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Air Power Against Terror: America's Conduct of Operation Enduring THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. "ENJAMIN3,AMBETH 0REPAREDFOR5NITED3TATES#ENTRAL#OMMAND!IR&ORCES !PPROVEDFORPUBLICRELEASEDISTRIBUTIONUNLIMITED MG?TITLEPGINDD 0- 5IFSFTFBSDIEFTDSJCFEJOUIJTSFQPSUXBTQSFQBSFEGPS6OJUFE4UBUFT $FOUSBM$PNNBOE"JS'PSDFT5IFSFTFBSDIXBTDPOEVDUFEXJUIJO UIF 3"/% /BUJPOBM %FGFOTF 3FTFBSDI *OTUJUVUF B GFEFSBMMZ GVOEFESFTFBSDIBOEEFWFMPQNFOUDFOUFSTQPOTPSFECZUIF0GGJDF PGUIF4FDSFUBSZPG%FGFOTF UIF+PJOU4UBGG UIF6OJGJFE$PNCBUBOU $PNNBOET UIF%FQBSUNFOUPGUIF/BWZ UIF.BSJOF$PSQT UIF EFGFOTFBHFODJFT BOEUIFEFGFOTF*OUFMMJHFODF$PNNVOJUZVOEFS $POUSBDU%"48$ -JCSBSZPG$POHSFTT$BUBMPHJOHJO1VCMJDBUJPO%BUB -BNCFUI #FOKBNJO4 "JSQPXFSBHBJOTUUFSSPS"NFSJDBTDPOEVDUPG0QFSBUJPO&OEVSJOH'SFFEPN #FOKBNJO4-BNCFUI QDN i.(w *ODMVEFTCJCMJPHSBQIJDBMSFGFSFODFT *4#/ QCLBMLQBQFS "GHIBO8BS 6OJUFE4UBUFT"GHIBO8BS "FSJBM PQFSBUJPOT "NFSJDBO8BSPO5FSSPSJTN *5JUMF %4- hED 5IF3"/%$PSQPSBUJPOJTBOPOQSPGJUSFTFBSDIPSHBOJ[BUJPOQSPWJEJOH PCKFDUJWFBOBMZTJTBOEFGGFDUJWFTPMVUJPOTUIBUBEESFTTUIFDIBMMFOHFT GBDJOHUIFQVCMJDBOEQSJWBUFTFDUPSTBSPVOEUIFXPSME3"/%T QVCMJDBUJPOTEPOPUOFDFTTBSJMZSFGMFDUUIFPQJOJPOTPGJUTSFTFBSDIDMJFOUT BOETQPOTPST ¥JTBSFHJTUFSFEUSBEFNBSL $PWFSQIPUPDPVSUFTZPG"TTPDJBUFE1SFTT4FSHFJ(SJUT ª$PQZSJHIU3"/%$PSQPSBUJPO "MMSJHIUTSFTFSWFE/PQBSUPGUIJTCPPLNBZCFSFQSPEVDFEJOBOZ GPSNCZBOZFMFDUSPOJDPSNFDIBOJDBMNFBOT JODMVEJOHQIPUPDPQZJOH SFDPSEJOH PSJOGPSNBUJPOTUPSBHFBOESFUSJFWBM XJUIPVUQFSNJTTJPOJO XSJUJOHGSPN3"/% 1VCMJTIFECZUIF3"/%$PSQPSBUJPO .BJO4USFFU 10#PY 4BOUB.POJDB $" 4PVUI)BZFT4USFFU "SMJOHUPO 7" /PSUI$SBJH4USFFU 4VJUF 1JUUTCVSHI 1" 3"/%63-IUUQXXXSBOEPSH 5PPSEFS3"/%EPDVNFOUTPSUPPCUBJOBEEJUJPOBMJOGPSNBUJPO DPOUBDU %JTUSJCVUJPO4FSWJDFT5FMFQIPOF 'BY &NBJMPSEFS!SBOEPSH Map of Afghanistan Preface The attacks carried out against the United States by radical Islamist fanatics on September 11, 2001, almost instantly thrust the nation into a no-notice war on terror. This sudden showdown against a shadowy but determined foe placed a heightened demand on virtually every resource at the disposal of the new administration of President George W. Bush. The principal ingredients of that war would consist not only of traditional military moves but also of expanded homeland security measures, diplomatic initiatives, efforts to find and embargo enemy sources of financing, and covert intelligence operations. Al- though the war’s initial focus was directed against the immediate per- petrators of the attacks—Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda terrorist organization—the Bush administration swore that it ultimately would bring pressure to bear not only on that and other terrorist movements around the world but also on state leaders who harbored them. This book assesses the planning and initial execution of Opera- tion Enduring Freedom, the first U.S. response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 against al Qaeda’s center of gravity in Af- ghanistan and against the Taliban theocracy that provided it safe ha- ven. Since that campaign was largely an air war enabled by U.S. and allied special forces and indigenous Afghan opposition groups, the report focuses predominantly on the air portion of the joint and combined operations that were conducted in Afghanistan from Oc- tober 7, 2001, through March 2002 by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM). Its intent is to derive insights of a strategic and opera- v vi Air Power Against Terror: America’s Conduct of Operation Enduring Freedom tional nature that not only will be of practical use to U.S. defense planners in and of themselves but also will offer a backdrop against which to assess the more complex and demanding Operation Iraqi Freedom that took place a year later to bring down the regime of Saddam Hussein. Although unbeknown to its participants at the time, Operation Enduring Freedom proved in many ways to have been a dress rehearsal for the even more eventful campaign that soon followed. The research reported here should interest both uniformed offi- cers in all services and civilian members of the defense establishment concerned with strategy and force employment issues raised by the war in Afghanistan. The research was conducted for U.S. Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF) within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center spon- sored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the unified commands, and the defense agencies. For more information on RAND’s International Security and Defense Policy Center, contact the director, James Dobbins. He can be reached by email at [email protected]; by phone at (703) 413-1100 extension 5134; or by mail at the RAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, Virginia 22202-5050. More in- formation about RAND is available at www.rand.org. Contents Preface .......................................................................v Figures ...................................................................... xi Summary...................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ........................................................xxxi Abbreviations ............................................................ xxxv CHAPTER ONE Introduction .................................................................1 CHAPTER TWO A Nation Girds for War................................................... 13 Ensuring Homeland Air Defense .......................................... 18 Forming a Coalition ....................................................... 23 Shaping a Strategy ......................................................... 38 Crafting a Plan ............................................................. 49 The Buildup of Forces ..................................................... 62 CHAPTER THREE The United States Strikes Back ........................................... 73 The Operational Setting ................................................... 75 Opening Moves ............................................................ 78 From Fixed to Fleeting Targets ............................................ 94 Closing Ranks with the Opposition Groups..............................103 The Campaign Hits a Slump .............................................105 vii viii Air Power Against Terror: America’s Conduct of Operation Enduring Freedom The Allied Contribution ..................................................116 The Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul ....................................119 CHAPTER FOUR A Shift in Strategy ........................................................135 Hunting Down an Elusive Quarry .......................................138 Toward the Consolidation of Initial Gains ...............................144 The Battles of Tora Bora and Zhawar Kili ...............................149 The Final Rout of the Taliban............................................154 CHAPTER FIVE Operation Anaconda .....................................................163 Initial Planning ...........................................................164 A Troubled Start ..........................................................178 The Showdown at Roberts Ridge.........................................186 Recovering from the Initial Setbacks .....................................192 The Endgame of Enduring Freedom .....................................200 Anaconda Issues...........................................................204 Toward Better Air-Ground Coordination ................................221 CHAPTER SIX Distinctive Aspects and Achievements...................................247 Data Fusion Comes of Age ...............................................253 A New Air-Ground Synergy ..............................................258 Humanitarian Relief and Force Sustainment .............................263 Space Support to Force Employers .......................................274 CAOC Operations........................................................280 The Buildup at Manas ....................................................285 New Technology Applications............................................287
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