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1988 40 02 00.Pdf Volume XL Novembel; 1988 Number 2 American Jewish Archives A Journal Devoted to the Preservation and Study of the American Jewish Experience Jacob Rader Marcus, Ph.D., Editor Abraham J. Peck, Ph.M., Managing Editor Ruth L. Kreimer, Editorial Associate Published by The American Jewish Archives on the Cincinnati Campus of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion Dr. Alfred Gottschalk, .President American Jewish Archives is indexed in The Index to Jewish Periodicals, Current Contents, The American Historical Review, United States Political Science Documents, and The Journal of American History Information for Contributors: American Jewish Archives follows generally the University of Chicago Press "Manual of Style" (12th revised edition) and "Words into Type" (3rd edition), but issues its own style sheet which may be obtained by writing to: The Managing Editor, American Jewish Archives 3 I oI Clifton Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 45220 Patrons 1988: The Neumann Memorial Publication Fund Published by The American Jewish Archives on the Cincinnati campus of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion ISSN 002-9ojX O1988 by the American Jewish Archives Contents Introduction Abraham J. Peck I99 The End Is Not Yet: A Personal Memoir of the German-Jewish Legacy in America George L. Mosse 203 The German-Jewish Legacy and I: Some Personal Reflection Peter Gay 21I German Culture, Jewish Ethics Guy Stem 221 An Autobiographical Approach to the German-Jewish Legacy Georg G. Iggers 227 German Jewry as Spirit and as Legacy Harry Zohn 233 The German-Jewish Legacy After Auschwitz Norbert Wollheim 237 A German-Jewish Legacy Manfred Jonas 24 3 Bildung: Was It Good for the Jews? Henry L. Feingold 249 Bildung and the Dilemma of Hyphenation Herbert Pierre Secher 25 7 Reflections on the Kristallnacht and the End of German Jewry: Some Transcendent Thoughts Curt C. Silberman 261 The Less Than Total Break Wolfgang Holdheim 267 The German-Jewish Legacy: A Question of Fate Alfred Gottschalk 273 The Elusive German-Jewish Heritage in America W. Gunther Plaut 281 A Precious Legacy Joseph B. Maier 289 Emancipation and Post-Emancipation Identities: Reflections on On-Going Research Herbert A. Strauss 297 A Heritage Freighted Across the Abyss Michael A. Meyer 303 Engagement and the German-Jewish Legacy Aryeh Neier 307 The German-Jewish Heritage: A View from 1988 Hans Juergensen 313 Le De'racine': Finding New Roots in Exile Henry R. Huttenbach 321 Fifty Years After Crystal Night and Forty in America Werner Weinberg 3 27 Thoughts About the German-Jewish Legacy in the United States by a Man from Aufbau Hans J. Steinitz 331 Thoughts About My German-Jewish Legacy Tom L. Freudenheim 337 The German-Jewish Legacy: An Overstated Ideal Theodore Wiener 343 A German-Jewish Past, an American Jewish Future William W. Hallo 347 The German Jewish Legacy: One Man's Dilemma and Solution Henry Meyer 351 The German Jew in America-The Last Wave of Immigrants Walter Jacob The Voice of the Second Generation 355 The German-Jewish Legacy in America: A Second Generation Perspective Lucy Y. Steinitz 3 59 The German-Jewish Legacy beyond America: A South African Example Steven E. Aschheim 365 Fragments of a German-Jewish Heritage in Four "Americans" Carol Ascher Renate Bridenthal Marion Kaplan Atina Grossmann 385 My German-Jewish Legacy and Theirs Anthony Heilbut 393 Bildung: An Agenda of the Soul Uri D. Herscher 397 Reflections on the German-Jewish Legacy: North American Style Frances Henry 401 The German-Jewish Legacy in America: A Process of Continuity and Competition Robert Liberles 405 The German-Jewish Legacy: A Past with No Future Steven Lowenstein 409 A Non-Jewish German Looks at the German-Jewish Legacy Gert Niers 413 Fifty Years After Kristallnacht: Another Second Generation Perspective Diane R. Spielmann and Lee A. Spielmann 419 The German-Jewish Experience: Toward a Useable Past Jack Wertheimer 425 Contributors 43 3 Index Introduction "The end of German Jewry has arrived." Rabbi Leo Baeck spoke these words not long after Adolf Hitler came to power at the beginning of 1933. But the meaning of Baeck's words was demonstrated to German Jewry with a furious and destructive finality over five years later on the night and day of November 9 - 10, 1938. The end of German- Jewish life had indeed arrived. Fifty years after the fateful November 9 - 10 pogrom of 1938 (Kris- tallnacht), American Jewish Archives has decided to ask what it all meant in terms of the spirit that defined more than a century of Ger- man-Jewish existence and its transfer to the United States of America. Yet can one define that spirit? In its modern form at least, according to Professor George L. Mosse,' such a spirit was centered in the con- cept of Bildung, a post-emancipation notion that included character formation, moral education, the primacy of culture and a belief in the potential of humanity. Professor Mosse also explains that Bildung became to large por- tions of German Jewry, an important, if not central, expression of their Jewishness. And even if, by the time of the Weimar Republic of the 19zo's, Bildung had reached its most fruitful cultural expression in the form of "Weimar Culture," and had become, as Professor Mosse characterizes it in his provocative opening essay to this issue, "an inner-Jewish dia- logue to which few gentiles listened," it had left its mark on German society. Perhaps that mark had more negative than positive overtones. One can already see, from the very creation of the German nation-state in the I87oYs,a growing anti-Bildung, anti-Jewish environment. Indeed, the "Ideas of 1789," of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment, the foundations upon which Bildung was based, became the code word (along with anti-Semitism) for all that was thought to be in opposition to "true" German ideals. As one German nationalist wrote before the outbreak of World War I, "the old terms have to be changed: instead of religion, language and artistic intuition; instead of humanity, the race."2 The outbreak of the First World War solidified the anti-1789 feel- ings into a coherent philosophy. The "Ideas of 1914," as this philoso- phy came to be known, sought to contrast every aspect of German life with that of its military enemies. With one quick stroke, the "Ideas of I9I4" would sever all alien influences from the German people. What the "ideas of 1789" had done to make Germany morally and intellec- tually impure, the new concept, with its uniquely German vision, would readily undo. The spirit of the Enlightenment and its legacy to German Jewry, Bildung, with its accompanying concepts of democra- cy and humanity, would finally be broken in the "German" war. Adolf Hitler's triumph in I93 3 and the events of November I93 8 destroyed the belief that Bildung could be used as a means of creating in Germany a more modern and democratic environment. And Ger- man Jews, who became "primarily associated with the democratic, universalist o~tlook,"~represented by Bildung, found themselves leaving the Third Reich for places which would be more suitable envi- ronments for their particular ideas. In its transatlantic crossing from Europe to (primarily) America, the German-Jewish spirit, as represented by the notion of Bildung, be- came the German-Jewish legacy. Our symposium, and the nearly forty essays which comprise it, seeks to understand the very nature of this German-Jewish legacy in its American context. The editor has suggested a number of questions that might be addressed: How may one interpret the German-Jewish legacy? How has that legacy expressed itself in the authors' values as an American and a Jew? What does the legacy mean for our time and what happened to it in its American context? Has it found a home in America or does the German-Jewish spirit remain in exile? Is this legacy important to the continuation of a democratic Ameri- can society? To the future of American Jewry? Which elements of the legacy are worth preserving for the next generation and which are not? To try and most fully understand the German-Jewish legacy in its American context, two groups of contributors were invited to partici- pate. The first group was made up of Jews born in Germany but who reached their professional maturity in the United States. The second group was made up of primarily American-born individuals whose Jewish parents had either fled Nazi Germany or who, as German Jews, survived the Holocaust. We believe that this special issue of American Jewish Archives will be an important addition to the history of the German-Jewish experi- ence and to that of American Jewish life. Most important, it is an effort to commemorate the end of one of the greatest communities in Jewish history and to explore those elements of that greatness which may still be relevant and useful in insuring that our own Jewish com- munity remains a vibrant and productive part of a free and democratic American society. Abraham J. Peck November, 1988 Notes I. German ]ews Beyond Iudaism (Bloomington and Cincinnati, 1985). 2. Quoted in Abraham J. Peck, Radicals and Reactionaries: The Crtsis of Conservatism in Wilhelmine Germany (Washington, D.C., 1978),p. 134. 3. Jarrell C. Jackman and Carla M. Borden, The Muses Flee Hitler. Cultural Transfer and Adaptation 1930- 1945. (Washington, D.C., 1983)p. 17. The End Is Not Yet: A Personal Memoir of the German-Jewish Legacy in America George L. Mosse As I have given my own definition of the German-Jewish legacy in German Jews Beyond Judaism, I want to confine myself here to some personal observations of how its spirit seems to have survived in the United States when it had long been pronounced dead in Europe.
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