User Experiences from the Early Adopters of Heavy-Duty Zero-Emission Vehicles in Norway. Barriers and Opportunities
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TØI report 1734/2019 Inger Beate Hovi Daniel Ruben Pinchasik Rebecca Jayne Thorne Erik Figenbaum User experiences from the early adopters of heavy- duty zero-emission vehicles in Norway. Barriers and opportunities TØI-rapport 1734/2019 User experiences from the early adopters of heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles in Norway Barriers and opportunities Inger Beate Hovi Daniel Ruben Pinchasik Rebecca Thorne Erik Figenbaum Forsidebilde: Shutterstock Transportøkonomisk institutt (TØI) har opphavsrett til hele rapporten og dens enkelte deler. Innholdet kan brukes som underlagsmateriale. Når rapporten siteres eller omtales, skal TØI oppgis som kilde med navn og rapportnummer. Rapporten kan ikke endres. Ved eventuell annen bruk må forhåndssamtykke fra TØI innhentes. For øvrig gjelder åndsverklovens bestemmelser. ISSN 2535-5104 Elektronisk ISBN 978-82-480-2282-4 Elektronisk Oslo, November 2019 Tittel: Erfaringer fra tidlige brukere av Title: User experiences from the early adopters of nullutslippsløsninger for tunge kjøretøy i Norge. heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles in Barrierer og muligheter. Norway. Barriers and opportunities. Forfattere: Inger Beate Hovi, Daniel Ruben Authors: Inger Beate Hovi, Daniel Ruben Pinchasik, Rebecca Thorne og Pinchasik, Rebecca Thorne og Erik Erik Figenbaum Figenbaum Dato: 11.2019 Date: 11.2019 TØI-rapport: 1734/2019 TØI Report: 1734/2019 Sider: 130 Pages: 130 ISSN elektronisk: 2535-5104 ISSN: 2535-5104 ISBN elektronisk: 978-82-480-2282-4 ISBN Electronic: 978-82-480-2282-4 Finansieringskilder: Norges forskningsråd Financed by: Norwegian Research Council Prosjekt: 4446 – MoZEES Project: 4446 – MoZEES Prosjektleder: Erik Figenbaum Project Manager: Erik Figenbaum Kvalitetsansvarlig: Kjell Werner Johansen Quality Manager: Kjell Werner Johansen Fagfelt: Transportteknologi og miljø Research Area: Transport Technology and Environment Emneord: Batteri-elektrisk Keyword(s): Battery-Electric Hydrogen-elektrisk Hydrogen-Electric Lastebiler HDVs Busser User experiences Brukererfaringer Sammendrag: Summary: Norges ambisiøse klimamål krever store utslippskutt og Norway’s ambitious climate objectives require large GHG- storskala innfasing av nullutslippsteknologi også i emission reductions and a large-scale adoption of zero- tungbilsegmentet innen 2030. En overgang, fra dagens emission HDVs, by 2030. A transition, from today’s dominans av forbrenningsmotorer og fossile drivstoff, vil kreve dominance of internal combustion engines and fossil fuels, innovasjon i teknologi og systemer på mange nivåer. Formålet will require technology and system innovations at many med rapporten har vært å innhente erfaringer fra de første levels. This report gathers experiences from Norwegian brukerne av batterielektriske busser og lastebiler i Norge. early users of battery-electric buses and trucks. Important Viktige problemstillinger har vært å kartlegge barrierer og objectives were to map barriers and opportunities for muligheter for batterielektrisk fremdrift innenfor disse to electrification within these two vehicle segments. The report segmentene. Rapporten oppsummerer brukererfaringene i en summarizes results from early phase user experiences tidlig fase (fra intervjuer), teknologisk modenhetsnivå, (interviews) and technological maturity and adoption of pågående innfasing av elektriske kjøretøy i Norge og utlandet. electric vehicles at the Norwegian, European, and global Det er utarbeidet anslag på potensiale for elektrifisering av level. We further assess the potential for electrification of godstransport på kort og lang sikt, og eierskapskostnader for freight transport in a shorter and longer term, and compare ulike fremdriftsteknologier ble sammenliknet under ulike TCO for different propulsion technologies under different forutsetninger om teknologisk modenhetsnivå. assumptions on technological maturity. Language of report: English Transportøkonomisk Institutt Institute of Transport Economics Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Telephone +47 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Copyright © Transportøkonomisk institutt, 2019 Denne publikasjonen er vernet i henhold til Åndsverkloven av 2018 Ved gjengivelse av materiale fra publikasjonen, må fullstendig kilde oppgis User experiences from the early adopters of heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles in Norway Preface This report has been prepared in Research Area 4 for MoZEES, Mobility Zero Emission Energy Systems, a Norwegian Centre for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME), led by the Institute for Energy Technology, co-sponsored by the Research Council of Norway (project number 257653) and 40 partners from research, industry and public sector. In MoZEES, basic research is carried out on batteries and hydrogen fuel cell technology for heavier applications such as buses, lorries and vessels. The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of technology status, user experiences from the first adopters of battery-electric vehicles, and the potential for the operation of battery-electric heavy-duty vehicles in Norway. In addition, an overview is given of the barriers and measures for achieving the increased phase-in of such vehicles. The case study was led by Chief Research Economist Inger Beate Hovi, and the work was carried out in collaboration with Erik Figenbaum, Daniel Ruben Pinchasik and Rebecca Thorne. Daniel Ruben Pinchasik has written most of chapter 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11, while Rebecca Thorne has written most of chapter 3, 4, 5 and 10. Inger Beate Hovi and Erik Figenbaum have guided the work, completed the interviews, designed most of the analysis and contributed to the writing, analysis and discussions. Secretary Trude Kvalsvik has been responsible for the final finishing of the report for publication, while Deputy Managing Director Kjell Werner Johansen has had the final quality assurance responsibility. We would like to thank our MoZEES research partners for comments and input to the report. However, any remaining errors or omissions are TØI's responsibility. Oslo, November 2019 Institute of Transport Economics Gunnar Lindberg Kjell Werner Johansen Director Deputy Managing Director Copyright © Transportøkonomisk institutt, 2019 o Denne publikasjonen er vernet i henhold til Åndsverkloven av 1961 User experiences from the early adopters of heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles in Norway Content Summary Sammendrag 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 2 Climate objectives, policy instruments, and implementation ............................. 3 2.1 Emission reduction objectives ....................................................................................... 3 2.2 Objectives for the phase-in of zero-emission technology in the National Transport Plan ................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Today’s policy instruments for the forced phase-in of zero-emission technology 4 3 Vehicle Technology: Status and Prospects .......................................................... 9 3.1 Alternative propulsion technologies available today .................................................. 9 3.2 Battery-electric solutions .............................................................................................. 10 3.3 Hydrogen/fuel cell solutions ....................................................................................... 23 4 Assessing Current User Experience in Norway ................................................ 31 4.1 Interview methodology ................................................................................................. 31 4.2 Analysis methodology ................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Limitations ...................................................................................................................... 33 5 Experiences from E-bus operation in Norway .................................................. 34 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 34 5.2 The trials ......................................................................................................................... 34 5.3 Procurement process .................................................................................................... 37 5.4 Battery and charger technology ................................................................................... 37 5.5 Experience from operation .......................................................................................... 38 5.6 Costs ................................................................................................................................ 42 5.7 Future outlook and discussion .................................................................................... 44 6 Experiences from E-truck operation in Norway ............................................... 45 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 45 6.2 The trials ......................................................................................................................... 45 6.3 Procurement process .................................................................................................... 48 6.4 Battery and charger technology ..................................................................................