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A Study on the Korean and Chinese Pronunciation of Chinese Characters and Learning Korean As a Second Language

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A Study on the Korean and Chinese Pronunciation of Chinese Characters and Learning Korean As a Second Language PACLIC 32 A Study on the Korean and Chinese Pronunciation of Chinese Characters and Learning Korean as a Second Language Xiao Luo Yike Yang Jing Sun School of Education Department of Chinese and Bilingual School of Education Studies University of Cincinnati The Hong Kong Polytechnic University University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. Hong Kong S.A.R. Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (Cho & Chiu, 2015). They serve as special sources Abstract for Chinese native (L1) speakers to learn to read Sino-Korean words in Korean as a second Sino-Korean words have their etymological roots in Chinese characters. Previous studies language (L2) or a foreign language (FL) (Im & showed that the correspondent relation between Lee, 2008; Guo, 2018). Chinese and the Korean pronunciation of The significant role that vocabulary plays in L2 Chinese characters facilitates the reading of reading is well documented in literature (e.g., Sino-Korean words by Chinese learners of Ouellette, 2006). Given the large number of Sino- Korean as a second language (L2). This study Korean words in the lexical repertoire, it is quantifies such correspondence at the syllable worthwhile to examine the degree of level by calculating the degree of correspondence between the Chinese and Korean correspondence in Korean-Chinese syllables. pronunciation of Chinese characters. This will The degree of correspondence between Korean consequently facilitate teaching, learning, and and Chinese syllables was examined. Results show that among the 406 Chinese character reading of Sino-Korean words for the large families in Sino-Korean words, 22.7% have an population of L2 Korean learners in China, average correspondent consistency lower than considering that there has been a growing 0.5 and 33.3% are equal to or higher than 0.5 population of Chinese learners of Korean in recent but lower than 1. Suggestions for teaching and years (Gao, 2010). learning Korean as an L2 are proposed. 2 Literature Review 1 Introduction Comparisons between the Chinese and the Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters have been Due to cultural interactions in history (Ebrey, conducted at the phonemic level. Li (2003) 1996), Korean shares a large number of Sino- revealed the correspondent relation between the Korean words with Chinese, which are pronunciation of Chinese characters’ initial etymologically rooted in Chinese characters but consonants in Chinese and Korean. For example, have their Korean pronunciation (Wang et al., he found that the Chinese characters with the initial 2016). Traditionally written in logographic consonants b, p, and f are pronounced as the initial Chinese characters, Sino-Korean words are now consonants ㅂ(b) and ㅍ(p) in Korean. He believed written in Hangul, the Korean alphabet, which that such correspondence would “facilitate the maps a basic grapheme to a single phoneme and study of Chinese phonetic history and relations combines phonemes into a syllable in a “square- between Korean and Chinese language and like shape” (Pae, 2018; Wang et al., 2003; Pae et literature” (Li, 2003, p. 94). However, very few al., 2018). Nevertheless, 70% of the contemporary studies have explored the correspondence between Korean vocabulary belongs to Sino-Korean words the Korean and Chinese vowels or that between the 428 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation Hong Kong, 1-3 December 2018 Copyright 2018 by the authors PACLIC 32 Korean rhymes and Chinese finals with regards to Chinese and Korean pronunciations of Chinese pronunciations of Chinese characters (Li, 2005; characters. Yang, 2015). Both Li’s (2003) and Im and Lee (2008)’s Im and Lee (2008) is one of the several studies comparative analyses were conducted at the (Moon, 2005; Guo, 2008) that attempted to phoneme level, rather than at the syllable level. quantify the correspondent relation between the And even though Guo (2018)’s study addressed Chinese and the Korean pronunciation of Chinese comparisons at the syllable level, it only specified characters. Based on the selected 824 Chinese the correspondent rate between syllables’ structural characters for Korean education as an L2 or FL, Im types in the two languages instead of specific and Lee (2008) scored three types of correspondent syllables. All these may not help Chinese learners relations: 1) Korean initial constants vs. Chinese of Korean learn to read Sino-Korean words as an initial consonants, 2) Korean vowels in open L2 because “native speakers (or readers) of a syllables vs. Chinese vowels, and 3) Korean nonalphabetic language (e.g., Chinese) tend to pay rhymes in closed syllables vs. Chinese finals. They little attention to the intraword components and use found that certain Korean phonemes have a high whole-word processing in recognizing a word” correspondent rate with their Chinese counterparts. (Akamatsu, 2003, p. 210). In addition, because For example, the Korean initial consonant ㄱ(g) “particular characteristics of L1 word recognition has a 76.9% correspondent rate with its Chinese processes may remain in the course of developing counterparts j and g; the Korean vowel ㅑ(ya) has L2 reading skills or strategies” (Akamatsu, 2003, p. a 100% correspondent relation with the Chinese 224), it is highly possible that Chinese learners of vowel ie and e. The authors argued that such Korean as an L2 will apply their word processing correspondent relation could facilitate the meaning strategies in Chinese when reading Korean. Thus, a inference of unlearned Sino-Korean vocabulary for better understanding of the correspondent relation Chinese learners of Korean as an L2 (Im & Lee, between Chinese and Korean pronunciation of 2008). Chinese characters at the syllable level would be To our knowledge, Guo (2018) is the only study necessary. that conducted comparisons between the modern Chinese and Korean syllable types of the 3 Research Significance and Questions pronunciations of Chinese characters used in both It is of great significance to quantify the languages at the syllable level. Based on the 3,500 correspondence between the Chinese and the frequently used Chinese characters in Mainland Korean pronunciations of Chinese characters at the China and the 3,500 frequent Chinese characters syllable level because: first, it documents the (Hanja) used in South Korea, Guo identified four contemporary pronunciations of Chinese characters types of syllables that are used to represent in the two languages to understand their syllabic Chinese characters’ pronunciations in both phonological correlations, which have not been languages: V, CV, VC, and CVC 1 . The author previously examined; second, it serves as an discovered that the Chinese syllables of V type important guideline for curriculum design and (e.g., ai) has a correspondent rate of 62% to the learning strategies for teaching and learning 애 Korean syllables of V type (i.e., (ae)). The Korean as an L2, especially for L1 Chinese Chinese syllable of CV (e.g., gu) type has a 64.6% learners; third, such quantified relations can be correspondent rate to the CV type (e.g., 고(go)) used for the psycholinguistic research concerning syllables and a 30% correspondent rate to the CVC word reading and processing in L2 Korean. Thus, type (e.g., 곡(gok)) of syllables in Korean. The the present study aims to answer the following author also concluded a correspondent rate of research questions: 81.8% between the VC type of syllables between 1. What are the mapping distribution and the two languages and a 92.5% correspondent rate correspondence at the syllable level in the Korean between the CVC type of syllables between the syllables and the Chinese characters adopted in Korean? 2. What are the determining factors in such 1 In these syllable types, C means consonant and V means distribution and correspondence? vowel. 429 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation Hong Kong, 1-3 December 2018 Copyright 2018 by the authors PACLIC 32 4 The Present Study The higher this index is, the more consistent the correspondence between Korean and Chinese syllables is. 4.1 Research Material The research material consists of the 1,800 Korean CC Chinese K-C pair frequently used Chinese characters in South Korea, Syllable members syllable2 correspondent which are from the official Basic Hanja for rate (K-C rate) Educational Use (교육용기초한자 (敎育用基礎 弟, 第, di* 0.29 漢字)) published by the Ministry of Education and 帝, 堤 (= 4/14) Human Resources Development of the Republic of 祭, 際, ji 0.21 Korea. 濟 (=3/14) 製, 制 zhi 0.14 4.2 Research Method 제 (je3) (=2/14) The present study replicated Kim and Shin 題, 提 ti 0.14 (2015)’s research method and concepts. First, 除 chu 0.07 based on the list of the 1,800 Chinese characters, (=1/14) we formed Chinese character families (CC 諸 zhu 0.07 families). A CC family consists of all the Chinese characters with the identical pronunciation in 齊 qi 0.07 Korean language. Second, for each family, we Number of Chinese Characters (CC): 14 listed all Chinese characters and clustered them Number of Chinese syllables: 7 into groups based on their Chinese pronunciations Average Consistency without considering tones. Third, in each CC 0.18= family, we counted the following categories: the (0.29×4 + 0.21×3 + 0.14×2 + 0.14×2 + 0.07 + number of Chinese characters (CC), the number of 0.07 +0.07) ÷ 14 Chinese syllables or Korean-Chinese syllable *indicates powerful Chinese syllable correspondent pairs (K-C pairs), and the number of Chinese characters with the same Chinese Table 1. Information of the 제(je) Chinese pronunciation. character family In addition, this study calculated another two important indices. We borrowed the first from Kim We take the 제(sound: je) family in Table 1 for and Shin (2015) and named it as the Korean- illustration.
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