Chapter 24: Asia and the Pacific, 1945-Present

Asia and the Pacific 1945–Present Key Events As you read, look for the key events in the history of postwar Asia. • Communists in China introduced socialist measures and drastic reforms under the leadership of Mao Zedong. • After World War II, India gained its independence from Britain and divided into two separate countries—India and Pakistan. • Japan modernized its economy and society after 1945 and became one of the world’s economic giants. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • Today China and Japan play significant roles in world affairs: China for political and military reasons, Japan for economic reasons. • India and Pakistan remain rivals. In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and Pakistan responded by testing its own nuclear weapons. • Although the people of Taiwan favor independence, China remains committed to eventual unification.

World History—Modern Times Video The Chapter 24 video, “Vietnam,” chronicles the history and impact of the Vietnam War.

Mao Zedong 1949 1953 1965 Communist Korean Lyndon Johnson Party takes War sends U.S. troops over China ends to South Vietnam

1935 1945 1955 1965

1947 1966 India and Indira Gandhi Pakistan become elected independent prime minister nations of India

Indira Gandhi

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Singapore’s architecture is a mixture of modern and colonial buildings.

Nixon in China

1972 HISTORY U.S. President 1989 2002 Richard Nixon Tiananmen Square China joins World Trade visits China massacre Organization Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History—Modern 1975 1985 1995 2005 Times Web site at wh.mt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 24– Chapter Overview to 1979 1997 preview chapter information. Mother Teresa Return of Hong receives the Nobel Kong to China Peace Prize

Fireworks celebrate the handover of Hong Kong to China.

721 The events in Tiananmen Square ended tragically for pro-democracy protesters. A Movement Why It Matters for Democracy The movement for democracy in n the spring of 1989, China began to experience a remark- China in the 1980s was only one of able series of events. Crowds of students, joined by work- many tumultuous events in Asia after World War II. In China, a civil Iers and journalists, filled Tiananmen Square in Beijing day war gave way to a new China under after day to demonstrate in favor of a democratic govern- Communist control. Japan recov- ment for China. Some students waged a hunger strike, and ered from the devastation of World others carried posters calling for democracy. War II and went on to build an eco- To China’s elderly rulers, calls for democracy were a threat nomic powerhouse. In South Asia to the dominant role that the Communist Party had played in and Southeast Asia, nations that had China since 1949. Some leaders interested in reform advised been dominated by Western colo- restraint in handling the protesters. Most of the Communist nial powers struggled to gain their leaders, however, wanted to repress the movement. When freedom. Throughout Asia, nations students erected a 30-foot (9-m)-high statue called “The God- worked to develop modern industri- dess of Democracy” that looked similar to the American alized states. Statue of Liberty, party leaders became especially incensed. History and You Find online or On June 3, 1989, the Chinese army moved into the square. in the library a commentary on the Soldiers carrying automatic rifles fired into the unarmed Tiananmen Square incident written crowds. Tanks and troops moved in and surrounded the from the perspective of the Chinese remaining students. At 5:30 in the morning on June 4, the government. Analyze the work to mayor of Beijing announced that Tiananmen Square had been determine whether or not it displays “handed back to the people.” Even then, the killing of bias. Support your opinion. unarmed citizens continued. At least 500 civilians were killed—perhaps as many as 2,000. The movement for democracy in China had ended.

722 Communist China Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • Mao Zedong established a socialist soci- Deng Xiaoping, Richard Nixon Cause and Effect Use a chart like the ety in China. one below to list communism’s effects • After Mao’s death, modified capitalist Places to Locate on China’s international affairs. techniques were used to encourage Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea growth in industry and farming. Preview Questions Effects Key Terms 1. How did the Great Leap Forward and commune, permanent revolution, the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolu- per capita tion affect China? Communism 2. What were the major economic, social, and political developments in Preview of Events China after the death of Mao Zedong? ✦1950 ✦1960 ✦1970 ✦1980

1950 1958 1972 1979 A marriage law guarantees women Mao Zedong institutes President Nixon China establishes diplomatic equal rights with men in China the Great Leap Forward visits China ties with the United States Voices from the Past

Nien Cheng, the widow of an official of Chiang Kai-shek’s regime, described a visit by Red Guards to her home:

Mounting the stairs, I was astonished to see several Red Guards taking pieces of “my porcelain collection out of their padded boxes. One young man . . . was stepping on them. . . . Impulsively I leapt forward and caught his leg just as he raised his foot to crush the next cup. He toppled. We fell in a heap together. . . . The young man whose revolutionary work of destruction I had interrupted said angrily, ‘You shut up! These things belong to the old culture. . . . Our Great Leader Chairman Mao taught us, “If we Students in support do not destroy, we cannot establish.” The old culture must be destroyed to make way of Mao Zedong for the new socialist culture.’” —Life and Death in Shanghai, Nien Cheng, 1986 The Red Guards were established to create a new order in China. Civil War and the Great Leap Forward By 1945, there were two Chinese governments. The Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek, based in southern and central China, was supported by the United States. The Communist government, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, had its base in North China. In 1945, full-scale war between the Nationalists and the Communists broke out. In the countryside, millions of peasants were attracted to the Communists by promises of land. Many joined Mao’s People’s Liberation Army. By the spring of 1949, the People’s Liberation Army had defeated the Nation- alists. Chiang and two million followers fled to the island of Taiwan.

CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 723 China, 1949–1989

People‘s Republic of China (Communist) SOVIET UNION Republic of China (Nationalist) Site of fighting involving the Red Guards, On June 4, 1989, the Chinese 1966–1969 army massacres pro-democracy Pro-democracy student demonstrations, 1986 demonstrators in Tiananmen Square. °N 40 MONGOLIA MANCHURIA On October 1, 1949, Communist Sea Mao Zedong proclaims China as of NORTH Japan the People’s Republic of China. JAPAN XINJIANG Beijing KOREA INNER SOUTH N MONGOLIA e KOREA N H Yellow A W g °N T E CHINA n Sea 30 IS Hu a K A S Nanjing P C Xian h Hefei Shanghai an TIBET g Chongqing

J East China N SIKKIM i Wuhan E BHUTAN a Sea PA n ER L g ANC Taipei OF C PIC Chinese workers in TRO INDIA Guangzhou 0°N a state-owned factory Kunming Taiwan 2 Shenzhen Pacific BANGLADESH Hong Kong 0 400 miles BURMA VIETNAM U.K. Ocean LAOS Hainan 0 400 kilometers In late 1949, Nationalist Chiang Kai-shek Two-Point Equidistant projection THAILAND and his followers flee to Taiwan and 80°E 90°E100°E 110°E re-establish the Republic of China.

The People’s Republic of China originated in 1949. in 1958. Existing collective farms, normally the size of 1. Interpreting Maps Identify the places where pro- a village, were combined into vast communes. Each democracy student demonstrations took place in 1986. commune contained more than thirty thousand peo- Which of these cities had also been sites of fighting ple who lived and worked together. Mao hoped this involving the Red Guards 20 years earlier? program would enable China to reach the final stage 2. Applying Geography Skills Use the map’s scale to of communism—the classless society—before the determine the approximate distance from Taiwan to end of the twentieth century. The government official mainland China. Use an atlas to help you name two slogan promised the following: “Hard work for a few U.S. cities that are about this same distance apart. years, happiness for a thousand.” The Great Leap Forward was a disaster. Bad weather and the peasants’ hatred of the new system The Communist Party, under the leadership of its drove food production down. As a result, almost chairman, Mao Zedong, now ruled China. In 1955, fifteen million people died of starvation. In 1960, the the Chinese government launched a program to government began to break up the communes and build a socialist society. To win the support of the return to collective farms and some private plots. peasants, lands were taken from wealthy landlords and given to poor peasants. About two-thirds of the Reading Check Explaining Why was the Great Leap peasant households in China received land under the Forward an economic disaster for China? new program. Most private farmland was collec- tivized, and most industry and commerce was The Great Proletarian nationalized. Chinese leaders hoped that collective farms would Cultural Revolution increase food production, allowing more people to Mao now faced opposition within the Communist work in industry. Food production, however, did not Party. Despite this opposition and the commune fail- grow. ure, he still dreamed of a classless society. In Mao’s To speed up economic growth, Mao began a more eyes, only permanent revolution, an atmosphere radical program, known as the Great Leap Forward, of constant revolutionary fervor, could enable the

724 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific Chinese to overcome the Thousands of students were sent abroad to study sci- past and achieve the final HISTORY ence, technology, and modern business techniques. stage of communism. A new agricultural policy was begun. Collective In 1966, Mao launched Web Activity Visit farms could now lease land to peasant families who the Great Proletarian Cul- the Glencoe World paid rent to the collective. Anything produced on the tural Revolution. The Chi- History—Modern land above the amount of that payment could be sold nese name literally meant Times Web site at on the private market. Peasants were also allowed to “great revolution to create a wh.mt.glencoe.com make goods they could sell to others. proletarian (working class) and click on Chapter 24– Overall, modernization worked. Industrial output Student Web Activity culture.” A collection of skyrocketed. Per capita (per person) income, includ- to learn more about the Mao’s thoughts, called the ing farm income, doubled during the 1980s. The stan- Cultural Revolution. Little Red Book, was hailed dard of living rose for most people. The average as the most important Chinese citizen in the early 1980s had barely earned source of knowledge in all areas. enough to buy a bicycle, radio, or watch. By the To further the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards 1990s, many were buying refrigerators and color were formed. These were revolutionary groups com- television sets. posed largely of young people. Red Guards set out across the nation to eliminate the “Four Olds”—old Movement for Democracy Despite these achieve- ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits. The ments, many people complained that Deng Xiao- Red Guard destroyed temples, books written by for- ping’s program had failed to achieve a fifth eigners, and foreign music. They tore down street modernization—democracy. The new leaders did signs and replaced them with ones carrying revolu- not allow direct criticism of the Communist Party. tionary names. The city of Shanghai even ordered that Those who called for democracy were often sen- red (the revolutionary color) traffic lights would indi- tenced to long terms in prison. cate that traffic could move, not stop. The problem began to intensify in the late 1980s. Vicious attacks were made on individuals who More Chinese began to study abroad. More informa- had supposedly deviated from Mao’s plan. Intellec- tion about Western society reached educated people tuals and artists accused of being pro-Western were especially open to attack. Key groups, however, including Communist Party members, urban pro- fessionals, and many military officers, did not share Mao’s desire for permanent revolution. People, dis- gusted by the actions of the Red Guards, began to Deng Xiaoping turn against the movement. 1904–1997—Chinese leader

Reading Check Identifying What were the “Four Deng Xiaoping was one of China’s Olds” and how did the Red Guards try to eliminate them? major leaders after the death of Mao Zedong. Deng studied in France, where he joined the Chinese Commu- China After Mao nist Party. Back in China, he helped In September 1976, Mao Zedong died at the age organize the Communist army. At the end of 82. A group of practical-minded reformers, led by of World War II, Deng became a member of the Deng Xiaoping (DUNG SHOW•PIHNG), seized Central Committee of the Communist Party. An opponent power and brought the Cultural Revolution to an end. of Mao’s Cultural Revolution, he was labeled a “renegade, scab, and traitor” and sent to work in a tractor factory. Policies of Deng Xiaoping Under Deng Xiaoping, In 1978, after the failure of the Cultural Revolution, the government followed a policy called the Four Deng became the leader of China’s modernization and Modernizations, which focused on four areas— economic reform. Deng took a practical approach to change. He said, “I do not care whether a cat is black or industry, agriculture, technology, and national white, the important thing is whether it catches mice.” defense. For over 20 years, China had been isolated Between 1982 and 1989, Deng was the chief leader of from the technological advances taking place else- China. where in the world. To make up for lost time, the government invited foreign investors to China.

CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 725 inside the country. The economic improvements of Chinese Society the early 1980s led to pressure from students and other city residents for better living conditions and Under Communism more freedom to choose jobs after graduation. From the start, the Chinese Communist Party In the late 1980s, rising inflation led to growing wanted to create a new kind of citizen. These new cit- discontent among salaried workers, especially in the izens would be expected to contribute their utmost cities. Corruption and special treatment for officials for the good of all. In the words of Mao Zedong, the and party members led to increasing criticism as people “should be resolute, fear no sacrifice, and sur- well. In May 1989, student protesters called for an mount every difficulty to win victory.” end to the corruption and demanded the resignation During the 1950s, the Communist government in of China’s aging Communist Party leaders. These China took steps to end the old system. One change demands received widespread support from people involved the role of women. Women were now in the cities and led to massive demonstrations in allowed to take part in politics. At the local level, an Tiananmen Square in Beijing. increasing number of women became active in the Some Communist leaders were divided over how Communist Party. In 1950, a new marriage law guar- to respond. However, Deng Xiaoping saw the stu- anteed women equal rights with men. dent desire for democracy as a demand for an end to The new regime also tried to destroy the influence the Communist Party. He ordered tanks and troops of the traditional family system. To the Communists, into Tiananmen Square to crush the demonstrators. loyalty to the family, an important element in the Democracy remained a dream. Confucian social order, undercut loyalty to the state. Throughout the 1990s, China’s human rights vio- For Communist leaders, family loyalty was against lations and its determination to unify with Taiwan the basic principle of Marxism—dedication to society strained its relationship with the West. China’s at large. increasing military power has also created interna- During the Great Leap Forward, children were tional concern. However, China still maintains diplo- encouraged for the first time to report to the authori- matic relations with the West. ties any comments by their parents that criticized the system. These practices continued during the Cul- Reading Check Explaining What was the fifth tural Revolution. Red Guards expected children to modernization, and why was it not achieved? report on their parents, students on their teachers, and employees on their superiors. At the time, many foreign observers feared that the Cultural Revolution would transform the Chi- nese people into robots spouting the slogans fed to them by their leaders. This did not happen, however. Mao Zedong had died on After the death of Mao Zedong there was a notice- the Long March? able shift away from revolutionary fervor and a Chairman Mao was the dominant figure of Chi- return to family traditions. nese communism. During his regime, he was close For most people, this shift meant better living con- to a cult figure; schoolchildren would trade Mao ditions. Married couples who had been given patri- cards, pins, and photographs like they were base- otic names such as “Protect Mao Zedong” and “Build ball cards or marbles. He rose to power during the the Country” by their parents chose more elegant Long March of 1934 to 1935 and quickly became names for their own children. the People’s Republic of China’s greatest leader. The new attitudes were also reflected in people’s Consider the Consequences The Commu- clothing choices. For a generation after the civil war, nists lost over half of their forces during the clothing had been restricted to a baggy “Mao suit” in 6,000-mile (9,660-km) trek of the Long March. olive drab or dark blue. Today, young Chinese peo- ; Consider the consequences for Chinese com- ple wear jeans, sneakers, and sweat suits. (See page munism if Mao had been one of the casualties. 781 to read excerpts from Xiao-huang Yin’s China’s Gilded Age in How might recent Chinese history have been the Primary Sources Library.) altered if Mao had not survived this ordeal? Reading Check Evaluating What was the impact of Communist rule on women, marriage, and family in China?

726 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific Korean War, 1950–1953

126°E 130°E 126°E 130°E June–November 1950 November 1950–July 1953 ° ° 42 N 42 N CHINA CHINA N N E NORTH . W . R R KOREA E lu S lu W a a Y Y S NORTH Sea of Hungnam KOREA Japan Sea of Pyongyang Japan Pyongyang ° ° 38 N 38 N Panmunjom 38th Seoul 38th Seoul Parallel Inchon Parallel Inchon Yellow Sea Yellow Sea

0 100 miles 0 100 miles SOUTH SOUTH KOREA 0 100 kilometers Pusan 0 100 kilometers Pusan Lambert Azimuthal KOREA Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Equal-Area projection ° ° 34 N 34 N North Korean offensive, Chinese and North Korean June–Sept. 1950 offensive, Nov. 1950–Jan. 1951 Farthest North Korean Line of Chinese and North advance, Sept. 1950 Korean advance, Jan. 1951 UN offensive, Sept.–Nov. 1950 Final UN counteroffensive, Jan. 1951–July 1953 Farthest UN advance, Armistice line, July 1953 Nov. 1950

Three years of fighting resulted in no change to the bound- ary between North and South Korea. was to hold elections after the war (World War II) to 1. Interpreting Maps Identify the offensive shown in the reunify Korea. As American-Soviet relations grew map on the left that caused the Chinese to enter the war. worse, however, two separate governments emerged 2. Applying Geography Skills How would you compare in Korea—a Communist one in the north and an anti- the UN offensives in the two maps? What reasons can Communist one in the south. you suggest for the differences? There was great tension between the two govern- ments. With the approval of Joseph Stalin, North Korean troops invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. China and the World: President Harry Truman, with the support of the United Nations, sent U.S. troops to repel the The Cold War in Asia invaders. When Chinese Communists came to power, Amer- In October 1950, UN ican fears about the spread of communism intensi- forces—mostly Ameri- fied. In 1950, China signed a pact of friendship and cans—marched north- cooperation with the Soviet Union, and some Ameri- ward across the 38th cans began to worry about a Communist desire for parallel with the aim of world domination. With the outbreak of war in unifying Korea. The Chi- Korea, the Cold War had clearly arrived in Asia. nese, greatly alarmed, sent hundreds of thou- The Korean War Korea was a part of the Japanese sands of Chinese troops Empire from 1905 until 1945. In August 1945, the into North Korea and Soviet Union and the United States agreed to divide pushed UN forces back Korea into two zones at the 38th parallel. The plan across the 38th parallel. Harry Truman

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History The Korean War was the first war to utilize a United Nations coalition, the first to see integrated U.S. forces, and the first time that African American women enlisted in the Marines. Research other first time events of the Korean War.

Three more years of fighting produced no final the United States. In 1972, President Richard Nixon victory. An armistice was finally signed in 1953. The became the first U.S. president to visit the People’s 38th parallel remained, and remains today, the Republic of China since its inception in 1949. Diplo- boundary line between North and South Korea. matic relations were established in 1979. In the 1980s, Chinese relations with the Soviet The Shifting Power Balance in Asia Western fears Union improved, and in the 1990s, China began to led to China’s isolation and to reliance on the Soviet play a more active role in Asian affairs. As the new Union for technological and economic aid. In the late century began, China was strengthening trade rela- 1950s, however, relations between China and the tions around the world. In 2002, trade relations with Soviet Union began to deteriorate. In the 1960s, their the United States were normalized and China joined military units often clashed along the frontier divid- the World Trade Organization. ing the two countries. Faced with this threat and with internal problems, Reading Check Examining Why did China decide to Chinese leaders decided to improve relations with improve relations with the United States?

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Define commune, permanent revolu- 6. Compare and Contrast Identify the 8. Compare the photographs on pages tion, per capita. changes the Communist takeover 722 and 723. Imagine you are in each brought to China during the 1950s. photo. What are you expressing? Is Great Proletarian Cultural 2. Identify Then, compare and contrast how more than one point of view being Revolution, Deng Little Red Book, policies have changed in China since expressed in each photo? What are Xiaoping,Tiananmen Square, Richard the 1970s. some of the things that might happen Nixon. to you after the event shown in each 7. Contrasting Information Use a table Taiwan, South Korea, North photo? How will you be remembered 3. Locate like the one below to contrast the poli- Korea. by historians? cies of the two Chinese leaders Mao 4. Explain the original plan developed by Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. the United States and the Soviet Union for the future of Korea. Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping 9. Descriptive Writing Pretend that 5. List the actions the Chinese govern- you are a visitor to China during the ment took to promote technological Cultural Revolution. Write a letter development. to a friend at home describing the purpose of the Red Guards.

728 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific Reading a Cartogram Why Learn This Skill? Relative Exports of Asian Nations, 1999 Most maps show countries in proportion to their amount of land area. For example, Japan is much smaller than China and is usually Russia depicted that way on a map. Japan, however, South Pakistan China Japan has a greater gross national product than Korea China. If we wanted to depict that on a map, India how would it look? Hong Taiwan Kong Cartograms are maps that show countries according to a value other than land area. They Thailand Vietnam Philippines might portray features such as populations or Malaysia economies. To visually compare these features, Singapore cartograms distort countries’ sizes and shapes. Indonesia This makes it possible to see at a glance how each country or region compares with another in a particular value. Therefore, on a cartogram Source: World Trade Organization. = 1 billion dollars showing gross national products, Japan looks larger than China. 4 Learning the Skill Compare the cartogram to the map of Asia found in the Atlas. Which countries are most To use a cartogram: distorted in size compared to a land-area map? • Read the title and key to identify what value the 5 What accounts for these distortions? cartogram illustrates. • Examine the cartogram to see which countries or regions appear. Applying the Skill • Find the largest and smallest countries. At the library, find statistics that compare some • Compare the cartogram with a conventional value for different countries. For example, you might land-area map to determine the degree of compare the amount of oil consumption of countries in distortion of particular countries. North America. • Draw conclusions about the countries and the Convert these statistics into a simple cartogram. feature you are comparing. Determine the relative size of each country according Practicing the Skill to the chosen value. If the United States consumes five times more oil than Mexico, then the United States Study the cartogram on this page and answer should appear five times larger than Mexico on the these questions. cartogram. 1 What is the subject of the cartogram? 2 What countries are represented? Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook, 3 Which country appears largest on the car- Level 2, provides instruction and practice in key togram? Which appears smallest? social studies skills.

729 transforming Beijing

In 1979, after decades of watching China’s economy stagnate, Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping took a gamble. He began Irelaxing the state’s tight economic controls while trying to keep a firm grip on political power. In the Chinese capital of Beijing, the result of Deng’s “second revolution” has been a big construction boom, new foreign investment—and the kind of West- ern cultural influence that China has resisted for centuries.

1 Geographically, Beijing’s location fertile Chang Jiang Valley in the (“wind and water”). According to this in Asia is roughly similar to New south. Three centuries later the city tradition, buildings (and the furnish- York’s in North America. Both lie became the capital of the Liao ings inside them) must be properly near the 40th parallel, and in both dynasty. Then came the Mongols aligned to take advantage of the natu- places the most comfortable seasons under Genghis Khan, who sacked and ral energy (qi) that flows through all are autumn and spring. But the simi- burned the capital in 1215. things. The proper placement of a larities end there. The city now About 50 years later, however, house or temple will thus attract posi- known as Beijing began as a frontier Genghis’s grandson, Kublai Khan, tive qi and good luck; the wrong outpost nearly 3,000 years ago. It was rebuilt the city so gloriously that the placement invites disaster. built to guard the North China Plain Venetian traveler Marco Polo mar- The north-south axis passes against marauding groups who veled at its streets “so straight and directly through Qian Men (Front attacked through mountain passes in wide that you can see right along Gate), proceeds through the red walls the north. from end to end and from one gate to of Tian An Men (Gate of Heavenly Without access to the sea or a sig- another.” Kublai Khan’s Dadu (mean- Peace), and then on to Wu Men nificant river to link it to the outside ing “Great Capital”), Marco Polo (Meridian Gate), beyond which lies world, Beijing might have remained a wrote, “is arranged like a chessboard.” the Forbidden City. dusty outpost. But in the seventh cen- Indeed, Beijing is laid out on a pre- An area once barred to everyone tury A.D., a 1,000-mile (1,609-km) cise north-south axis, in harmony except the emperor, his family, and his canal was dug to link the city with the with the ancient practice of feng shui most favored concubines, guards, and

730 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific S PECIAL REPORT

Beijing To Ming Tombs and Great Wa ll North CHINA China SUMMER Plain Shanghai PALACE Qinghua University TAIWAN Hong Beijing OAD Kunming University FOURTH RING R Kong Lake l a l it a p n rt a io o C t p o a ir People’s University T rn A of China THIRD RING ROAD te In Beijing Normal University

SECOND RING ROAD Beijing Zoo East Lake Club PEACE BLVD. FINE ARTS To Tanzhe XISI ST. MUSEUM Temple Beitang REAR ROAD Cathedral Zhongnanhai FORBIDDEN CITY Gate of WANGFUJING ST. Heavenly Oriental Peace Plaza AVENUE OF TIANANMEN ETERNAL THE GREAT SQUARE PEACE HALL OF Beijing THE PEOPLE Railway Station Beijing urban area: TEMPLE OF HEAVEN N 1949 PARK 1975 1999 W E Park S 0 mi 2 THIRD RING ROAD

0 km 2 NG MAPS 2 officials, the Forbidden City lay at the The Gate of Heavenly Peace, on 1 A migrant worker balances on very center of a series of cities-within- the north side of nearby Tiananmen his cart as he stacks bricks at the cities, concentric rectangles defined by Square, is the spiritual heart of all construction site of a large apartment their high walls. Today the walls are China. Centuries ago, orders from the complex. largely gone and the Forbidden City is emperor were sent down from the top a museum overflowing with tourists. of the gate to officials waiting below. 2 The Forbidden City (above map) was once considered the stable core of 3 the empire. In spite of its growth, urban Beijing accounts for only a frac- tion of the territory the city includes. By an administrative decision of 1959, Beijing’s boundaries now cover a 6,600 square-mile (17,094 square-km) munici- pality that includes satellite towns and agricultural communes as well as such tourist attractions as the Ming Tombs and the Great Wall.

3 Mao Zedong’s mausoleum and the Monument to the People's Heroes dom- inate Tiananmen Square.

CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 731 4

5

men Square were torn down to and thousands of private restaurants expand the square from 27 acres (10.9 and nightclubs catering to foreign vis- ha) to 98 acres (39.7 ha)—large itors and investors. enough to hold a million people. In The building boom has swept away the center stands the 124-foot (37.8- much of what was once a major char- m) high Monument to the People’s acteristic of the old city: the low, Heroes. On the west side is the many- walled alleyways called hutong. Some columned Great Hall of the People, of the family compounds were hun- where the government meets and vis- dreds of years old and housed three iting dignitaries are entertained. generations. The government is mov- Across the square on the east side is ing more than 2 million of the city's the Historical Museum. To the south, 11 million residents out to the sub- From that same high place, on the opposite his portrait on Tian An Men, urbs to make room for new tourism afternoon of October 1, 1949, Mao is the huge mausoleum where Mao centers, department stores, and Zedong formally proclaimed the Zedong’s body is on display. expensive apartment compounds. establishment of the People’s Republic As one long-time Beijing resident of China. His portrait now hangs on In the 20-some years since Deng put it, “The old city is gone. Old the wall of the gate, staring out at the Xiaoping’s experiment in free enter- things like the Forbidden City or a square and providing a backdrop for prise began, the blocky Soviet-style temple are scattered between sky- tourist photographs. monuments built by Mao have been scrapers like toys thrown here and In the late 1950s, during the Great overtaken by the bright lights of there. Old Beijing is dismembered.” Leap Forward, homes around Tianan- McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Along with all the tearing down

732 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific S PECIAL REPORT

6 and building up that has occurred in As the site of countless demonstra- 4 Demolition of the old makes way for the last two decades, China’s produc- tions over the years, Tiananmen the new as downtown Beijing under- tion has climbed steadily. Per capita Square has become familiar to televi- goes a massive face-lift. annual income for city dwellers has sion viewers around the world. The almost doubled since 1990 to more most vivid scenes in recent memory 5 Residents of old family compounds than $600. Foreign businesses hoping are from early June 1989, when the haul out their belongings as they load for a share of the vast Chinese market Chinese Army attacked unarmed a truck to move to housing projects in have rushed in. demonstrators who had been protest- the suburbs. Not all of these entrepreneurs have ing government corruption. Perhaps been welcomed by Beijing’s residents, as many as 2,000 people were killed. 6 Students protest in Tiananmen however. A mammoth complex called Although the government would pre- Square in 1989. The peaceful protests the Oriental Plaza, for example, has fer the event be forgotten, the turned violent when the army attacked. been the focus of controversy. Built anniversary of the June 4th attack has by a Hong Kong business partner- been marked repeatedly with some ship, the complex contains eight office form of protest. towers, two apartment towers, and a Yet even as the government clamps INTERPRETING THE PAST five-star international hotel. It also down on highly visible political includes more than a million square demonstrations, activists have found a 1. Why was Beijing established? feet (93,000 square m) of retail mall more subtle way to make their and a parking structure for 2,000 cars points—the Internet. More and more 2. How is the capital city laid out ? and 10,000 bicycles. young Chinese are making their way Even for a city of large monu- online. Their access to an open mar- 3. How has Beijing changed during the ments, the Oriental Plaza is beyond ket of ideas and uncensored informa- last twenty years? big. Residents complain that the proj- tion brings with it a new sense of ect destroys the character of the old individualism. Undoubtedly this will 4. Do you think the lives of the residents city, dwarfing as it does The Gate of have a lasting impact on the future of of Beijing have improved or deteriorated Heavenly Peace. their city and their nation. during the last two decades?

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Independent States in South and Southeast Asia

Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • British India was divided into two states: Pol Pot, Ferdinand Marcos Categorizing Information Use a India, mostly Hindu, and Pakistan, web diagram like the one below to mostly Muslim. Places to Locate identify challenges India faced after • Many of the newly independent states Punjab, Bangladesh independence. of Southeast Asia attempted to form Preview Questions democratic governments but often fell 1. What policies did Jawaharlal Nehru Challenges in India subject to military regimes. put into effect in India? Key Terms 2. What internal and external problems stalemate, discrimination did the Southeast Asian nations face after 1945? Preview of Events ✦1945 ✦1965 ✦1985 ✦2005

1949 1971 1992 2002 2002 The Republic of Indonesia East Pakistan becomes Hindu militants destroy India-Pakistan fighting East Timor wins inde- is established independent Bangladesh Muslim shrine at Ayodhya over Kashmir escalates pendence from Indonesia Voices from the Past

In 1989, Maneka Gandhi, former minister of the environment for India, wrote an article entitled “Why India Doesn’t Need Fast Food” in the Hindustan Times: India’s decision to allow Pepsi Foods Ltd. to open 60 restaurants in India—30 each of“ Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken—marks the first entry of multinational, meat-based junk-food chains into India. . . . The implications of allowing junk-food chains into India are quite stark. As the name denotes, the foods served at Kentucky Fried Chicken are chicken-based and fried. This is the worst combination possible for the body and can create a host of health problems, including obesity, high cholesterol, heart ailments, and many kinds of cancer. . . . Can our health systems take care of the An example of Western fallout from these chicken restaurants?” influence in India —World Press Review, September 1995 Many Indians continue to reject Western influence.

India Divided At the end of World War II, British India’s Muslims and Hindus were bitterly divided. The leaders in India realized that British India would have to be divided into two countries, one Hindu (India) and one Muslim (Pakistan). Pakistan con- sisted of two regions separated by India. One part, West Pakistan, was to the northwest of India. The other, East Pakistan, was to the northeast.

734 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 0734-0747 C24SE-860705 11/25/03 7:50 PM Page 735

On August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan became He admired British political institutions and the independent. Millions of Hindus and Muslims fled socialist ideals of the British Labour Party. His goal across the new borders, Hindus toward India and was parliamentary government and a moderate Muslims toward Pakistan. As a result of these mass socialist economy. migrations, over a million people were killed includ- Under Nehru, the state took ownership of major ing Mohandas Gandhi, who was assassinated by a industries, utilities, and transportation. Private enter- Hindu militant on January 30, 1948. prise was permitted at the local level, and farming In the same year, Ceylon, an island off the coast of was left in private hands. Industrial production India, also received its independence from Britain. almost tripled between 1950 and 1965. Known as Sri Lanka since 1972, the new nation has After Nehru’s death, the Congress Party selected been torn by ethnic conflict between the majority Sin- his daughter, Indira Gandhi (not related to Mohan- halese and the minority Tamils. das Gandhi), as prime minister. She remained in office for almost all of the period between 1966 and Reading Check Summarizing Why was British 1984. One of the most difficult problems India faced India divided into two new nations after World War II? What was huge population growth, which had grown dur- was the immediate result? ing the 1950s and 1960s at the rate of 2 percent a year. One result was worsening poverty. Millions lived in The New India vast city slums. It was in the slums of Calcutta that With independence, the Indian National Congress Mother Teresa helped poor, sick and dying people. began to govern. Now called the Congress Party, it Growing ethnic and religious strife presented was led by Jawaharlal Nehru (jah•wah•HAR•lahl another major problem. One example involved the NAY•roo). Nehru had worked closely with Gandhi Sikhs, followers of a religion based on both Hindu in the fight for Indian independence. The popular and Muslim ideas. Many Sikhs lived in the Punjab, a prime minister had strong ideas about India’s future. northern province, and wanted the Punjab to be

Partition of India, 1947

AFGHANISTAN JAMMU N AND CHINA Rawalpindi KASHMIR W E IRAN Lahore Amritsar TIBET S EAST 30°N WEST PUNJAB BHUTAN PAKISTAN Delhi SIKKIM NEPAL The Golden Temple at New Delhi Kathmandu Thimpu Amritsar, revered by Sikhs Hyderabad Jaipur Agra Banaras Karachi Allahabad EAST PAKISTAN Dhaka BURMA Arabian INDIA (MYANMAR) Sea Calcutta (Kolkata) 20°N

Religious composition: Bombay (Mumbai) In 1971, East Pakistan Religion played a major role Mostly Buddhist declared its independence Bay of Mostly Hindu Hyderabad as the new nation of in reshaping the political Bengal Bangladesh. Mostly Muslim boundaries of South Asia. Heavily Christian 1. Applying Geography Heavily Sikh Madras Flight of Muslims Bangalore (Chennai) Skills Using the informa- to Pakistan 0 500 miles tion in the map, create a ° Flight of Hindus 10 N database that shows the to India 0 500 kilometers CEYLON Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection relationship between (SRI LANKA) countries and religions INDIaN OCEaN Colombo U.K. 70°E80°E90°E in South Asia.

CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 735 0734-0747 C24SE-860705 11/25/03 7:52 PM Page 736

Religious differences also fueled a long-term dis- Mother Teresa pute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, a ter- of Calcutta ritory between the two nations. Today, Pakistan 1910–1997 controls one-third of Kashmir and the rest is held by Roman Catholic nun India. Troops from both countries patrol the border between the two areas. The danger from this conflict escalated in 1998 when both India and Pakistan other Teresa was born Agnes M tested nuclear warheads. In 2002, border conflicts led Gonxha Bojaxhiu to Albanian parents. At age 18, she went to Ireland to to threats of war between these two nuclear powers. become a missionary nun. After training in both Ireland Reading Check Examining What are the underlying and Darjeeling, India, she took her religious vows in 1937 causes of political strife in India? and adopted the name Teresa from Saint Theresa of Lisieux, the patron saint of foreign missionaries. When she was sent to Calcutta, Teresa was amazed at Pakistan the large numbers of suffering people she saw on the Unlike its neighbor India, Pakistan was a com- streets. She believed it was her destiny to help these people and, in 1948, the Vatican gave her permission to pletely new nation when it attained independence in follow her calling. In 1950, she and her followers estab- 1947. Its early years were marked by intense internal lished the Missionaries of Charity to help the poor and conflicts. Most dangerous was the growing division the sick. between East and West Pakistan. These two separate Over the years, Mother Teresa and her followers regions are very different in nature. West Pakistan, established numerous centers throughout the world to for example, is a dry and mountainous area, while aid the hungry, the sick, and the poor. When she won the East Pakistan has marshy land densely populated Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian efforts, with rice farmers. Mother Teresa asked that the money for the celebration Many people in East Pakistan felt that the gov- banquet be donated to the poor. When Mother Teresa ernment, based in West Pakistan, ignored their died in 1997, she left behind a legacy that continues to needs. In 1971, East Pakistan declared its independ- inspire people around the world. ence. After a brief civil war, it became the new nation of Bangladesh. Both Bangladesh and Pakistan (as West Pakistan is independent. Gandhi refused and in 1984 used mili- now known) have had difficulty in establishing sta- tary force against Sikh rebels who had taken refuge in ble governments. In both nations, military officials the Golden Temple, one of the Sikhs’ important have often seized control of the civilian government. shrines. More than 450 Sikhs were killed. Seeking Both nations also remain very poor. revenge, two Sikh members of Gandhi’s personal Reading Check bodyguard assassinated her later that year. Describing What problems did Pak- Gandhi’s son Rajiv replaced his mother as prime istan face after it achieved independence? minister and began new economic policies. He started to encourage private enterprise and to trans- Southeast Asia fer state-run industries into private hands. These policies have led to a growth in the middle class. After World War II, most of the Rajiv Gandhi was prime minister from 1984 to 1989. states of Southeast Asia received independence from While campaigning for reelection in 1991, he was their colonial rulers. France’s refusal to let go of assassinated. In the following years, the Congress Indochina led to a long war in Vietnam that ultimately Party lost its leadership position and had to compete involved other Southeast Asian nations and the United with new parties. States in a widening conflict. Conflict between Hindus and Muslims has contin- Colonies in Southeast Asia, like colonies elsewhere, ued to be a problem in India. In 1992, some Muslims gained their independence at the end of World War II. and Hindus fought to control a historic holy place in The process varied considerably across the region, the northern town of Adodhya. Hindu militants however. destroyed a Muslim shrine there that dated back to the 16th century. Hindu-Muslim riots then followed Independence In July 1946, the United States all over India. granted total independence to the Philippines. Great

736 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific Britain was also willing to end its colonial rule in alliance of forces under Communist leadership, Southeast Asia. In 1948, Burma became independent. seized power throughout most of Vietnam. Ho Chi Malaya’s turn came in 1957. Minh was elected president of a new provisional The Netherlands and France were less willing republic in Hanoi. France, however, refused to accept to abandon their colonial empires in Southeast the new government and seized the southern part of Asia. The Dutch tried to suppress a new Indonesian the country. republic that had been set up by Achmed Sukarno. When the Indonesian Communist Party attempted to The Vietnam War Over the following years, France seize power, however, the United States pressured fought Ho Chi Minh’s Vietminh for control of Viet- the Netherlands to grant independence to Sukarno nam without success. In 1954, France finally agreed and his non-Communist Nationalist Party. In 1949, to a peace settlement. Vietnam was divided into two the Netherlands recognized the new Republic of parts. In the north, the Communists were based in Indonesia. Hanoi, and in the south, the non-Communists were The situation was very different in Vietnam. The based in Saigon. leading force in the movement against colonial Both sides agreed to hold elections in two years to French rule there was the local Communist Party, led create a single government. Instead, however, the by Ho Chi Minh. In August 1945, the Vietminh, an conflict continued. The United States, opposed to any

Vietnam War, 1968–1975

Major Viet Cong assault during the Tet Offensive, 1968 U.S. conducts extensive CHINA Ho Chi Minh Trail bombing of Hanoi, Dec. 1972. U.S. and South Lao Cai Vietnamese offensives R Pingxiang Major U.S. base ed U.S. mines Haiphong R Areas in neutral Dien Bien . Harbor, 1972. Concern over the spread of countries bombed by U.S. Phu Hanoi communism led the United Haiphong Red River States to become involved Delta 20°N in the Vietnam War. MYANMAR LAOS NORTH (BURMA) VIETNAM 1. Interpreting Maps Gulf of Create a time line show- Meko Tonkin ng ing the key events in the R . Vientiane Vietnam War as pre- DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) sented on this map. Quang Tri S. Vietnamese 17th Parallel 2. Applying Geography invasion of Laos, Hue Feb.–Mar. 1971 South Skills Do further Da Nang THAILAND Khe Sanh Duy Xuyen China research and write an Kham Duc Sea essay explaining how 15°N geography impacted the Dak To Quang Ngai Kontum war in Vietnam. Pleiku Bangkok Qui Nhon SOUTH American soldiers in Vietnam CAMBODIA VIETNAM Tonle Ban Me Thuot Sap Nha Trang Da Lat Phnom Penh N Tay Bien Hoa U.S. invasion of Ninh W E Cambodia, Saigon S April–June 1970 My Tho 10°N Can Tho Ben Tri 0 200 miles Gulf of Mekong Surrender of South Thailand Delta 0 200 kilometers Vietnam, April 1975 Mercator projection 105°E 110°E 0734-0747 C24SE-860705 11/25/03 7:55 PM Page 738

further spread of communism, began to provide aid weakened democracy and led to military or one- to South Vietnam. In spite of this aid, South Viet- party regimes. namese Communist guerrillas known as Viet Cong, In more recent years, some Southeast Asian soci- supported by military units from North Vietnam, eties have moved again toward democratic govern- were on the verge of seizing control of the entire ment. In the Philippines, for example, President country by early 1965. Ferdinand Marcos was overthrown in the 1980s. In March 1965, President Lyndon Johnson decided Marcos was accused of involvement in the killing of to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam to prevent a a popular opposition leader, Benigno Aquino. A mas- total victory for the Communists. The Communist sive public uprising forced Marcos to flee the coun- government in North Vietnam responded by sending try, and Corazon Aquino, wife of the murdered more of its forces into the south. leader, became president in 1986. By the end of the 1960s, the war had reached a Charges of corruption led to the ousting of another stalemate—neither side was able to make significant Filipino leader in 2001, and the new leader, Gloria gains. With American public opinion sharply divided, Arroyo, promised greater integrity in government. President Richard Nixon reached an agreement with She also faced a problem common to many Southeast North Vietnam in 1973 that allowed the United States Asian nations—an economy weakened by a global to withdraw its forces. Within two years, Communist economic crisis. Terrorism was also a continuing armies had forcibly reunited Vietnam. challenge for the Philippine government. Muslim The reunification of Vietnam under Communist rebels on the island of Mindanao, for example, rule had an immediate impact on the region. By the demanded independence and used terror to promote end of 1975, both Laos and Cambodia had Commu- their demands. nist governments. In Cambodia, a brutal revolution- ary regime under the dictator Pol Pot, leader of the Women in South and Southeast Asia Across Khmer Rouge (kuh•MEHR ROOZH), massacred South and Southeast Asia, women’s roles have dra- more than a million Cambodians. However, the matically changed. For example, the Indian constitu- Communist triumph in Indochina did not lead to the tion of 1950 forbade discrimination (prejudicial “falling dominoes” that many U.S. policy makers treatment) based on gender and called for equal pay had feared (see Chapter 20). for equal work. Virtually all women in Southeast Asian nations were granted full legal and political Government in the Independent States In the rights. Women have become politically active and beginning, many new leaders in Southeast Asia occasionally hold high offices. hoped to form democratic states like those in the West. By the end of the 1950s, however, hopes for Reading Check Identifying Give the reasons for the rapid economic growth had failed. Internal disputes United States’s entry into and withdrawal from the Vietnam War.

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Define stalemate, discrimination. 6. Evaluate Has the division of British 8. Examine the photograph on page 735, India into two countries been benefi- then locate Amritsar on the map. How Sikhs, Vietminh, Pol Pot, 2. Identify cial? Explain your answer. does Amritsar’s location support the Khmer Rouge, Ferdinand Marcos. statement that Sikhism has been influ- 7. Organizing Information Use a table Punjab, Bangladesh. enced by both Hinduism and Islam? 3. Locate like the one below to list the political 4. Explain how the reunification of Viet- status or type of government of the nam under Communist rule affected Southeast Asian countries discussed in the region. this section. 9. Expository Writing Write an essay Country comparing political, economic, and 5. Summarize Nehru’s vision of the new cultural developments in India and Government India. Pakistan from World War II to the present.

738 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific Japan and the Pacific Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • Japan and the “Asian tigers” have cre- Douglas MacArthur, Kim Il Sung, Categorizing Information Use a table ated successful industrial societies. Syngman Rhee like the one below to list the key areas of • Although Australia and New Zealand industrial development in South Korea, have identified themselves culturally Places to Locate Taiwan, and Singapore. and politically with Europe, in recent Singapore, Hong Kong South Korea Taiwan Singapore years they have been drawing closer Preview Questions to their Asian neighbors. 1. What important political, economic, Key Terms and social changes have occurred in occupied, state capitalism Japan since 1945? 2. What did the “Asian tigers” accom- Preview of Events plish in Asia? ✦1940 ✦1950 ✦1960 ✦1970 ✦1980 ✦1990 ✦2000

1947 1951 1963 1997 Japan adopts new A peace treaty restores General Chung Hee Park is elected Great Britain returns control of constitution Japanese independence president of South Korea Hong Kong to mainland China Voices from the Past

In an introduction to the book Japanese Women, published in 1995, Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow wrote:

A quick glance at educational statistics reveals a higher percentage of female as “compared to male high school graduates entering colleges and universities. The over- whelming majority of female college and university graduates, over 80 percent, are taking up employment and doing so in a wider range of fields than in the past. Better education and the availability of more job opportunites have increasingly made it possible for women to look upon marriage as an option rather than a prescribed lifestyle. . . . A dramatic development has been the advancement by married women, including those with children, into the labor force. Japanese woman at ” work in a Toyota factory —Japanese Women: New Feminist Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future, Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow et al., eds., 1995 After World War II, many Japanese women began to abandon their old roles to pur- sue new opportunities.

The Allied Occupation From 1945 to 1952, Japan was an occupied country—its lands held and con- trolled by Allied military forces. An Allied administration under the command of United States general Douglas MacArthur governed Japan. As commander of the occupation administration, MacArthur was responsible for destroying the Japa- nese war machine, trying Japanese civilian and military officials charged with war crimes, and laying the foundations of postwar Japanese society.

CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 739 Under MacArthur’s firm understand this phenomenon fully, we must examine direction, Japanese society not just the economy but also the changes that have was remodeled along West- occurred in Japanese society. ern lines. A new constitution renounced war as a national Politics and Government Japan’s new constitution policy. Japan agreed to main- embodied the principles of universal suffrage and a tain armed forces at levels balance of power among the executive, legislative, that were only sufficient for General and judicial branches of government. These princi- Douglas MacArthur self-defense. The constitution ples have held firm. Japan today is a stable demo- also established a parliamentary system, reduced the cratic society. power of the emperor (who was forced to announce At the same time, the current Japanese political sys- that he was not a god), guaranteed basic civil and tem retains some of Japan’s nineteenth-century politi- political rights, and gave women the right to vote. cal system under the Meiji. An example involves the On September 8, 1951, the United States and other distribution of political power. Japan has a multiparty former World War II allies (but not the Soviet Union) system with two major parties—the Liberal Democ- signed a peace treaty restoring Japanese independ- rats and the Socialists. In practice, however, the Lib- ence. On the same day, Japan and the United States eral Democrats have dominated the government. At signed a defensive alliance in which the Japanese one point, they remained in office for 30 years. During agreed that the United States could maintain military this period decisions on key issues, such as who bases in Japan. should become prime minister, were decided by a small group within the party. A dramatic change, Reading Check Identifying What reforms were insti- however, did occur in 1993, when the Liberal Demo- tuted in Japan under the command of U.S. general Douglas crats were defeated on charges of government corrup- MacArthur? tion. Mirohiro Hosokawa was elected prime minister and promised to clean up the political system. Today, the central government plays an active role The Japanese Miracle in the economy. It establishes price and wage policies In August 1945, Japan was in ruins and its land and subsidizes vital industries. This government role occupied by a foreign army. Half a century later, Japan in the economy is widely accepted in Japan. Indeed, was the second greatest industrial power in the world. it is often cited as a key reason for the efficiency of Japan’s rapid emergence as an economic giant has Japanese industry and the emergence of the country often been described as the “Japanese miracle.” Japan as an industrial giant. Japan’s economic system has has made a dramatic recovery from the war. To been described as “state capitalism.”

Modern Japan

130°E 140°E 150°E Major industrial city Major industries: RUSSIA Hokkaido Chemicals Sapporo Consumer goods Electronics Although small geographically, Heavy engineering NORTH 40°N Shipbuilding KOREA Japan is one of the world’s Vehicle manufacturing major economic powers. Sea of Japan 1. Interpreting Maps CHINA JAPAN What area of Japan is the N SOUTH Honshu Pacific least industrialized? KOREA Tokyo W Ocean 2. Applying Geography E Nagoya Kawasaki S Hiroshima Kobe Kyoto Yokohama Skills Using this map Osaka and information from Fukuoka Kitakyushu 0 400 miles your text, explain how Shikoku Nagasaki Japan’s geography influ- Kagoshima Miyazaki 0 400 kilometers Kyushu Lambert Conformal Conic projection ences its economy. 0734-0747 C24SE-860705 11/25/03 7:58 PM Page 741

Foundations of Postwar Japan

Political Economic Social New constitution, 1947 “State capitalism” Reduction in emperor’s power Democratic system with Subsidized industries Removal of references to parliament patriotism from education Zaibatsu system: large system Three branches of government business conglomerations Guaranteed human rights Multiparty system Sale of land to tenant farmers Increased women’s rights Universal suffrage World’s greatest exporter Maintenance of traditional Military limited to defense values and a strong work ethic

After 1945, Japan’s society, government, and economy Some problems remain, however. Two recent were modernized. prime ministers have been forced to resign over 1. Compare and Contrast Pick another country improper financial dealings with business associates. discussed in this chapter and compare its economic Critics at home and abroad have charged that, owing characteristics to those of postwar Japan. What are to government policies, the textbooks used in Japa- the similarities and differences? nese schools do not adequately discuss the crimes committed by the Japanese government and armed forces during World War II. world. Its per capita income equals or surpasses that of most Western states. The Economy During their occupation of Japan, What explains the Japanese success? Some ana- Allied officials had planned to dismantle the large lysts point to cultural factors. The Japanese are group business conglomerations known as the zaibatsu. oriented and find it easy to cooperate with one With the rise of the Cold War, however, the policy another. Hardworking and frugal, they are more was scaled back. Only the 19 largest companies were inclined to save than to buy. This boosts the savings affected. In addition, the new policy did not keep rate and labor productivity. The labor force is highly Japanese companies from forming loose ties with skilled. In addition, Japanese people share common each other, which basically gave rise to another zai- values and respond in similar ways to the challenges batsu system. of the modern world. The occupation administration had more success Other analysts have cited more practical reasons with its land-reform program. Half of the population for the Japanese economic success. For example, lived on farms, and half of all farmers were tenants of because its industries were destroyed in World War large landowners. Under the reform program, lands II, Japan was forced to build entirely new, modern were sold on easy credit terms to the tenants. The factories. Japanese workers spend a substantially reform program created a strong class of independ- longer period of time at their jobs than do workers in ent farmers. other advanced societies. Corporations reward inno- At the end of the Allied occupation in 1952, the vation and maintain good management-labor rela- Japanese gross national product was one-third that of tions. Finally, some experts contend that Japan uses Great Britain or France. In 2000, it was larger than unfair trade practices—that it dumps goods at prices both put together and roughly half that of the United below cost to break into a foreign market and States. Japan is the greatest exporting nation in the restricts imports from other countries.

CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 741 Social Changes During the occupation, Allied plan- Culture After the Japanese defeat in World War II, ners thought they could eliminate the aggressiveness many of the writers who had been active before the that had characterized Japanese behavior before and war resurfaced. However, their writing was now during the war. A new educational system removed more sober. This “lost generation” described its all references to patriotism and loyalty to the anguish and piercing despair. Several writers com- emperor. At the same time, it stressed individualism. mitted suicide. For them, defeat was made worse by Women were given the right to vote and were fear of the Americanization of postwar Japan. encouraged to enter politics. Since the 1970s, increasing wealth and a high liter- Efforts to remake Japanese behavior through laws acy rate have led to a massive outpouring of books. were only partly successful. Many of the distinctive In 1975, Japan already produced twice as much fic- characteristics of traditional Japanese society have tion as the United States. This trend continued into persisted into the present day, although in altered the 1990s. Much of this new literature deals with the form. Emphasis on the work ethic, for example, common concerns of all the wealthy industrialized remains strong. The tradition of hard work is stressed nations. Current Japanese authors were raised in the in the educational system. crowded cities of postwar Japan, where they soaked The subordinate role of women in Japanese soci- up movies, television, and rock music. These writers ety has not been entirely eliminated. Women are speak the universal language of today’s world. now legally protected against discrimination in Haruki Murakami is one of Japan’s most popular employment, yet very few have reached senior lev- authors today. He was one of the first to discard the els in business, education, or politics. Japan has had somber style of the earlier postwar period and to no female prime ministers and few female cabinet speak the contemporary language. A Wild Sheep ministers. Chase, published in 1982, is an excellent example of Women now make up more than 40 percent of the his gripping, yet humorous, writing. workforce, but most are in retail or service occupa- tions. Their average salary is only about 60 percent Reading Check Explaining How is the Japanese that of males. government involved in Japan’s economy?

Cities and Cars The same situation is evident in other cities around the world. In Cairo, a city of 10.6 million people, pollu- Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in tion from stalled traffic erodes the surface of the Sphinx the nineteenth century, the growth of industrialization outside the city. In Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, has been accompanied by the growth of cities. In both it can take six hours to reach the airport. industrialized and developing countries, congested and A major cause of traffic congestion is lack of roads. polluted cities have become a way of life. In recent As more and more poor people have fled the country- years, as more people have been able to buy cars, traf- side for the city, many cities have tripled in population fic jams have also become a regular feature. in just 20 years. At the same time, few new roads have In São Paulo, Brazil, for been built. example, traffic jams in which nobody moves last for hours. There are 4.5 million cars in São Paulo, twice the number in New York City, although the cities have Using outside sources, research traffic problems in about the same population three cities in different parts of the world (for (16 million people). Workers example, Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and Paris). How in auto factories in Brazil are the traffic problems in these cities similar, and work around the clock to how are they different? What solutions are people meet the demand for cars. developing to solve traffic problems in these partic- ular cities?

CHAPTERTraffic in Thailand 245 Rome Asia andand thethe PacificRise of Christianity The “Asian Tigers” Communist government on the mainland claimed to SOUTH rule all of China, including Taiwan. A number of Asian nations KOREA Protection by American military forces enabled have imitated Japan in creating the new regime to concentrate on economic growth successful industrial societies. HONG KONG without worrying about a Communist invasion. Sometimes called the “Asian TAIWAN Making good use of foreign aid and the efforts of its tigers,” they are South Korea, PACIFIC OCEAN own energetic people, the Republic of China built a Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong modern industrialized society. Kong. Along with Japan, they SINGAPORE A land-reform program, which put farmland in have become economic power- the hands of peasants, doubled food production in houses. Taiwan. With government help, local manufacturing and commerce expanded. During the 1960s and South Korea In 1953, the Korean Peninsula was 1970s, industrial growth averaged well over 10 per- exhausted from three years of bitter war. Two heavily cent a year. By 2000, over three-quarters of the popu- armed countries now faced each other across the 38th lation lived in urban areas. parallel. North of this line was the People’s Republic Prosperity, however, did not at first lead to democ- of Korea (North Korea), under the dictatorial rule of racy. Under Chiang Kai-shek, the government ruled the Communist leader Kim Il Sung. To the south was by emergency decree and refused to allow the forma- the Republic of Korea (South Korea), under the dicta- tion of new political parties. After the death of Chiang torial president Syngman Rhee. in 1975, the Republic of China slowly began to evolve After several years of harsh rule and government toward a more representative form of government. corruption in South Korea, demonstrations broke out By 2000, free elections had enabled opposition parties in the capital city of Seoul in the spring of 1960. Rhee to win control of the presidency and the legislature. was forced to retire. A coup d’etat in 1961 put Gen- A major issue for Taiwan is whether it will eral Chung Hee Park in power. Two years later, Park become an independent state or will be united with was elected president and began to strengthen the mainland China. The United States supports self- South Korean economy with land reform and the determination for the people of Taiwan and believes promotion of free market policies. that any final decision on Taiwan’s future must be South Korea gradually emerged as a major indus- made by peaceful means. Meanwhile, the People’s trial power in East Asia. The key areas for industrial development were chemicals, textiles, and shipbuild- ing. By the 1980s, South Korea was moving into auto- mobile production. The largest Korean corporations are Samsung, Daewoo, and Hyundai. Like many other countries in the region, South Korea was slow to develop democratic principles. Park ruled by autocratic means and suppressed protest. However, opposition to military rule began to Electronic Road Pricing develop with the growth of a middle class. Students One of the greatest problems faced by expanding cities worldwide is traffic. Carpool and city dwellers demonstrated against government lanes, toll roads, and public transportation sys- policies. Democracy finally came in the 1990s. Elec- tems have been some of the ways cities have tions held during an economic crisis in 1997 brought dealt with congestion. In 1998, Singapore the reformer Kim Tae-jung to the presidency. became the first country in the world to insti- tute electronic road pricing. All cars are elec- Taiwan: The Other China After they were tronically tracked and automatically charged defeated by the Communists and forced to retreat to for traffic use as well as parking. Road pricing Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek and his followers estab- varies so that it is more expensive to drive dur- lished a capital at Taipei. The government continued ing times of greatest traffic. Other countries to call itself the Republic of China. are watching Singapore’s practice and may Chiang Kai-shek’s government maintained that soon follow its example. it was the legitimate government of all the Chinese people and would eventually return in triumph to the mainland. At the same time, however, the

CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 743 Republic of China on the mainland remains commit- tified themselves cul- A PACIFIC ted to eventual unification. turally and politically S I A OCEAN with Europe rather INDIAN Coral Singapore and Hong Kong Singapore, once a than with their Asian OCEAN Sea AUSTRALIA NEW British colony and briefly a part of the state of Malay- neighbors. Their politi- ZEALAND sia, is now an independent state. Under the leader- cal institutions and val- ship of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew (kwahn yoo), ues are derived from Singapore developed an industrial economy based on European models, and shipbuilding, oil refineries, and electronics. Singapore their economies resemble those of the industrialized has also become the banking center of the region. countries of the world. Both are members of the In Singapore, an authoritarian political system has British Commonwealth. Both are also part of the created a stable environment for economic growth. United States-led ANZUS defensive alliance (Aus- The prime minister once stated that the Western tralia, New Zealand, the United States). model of democracy was not appropriate for Singa- In recent years, however, trends have been draw- pore. Its citizens, however, are beginning to demand ing both states closer to Asia. First, immigration from more political freedoms. East and Southeast Asia has increased rapidly. More Like Singapore, Hong Kong became an industrial than one-half of current immigrants into Australia powerhouse with standards of living well above the come from East Asia. levels of its neighbors. For over 150 years, Hong Second, trade relations with Asia are increasing Kong was under British rule. In 1997, however, Great rapidly. About 60 percent of Australia’s export mar- Britain returned control of Hong Kong to mainland kets today are in East Asia. Asian trade with New China. China, in turn, promised that, for the next 50 Zealand is also on the increase. years, the people of Hong Kong would live under a Whether Australia and New Zealand will ever capitalist system and be self-governing. The shape of become an integral part of the Asia-Pacific region is Hong Kong’s future remains uncertain. uncertain. Since the majority of the population in both Australia and New Zealand has European ori- Reading Check Evaluating What is the relationship gins, cultural differences often hinder mutual under- between Taiwan and China? standing between the two countries and their Asian neighbors.

Australia and New Zealand Reading Check Examining How have Australia and Both Australia and the country of New Zealand New Zealand been drawn closer to their Asian neighbors? How located to the south and east of Australia, have iden- are they linked to Europe?

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Define occupied, state capitalism. 6. Predict Consequences What further 8. Locate the photo of Douglas MacArthur impact do you think the return of Hong on page 740. What military rank did he Douglas MacArthur, Kim Il 2. Identify Kong to China will have on either hold? Why did the Allies choose a mili- Sung, Syngman Rhee. country? tary leader instead of a politician or Singapore, Hong Kong. diplomat to command postwar Japan? 3. Locate Use a dia- 7. Organizing Information What were some of MacArthur’s gram like the one below to show fac- 4. Explain the impact of Japan’s land- responsibilities in Japan? reform program. What other programs tors contributing to Japan’s economic or policies did the occupation adminis- success. tration implement in Japan? 9. Informative Writing Do additional 5. List the ways in which Australia and research on Japan and the “Asian New Zealand are similar to European Japan’s Economic Success tigers” and analyze their sources of nations. growth. Explain in an essay why these states have been so successful.

744 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific School Regulations, Japanese Style

JAPANESE CHILDREN ARE exposed to a school envi- ronment much more regi- mented than that of U.S. public school children. The following regulations are examples of rules adopted by middle school systems in various parts of Japan.

“1. Boys’ hair should not touch the eyebrows, the ears, or the top of the collar. 2. No one should have a permanent wave, or dye his or her hair. Girls should not wear Japanese school children in their uniforms ribbons or acces- sories in their hair. Hair dryers should not be used. . . . permitting you to go to another location. Per- 3. Keep your uniform clean and pressed at all mission will not be granted by the school unless times. Girls’ middy blouses should have two this other location is a suitable one. You must buttons on the back collar. Boys’ pant cuffs not go to coffee shops. should be of the prescribed width. No more 9. Before and after school, no matter where you than 12 eyelets should be on shoes. are, you represent our school, so you should 4. Wear your school badge at all times. It should behave in ways we can all be proud of.” be positioned exactly. —Japanese School Regulations 5. Going to school in the morning, wear your book bag strap on the right shoulder; in the afternoon on the way home, wear it on the Analyzing Primary Sources left shoulder. 6. When you raise your hand to be called on, 1. In your own words, describe the Japanese your arm should extend forward and up at system of education for young people. the angle prescribed in your handbook. 2. Compare the Japanese system of edu- 7. Your own route to and from school is marked cation to the American system with in your student rule handbook; carefully which you are familiar. How are they observe which side of each street you are to similar? How are they different? use on the way to and from school. 8. After school you are to go directly home, unless your parent has written a note

745 Using Key Terms 1. is an economic system in which the central govern- Since 1945, Asia and the Pacific region have seen many ment plays an active role in the country’s economy. changes, as shown below. 2. An idea supported by Mao, that a constant state of revolu- tion could create perfect communism, was called . Change 3. A country is when its lands are held and controlled by a foreign military force. Out of defeat comes a new political and economic system. 4. The amount of income earned by each person in a country • After gaining independence, Japan becomes an economic is called income. powerhouse. • Imitating Japan, other Asian nations also develop strong 5. A is reached when neither side in a conflict is able to economies. achieve significant gains. 6. Massive collective farms created in China’s Great Leap For- Revolution ward were called . 7. Many governments now have laws that forbid acts of preju- Communists assume power and introduce socialist methods. dice or from being committed against people in their • In China, Mao Zedong initiates programs like the Great Leap countries. Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. After Mao, Deng Xiaoping institutes the Four Modernizations. Reviewing Key Facts Regionalism 8. Geography What nations are called the “Asian tigers” Decades of rivalry and suspicion cause divisions. and why? • Tensions between Communist North Korea and non- 9. Economics How did promises of military protection from Communist South Korea lead to war. the United States help Taiwan develop its economy? • China resists Taiwanese independence. 10. History What were the consequences of Great Britain’s Conflict withdrawal from India? 11. History What nation fought for control of Vietnam before Nationalism and Cold War competition lead to war. the United States became involved? • The United States enters the war in Vietnam. 12. Government What policy did the Khmer Rouge follow • The Khmer Rouge devastates Cambodia. toward the people they regarded as enemies after they gained control of Cambodia? Diversity 13. Economics What help did China require to improve its Religious and ethnic rivalries hinder unity and lead to economy after the Cultural Revolution? violence. 14. History What happened to Hong Kong in 1997? • Religious and ethnic differences produce conflict between 15. History What events took place in Tiananmen Square Hindus and Muslims in India and Pakistan. in 1989? Cultural Diffusion 16. Government Who was Indira Gandhi? Political and economic changes link Asian countries to the Critical Thinking world. • Democracy develops in the Philippines. 17. Making Predictions Analyze what conditions in India con- • Chinese students demand democratic reforms. tributed to the assassinations of political leaders. Do you • Increased immigration and trade draw Australia and New believe it is possible for India to maintain a stable demo- Zealand closer to their Asian neighbors. cratic government? 18. Drawing Conclusions Evaluate the impact Japan’s recovery has had on global affairs since World War II.

746 CHAPTER 24 Asia and the Pacific 0734-0747 C24SE-860705 11/25/03 8:02 PM Page 747

HISTORY Indochina, 1946–1954

0 200 miles N 0 200 kilometers CHINA Self-Check Quiz Miller Cylindrical projection R W E ed Pingxiang Lao Cai R Visit the Glencoe World History—Modern Times Web . S MYANMAR Dien Bien Hanoi site at wh.mt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 24– (BURMA) Phu Haiphong Red River Delta Self-Check Quiz to prepare for the Chapter Test. 20°N LAOS NORTH VIETNAM Vientiane Gulf of Tonkin Writing About History 17th Parallel M Hue ek o 19. Expository Writing Compare North and South Korea. In THAILAND n Da Nang South g

R China what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different? . SOUTH Sea Do supplementary research online or at the library to learn Bangkok VIETNAM about their cultures and histories. CAMBODIA Qui Nhon Tonle Sap Gulf of Cam Ranh Analyzing Sources Thailand Phnom Penh Saigon Read the following excerpt from the book Japanese Women, 100°E 10°N published in 1955: Extent of Communist control, 1946–1954

Boundary of Indochina, 1954 110°E A quick glance at educational statistics reveals a higher“ percentage of female as compared to male high school graduates entering colleges and universities. The Analyzing Maps and Charts overwhelming majority of female college and university 24. Approximately how much of Vietnam was controlled by the graduates, over 80 percent, are taking up employment Communists between 1946 and 1954? and doing so in a wider range of fields than in the past. 25. Which countries separate North and South Vietnam from Better education and the availability of more job oppor- Thailand? tunities have increasingly made it possible for women 26. What river runs from China to the Gulf of Tonkin? to look upon marriage as an option rather than a pre- scribed lifestyle. . . .” 20. What does this passage reveal about the role of women in Japan after World War II? 21. Do you think it was difficult for Japanese women to break Standardized from their old roles in society? Test Practice Directions: Choose the best answer to the Applying Technology Skills question below. 22. Developing Multimedia Presentations Locate sources Between 1966 and 1976, the destruction of many temples, about present-day Cambodia and Vietnam. Organize your the seizure of many books, and the imprisonment of some findings by creating a fact sheet comparing the two coun- artists and intellectuals were closely related to which tries. Use a word processor to create a chart. Headings to movement? include are population, type of economy, type of govern- A China’s Cultural Revolution ment, currency, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and offi- cial religion. Provide a map of each country that shows B Conservatism political boundaries, major cities, and natural resources. C Women’s rights movement D Humanism Making Decisions Test-Taking Tip: Even if you know the correct answer 23. What is the conflict regarding Taiwan’s independence? Research the reasons for the tension between China and Tai- immediately, read all of the answer choices and eliminate wan. How do you think this conflict would be best resolved? those you know are wrong. Doing so will help you confirm Create a compromise solution that would satisfy the that the answer choice you think is correct is indeed demands of those who want a self-determined Taiwan, correct. as well as those who want Taiwan reunified with China.

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