in immuno-compromised individuals. Both organisms are characterised by the ability to survive in an aquatic environment with Cryptosporidium having a high tolerance to most of the drinking water disinfectants. The absence of bacteria associated with feacal pollution does not necessarily indicate the absence of Cryptosporidium or Giardia. Being a common cause of waterborne disease, the requirement for detecting the presence of these organisms in environmental and treated water samples is growing. Although cysts and oocysts can be found in natural waters from any source, the risks of contamination are much greater in surface waters than in ground waters. A number of waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, from potable and recreational water have been recorded. In many cases these outbreaks have occurred from water that complies to current microbiology standards. Introduction finished waters during the treatment process, which may result in additional interference. Organisms and debris that autofluoresce or The potential occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia demonstrate non-specific fluorescence, such as algal and yeast cysts in water supplies is a significant issue for the water industry cells, when examined by epifluorescent microscopy, may interfere since outbreaks have been reported in Milwaukee, New Jersey, with the detection of oocysts and cysts and contribute to false North West (UK) and more recently in Sydney, Australia. -
Country Profile – South Africa
Country profile – South Africa Version 2016 Recommended citation: FAO. 2016. AQUASTAT Country Profile – South Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. -
Draft Revised NWRS
1 | P a g e Task: NWRS 2 Title of document: Draft National Water Resource Strategy 2 (NWRS-2): Task leader: FC van Zyl Task team FC van Zyl, H Keuris members: Authors of Prof MN Nkondo, FC van Zyl, H Keuris, B Schreiner document: Contributors: MP Nepfumbada, H Muller Reviewers: FC van Zyl, H Keuris, MP Nepfumbada, H Muller Report status: Version 1. comprehensive Date: July 2012 Issued to: Keywords: National Water Resource Strategy National Water Resource Strategy 2 Page | i Executive Statement Water is a critical strategic natural resource. It is essential for growth and Water is a critical development, the environment, health and wellbeing of the people of South natural strategic Africa. Although this principle is generally accepted, it is not always well resource understood or appreciated. Despite the fact that South Africa is a naturally water stressed country, further challenged by the need to support growth and development as well as potential climate change impact, the resource is not receiving the priority status and attention it deserves. This situation is reflected in the manner by which this scarce resource is wasted (more than 37% water losses), polluted, degraded, inadequately financed and inappropriately strategically positioned. Paradoxically South Africa has a fairly well developed water management and infrastructure framework which has resulted in a perceived sense of water security (urban and growth areas), as well as a lack of appreciation and respect for a critical strategic resource. South Africa is facing a number of water challenges and concerns, including Water is a security of supply, environmental degradation and resource pollution. -
A Classification of the Subtropical Transitional Thicket in the Eastern Cape, Based on Syntaxonomic and Structural Attributes
S. Afr. J. Bot., 1987, 53(5): 329 - 340 329 A classification of the subtropical transitional thicket in the eastern Cape, based on syntaxonomic and structural attributes D.A. Everard Department of Plant Sciences, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 Republic of South Africa Accepted 11 June 1987 Subtropical transitional thicket, traditionally known as valley bushveld, covers a significant proportion of the eastern Cape. This paper attempts to classify the subtropical transitional thicket into syntaxonomic and structural units and relate it to other thicket types on a continental basis. Twelve sites along a rainfall gradient were sampled for floristic and structural attributes. The floristic data were classified using TWINSPAN. Results indicate that the class subtropical transitional thicket has at least two orders of vegetation, namely kaffrarian thicket and kaffrarian succulent thicket. Two forms of thicket were recognized for both these orders viz. mesic kaffrarian thicket and xeric kaffrarian thicket for the kaffrarian thicket and mesic succulent thicket and xeric succulent thicket for the kaffrarian succulent thicket. Ordination of site data by DECORANA grouped sites according to these vegetation categories and in a sequence along axis 1 to which the rainfall gradient can be clearly related. Variation within the mesic kaffrarian thicket was however greater than between some of the other thicket types, indicating that more data are required before these forms of thicket can be formalized. Composition, endemism, diversity and the environmental controls on the distribution of the thicket types are discussed. 'n Aansienlike gedeelte van die Oos-Kaap word beslaan deur subtropiese oorgangsruigte, wat tradisioneel as valleibosveld bekend is. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om subtropiese oorgangsruigte in sintaksonomiese en strukturele eenhede te klassifiseer en dit op 'n kontinentale basis in verband met ander ruigtetipes te bring. -
Fiscal Policy
3 Fiscal policy The fiscal stance presented in the 2006 Budget provides for robust growth in public services and infrastructure investment, founded on an outstanding revenue performance over the past year and the continuing strength of the financial environment. Sustained increases in expenditure on transport, education and health will support economic development, lower business costs, improve skills levels and raise living standards. The fiscal framework provides for additional resources totalling R82 billion, and a further R24 billion to replace the RSC levies. Excluding the RSC levy transfers, non-interest expenditure will increase in real terms by 7,9 per cent in 2006/07, with an average increase of 6,4 per cent over the medium- term expenditure framework (MTEF) period. Sustained economic growth has maintained the buoyancy of government revenue. Capital spending is projected to rise strongly over the medium term. The budget deficit is projected to increase to 1,5 per cent of GDP next year, and then to decline to 1,2 per cent in 2008/09. The low deficit reflects careful macroeconomic management during a time of strong commodity prices and high consumer demand. The public sector borrowing requirement is expected to grow from 0,6 per cent of GDP in 2005/06 to 2,4 per cent of GDP by 2008/09 as a result of public enterprises’ capital expenditure programmes and an increase in the main budget deficit. Overview In the past year the South African economy has registered a strong Robust consumption performance, with GDP growth of about 5 per cent expected for and investment support 2005/06. -
Feasibility Study of Botterkloof and Merino II Hydropower Sites
Feasibility Study of Botterkloof and Merino II Hydropower Sites Presented By BJ Rochecouste Collet W: aurecongroup.com E: [email protected] T: +27 12 427 3144 History & Treaty Lesotho Highlands Water Project delivers water from the Mountains of Lesotho to South Africa by means of dams and tunnels constructed which discharges in the Ash River, near Clarens, Free State Province. Several phases were envisaged. A Treaty between the two governments was signed to ensure the delivery of an average flow of 24.5 m3/s (based on an annual volume) which is applicable to Phase 1 (1A and 1B). New Treaty for Phase 2 states that delivery of (additional) water from Phase 2 would be “on-demand” based on the volume required to compensate the yield of the Vaal catchment (including existing transfers). Scope of Services Aurecon Scope of Services Include: •The Environmental studies; •The Geotechnical Investigation; •The assistance for the WUL application ; •The Interconnections studies; •The Technical Feasibility Study; •Necessary assistance in the bid submission to the DoE for the REIPP programme; •The Detailed Design, Project Management & Construction Supervision. Ash River Reserve Flow (Minimum Maintenance Low Flow): 50 l/s. Phase 1 (A & B) annual flowrate: 24.5 m3/s. Flows into the Liebensbergvlei, then into the Wilge River and thereafter into the Vaal River. Serious erosion problems which lead to construction of several structures to reduce the flow velocity and minimise erosion. Hydrology & Future Flows Year Increase in Yield from Total Mean Annual Flow Phase 2 (m3/s) (m3/s) 2012 - 24.5 2014 - 24.5 2020 5.0 29.5 2025 5.0 29.5 2026 5.2 29.7 2030 6.8 31.3 2034 8.5 33.0 2038 10.1 34.6 Hydrology & Future Flows (Cont.) Botterkloof/Stortemelk Site Project Location The Stortemelk Site is located approximately 1.6 km downstream of the Ash River Outfall at the existing Boston A Dam. -
Lies Hidden in the Rocks
Sivhili Injhiniyeringi June 2008 Vol 16 No 6 ONE SOLUTION TO WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS LIES HIDDEN IN THE ROCKS P CA THE LIKELIHooD OF A GLOBAL DROUGHT IN 2009–2016 A W A R D S W I N N E R 2 0 0 7 FOR EXCELLENCE IN MAGAZINE PUBLISHING AND JOURNALISM VRESAP to be operational by November Implementation of the reserve at the Berg River Dam and Supplement Scheme Outeniqua Coast Water Situation Study 24 MONTHS TO FIFA 2010 P CA A W A R D S W I N N E R 2 0 0 7 FOR EXCELLENCE IN MAGAZINE PUBLISHING AND JOURNALISM Tshivenda ON THE COVER One of GEL’s new Beretta T46 drilling rigs installing lateral support to the Western access tunnel at the Soccer City Stadium ON THE CovER where the 2010 FIFA World Cup final will be played. This tunnel was constructed under the existing West grandstand, with Ensuring solid foundations for the FIFA supported faces of up to 9 m high; in total, World Cup’s flagship stadium 46 approximately 500 m2 lateral support was installed to three tunnels and the multi- WATER ENGINEERING OTHER PROJECTS storey parkade Potable water reservoir under construction 49 One solution to water supply problems Cape Town Terminal expansion on track 50 lies hidden in the rocks 2 Anglian Water’s biggest ever project 53 Dynamic planning process for water Recycling our roads 57 and sewer infrastructure 5 Boost for safer crane operations 55 Berg Water Project reserve releases: Traffic control centres for Limpopo 59 Implementation of the reserve at the Berg PUBLISHED BY SAICE/SAISI Block 19, Thornhill Office Park, River Dam and Supplement Scheme -
Energy and Water
ENERGY AND WATER 137 Pocket Guide to South Africa 2011/12 ENERGY AND WATER Energy use in South Africa is characterised by a high level of dependence on cheap and abundantly available coal. South Africa imports a large amount of crude oil. A limited quantity of natural gas is also available. The Department of Energy’s Energy Policy is based on the following key objectives: • ensuring energy security • achieving universal access and transforming the energy sector • regulating the energy sector • effective and efficient service delivery • optimal use of energy resources • ensuring sustainable development • promoting corporate governance. Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) The IRP lays the foundation for the country’s energy mix up to 2030, and seeks to find an appropriate balance between the expectations of different stakeholders considering a number of key constraints and risks, including: • reducing carbon emissions • new technology uncertainties such as costs, operability and lead time to build • water usage • localisation and job creation • southern African regional development and integration • security of supply. The IRP provides for a diversified energy mix, in terms of new generation capacity, that will comprise: • coal at 14% (government’s view is that there is a future for coal in the energy mix, and that it should continue research and development to find ways to clean the country’s abundant coal resources) • nuclear at 22,6% • open-cycle gas turbine at 9,2% and closed-cycle gas turbine at 5,6% • renewable energy carriers, which include hydro at 6,1%, wind at 19,7%, concentrated solar power at 2,4% and photovoltaic at 19,7%. -
Volume 10 Number 004 Anglo-Zulu War - I
Volume 10 Number 004 Anglo-Zulu War - I Lead: In the late 1870s faced with a British imperial ultimatum to disband their military system, the Zulu clans of Northeastern South Africa prepared for a war their leader was certain they would lose. Intro.: A Moment in Time with Dan Roberts. Content: The ancient tribal homeland of the Zulu lies north of the Tugela River in the northeastern part of South Africa’s Natal Province. The Zulu are a Bantu-speaking people, part of the Nguni ethnic grouping and were a relatively unimportant clan until the early decades of the 1800s. At that time there came to the throne one of the significant military thinkers in world history. Shaka (Chaka) subdued his family rivals and united the Zulu clans under his leadership. He then began to re- organize the Zulu war apparatus. He modified the traditional tribal weapon, the assegai, creating a new short iron sword designed for close in combat, he shaped his army into regiments, housed them in barracks for most of the year, refused to allow them to wear shoes so as to toughen their feet, thus increasing their speed, and then developed new unified flanking tactics directed by hand signals which when perfected overwhelmed his African enemies and gave the Zulu preeminence in the region. Shaka’s assassination in 1828 by his brothers Dingaan (din gane) and Mpande did not diminish Zulu power they were nearly everywhere triumphant until defeated by the Africaaners at the Battle of Blood River in 1838 and weakened by civil war in 1856. -
Conference Proceedings 2006
FOSAF THE FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN FLYFISHERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10 TH YELLOWFISH WORKING GROUP CONFERENCE STERKFONTEIN DAM, HARRISMITH 07 – 09 APRIL 2006 Edited by Peter Arderne PRINTING & DISTRIBUTION SPONSORED BY: sappi 1 CONTENTS Page List of participants 3 Press release 4 Chairman’s address -Bill Mincher 5 The effects of pollution on fish and people – Dr Steve Mitchell 7 DWAF Quality Status Report – Upper Vaal Management Area 2000 – 2005 - Riana 9 Munnik Water: The full picture of quality management & technology demand – Dries Louw 17 Fish kills in the Vaal: What went wrong? – Francois van Wyk 18 Water Pollution: The viewpoint of Eco-Care Trust – Mornē Viljoen 19 Why the fish kills in the Vaal? –Synthesis of the five preceding presentations 22 – Dr Steve Mitchell The Elands River Yellowfish Conservation Area – George McAllister 23 Status of the yellowfish populations in Limpopo Province – Paul Fouche 25 North West provincial report on the status of the yellowfish species – Daan Buijs & 34 Hermien Roux Status of yellowfish in KZN Province – Rob Karssing 40 Status of the yellowfish populations in the Western Cape – Dean Impson 44 Regional Report: Northern Cape (post meeting)– Ramogale Sekwele 50 Yellowfish conservation in the Free State Province – Pierre de Villiers 63 A bottom-up approach to freshwater conservation in the Orange Vaal River basin – 66 Pierre de Villiers Status of the yellowfish populations in Gauteng Province – Piet Muller 69 Yellowfish research: A reality to face – Dr Wynand Vlok 72 Assessing the distribution & flow requirements of endemic cyprinids in the Olifants- 86 Doring river system - Bruce Paxton Yellowfish genetics projects update – Dr Wynand Vlok on behalf of Prof. -
Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................