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Crossing the Border Crossing the Border Crossing Measuring the Impact of International Migration on Human Development Human on Migration International of Impact the Measuring Migratory movements between Mexico and the United States represent the largest migration corridor in the world, with an emigrant population of more than eleven million Mexican-born citizens in the US. For Mexico, migration signifies a model for citizen to expand their freedoms and improve living conditions for themselves and their families, with the potential to one-day return home. This book examines Mexico-US migration in depth to uncover a new, broader perspective on the nexus between migration and de- Crossing the Border velopment, recognizing that every individual migrant’s agency and ability to live in and with substantial freedoms is integral to fos- tering development for countries of origin and destination. Addressing a topic of high political interest, this book provides valuable legislative and socio-economic information and may serve as a paradigmatic example for other migratory corridors in the world. Sabrina Juran Sabrina Juran Sabrina ISBN 978-87-999030-0-9 9 788799 903009 IMPRINT Published by: Phoenix Design Aid A/S, Østergade 19, 8900 Randers C, Denmark Original Edition published in April 2016 Copyright © Sabrina Juran, 2016 How to Quote: Juran, Sabrina. 2016. Crossing the Border. Measuring the Contribution of International Migration to Human Development. Randers C: Phoenix Design Aid A/S Author: Sabrina Juran Production by Phoenix Design Aid A/S, a CO2 neutral company accredited in the fields of quality (ISO 9001), environment (ISO14001) and CSR (DS49001) and approved supplier of FSC™ certified products. Printed on FSC™ certified paper without chlorine and with vegetable-based inks. The printed matter is recyclable. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the author and should not be attributed to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Acknowledgements: This publication was made possible by the financial support of the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The author wants to express her gratitude to the following UNFPA colleagues in the region for their valuable technical and managerial support during the process: Esteban Caballero, Pablo Salazar, Ivan Castellanos and Elizabeth Springer. ISBN: 978-87-999030-0-9 Sabrina Juran Crossing the Border Measuring the Impact of International Migration on Human Development A Methodological Approach Applied to the Migration Corridor between the United States of Mexico and the United States of America DEDICATION This publication is dedicated to Niclas, who has always encouraged me to achieve excellence. For my family with thanks, without whom I would not be where I am. I would like to thank Professor Dr. Hans Bertram, for his enthusiasm, his encouragement, and his resolute dedication to the importance of my work. I could not have asked for a more supportive thesis advisor during these years. I am also indebted to committee member, Professor Dr. Karin Lohr, for her kindness and support. TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ...................................................................iii Table of Contents ................................................................v Listing of Figures ................................................................vi Listing of Tables ................................................................vii Acronyms and Abbreviations.......................................................viii Glossary ...................................................................x 1 Introduction . 1 2 The Phenomenon of International Migration – Mexican Migration to the United States of America . 7 3 Migration and Development Nexus – a Two Way Relationship . 13 4 Theoretical Framework: Understanding Human Development as the Expansion of Freedoms . 19 5 International Migration Seen Through the Lens of Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach . 27 6 Conceptualization and Methodology – Cause and Impact Assessment of Mexican Migration to the United States of America . 31 6.1 Use of Data..............................................................31 6.2 Context Analysis . 32 6.3 Migration Profile ..........................................................33 6.4 Impact Assessment ........................................................34 6.4.1 Political Freedoms ....................................................34 6.4.2 Economic Facilities ....................................................35 6.4.3 Social Opportunities ...................................................37 6.4.4 Transparency Guarantees ...............................................38 6.4.5 Protective Security ....................................................39 7 Context Analysis of Mexico and the United States . 41 7.1 Historic Context . 41 7.2 Demographic Context ......................................................47 7.3 Economic Context .........................................................58 7.4 Context of Governance and Institution ..........................................77 8 Mexico – US Migration Profile . 83 9 Impact Assessment . 95 9.1 The Impact on Political Freedoms..............................................95 9.2 The Economic Impact of Migration.............................................98 9.3 Social Opportunities and the Effect of Migration.................................. 119 9.4 Transparency Guarantees within the Migration and Development Nexus.................129 9.5 The Impact of Migration on Protective Security................................... 135 10 Conclusion . 143 Bibliography ................................................................. 153 Appendix: Tables .............................................................. 175 Crossing the Border Measuring the Impact of International Migration on Human Development v LISTING OF FIGURES Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Capability Approach ............................22 Figure 2: Mexico-born Population in the United States, 1850 to 2011 . 44 Figure 3: Out- and Return-Migration and Deportations between Mexico and the US ...........46 Figure 4: Proportion of Rural and Urban Population, Mexico.............................48 Figure 5: Rural and Urban Population, Mexico .......................................48 Figure 6: Mexico’s Population by Size of Urban Location ...............................49 Figure 7: Sex-Age Pyramid of Population in Mexico, 1990 ..............................50 Figure 8: Sex-Age Pyramid of Population in Mexico, 2000 ..............................51 Figure 9: Sex-Age Pyramid of Population in Mexico, 2010 ..............................52 Figure 10: Old and Young Age Dependency Ratios, Mexico ..............................53 Figure 11: Sex-Age Pyramid of the Population of Mexico and the US, 2010...................54 Figure 12: Sex-Age Pyramid of US Population, 1990 ...................................55 Figure 13: Sex-Age Pyramid of US Population, 2000 ...................................56 Figure 14: Sex-Age Pyramid of US Population, 2010....................................57 Figure 15: Gross Domestic Product per capita in Mexico and the United States, at constant 2005 US ...................................................59 Figure 16: Growth of Gross Domestic Product per Capita in Mexico and the United States, in percent...........................................................60 Figure 17: Contribution to National Growth of Gross Domestic Product, 1995-2007, in percent ....61 Figure 18: Performance of Federal States in Gross Domestic Product per Capita, 1993 and 2006 ...61 Figure 19: National and Sub-National Gini Coefficient, Mexico ...........................62 Figure 20: Unemployment Rate of the Economically Active Population in Mexico, by Urban and Rural ...................................................63 Figure 21: Unemployment Rate of the Economically Active Population in Mexico, by Sex ........64 Figure 22: Sex-Age Pyramid of the Mexican Labor Force ................................66 Figure 23: Female Labor Force Participation by Age Group and Years of Schooling .............68 Figure 24: Educational Attainment by Federal State, Mexico..............................69 Figure 25: Wage Differentials and Migrant Flows between Mexico and the US ................70 Figure 26: Remittances by Federal State, 2012. .......................................72 Figure 27: Annual Transactions for Remittances, in US Dollars ............................74 Figure 28: Average Remittances per Annual Transaction.................................75 Figure 29: US Foreign-born Population by Origin, in percent..............................83 Figure 30: Emigration Rate among the Population of Federal States in Mexico, 2010 ............84 Figure 31: Sex-Age Pyramid of Mexico-born Population in the US, 2010 .....................86 Figure 32: Sex-Age Pyramid of Foreign-born population in the US, 2010 .....................87 Figure 33: Sex-Age Pyramid of US-born population in the US, 2010 ........................88 Figure 34: Reasons for Migration to the United States ..................................91 Figure 35: US Gross Domestic Product and Remittances Percent Change.................... 101 Figure 36: Counter-cyclical Character of Remittances and US Gross Domestic Product.......... 101 Figure 37: Mexican Gross Domestic Product and Total Remittances Received ................102 Figure 38: Trade Balance of Payments .............................................104 Figure
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